Wiring of Glucose Oxidizing Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent Enzymes by Methylene Blue-Modified Third Generation Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers Attached to Spectroscopic Graphite Electrodes

Structure and function relationships of sugar oxidases and their potential use in biocatalysis

Several sugar oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of sugars have been isolated and characterized. These enzymes can be classified as flavoenzyme due to the presence of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a cofactor. Sugar oxidases have been proposed to be the key biocatalyst in biotransformation of carbohydrates which can potentially convert sugars to provide a pool of intermediates for synthesis of rare sugars, fine chemicals and drugs. Moreover, sugar oxidases have been applied in biosensing of various biomolecules in food industries, diagnosis of diseases and environmental pollutant detection. This review provides the discussions on general properties, current mechanistic understanding, structural determination, biocatalytic application, and biosensor integration of representative sugar oxidase enzymes, namely pyranose 2-oxidase (P2O), glucose oxidase (GO), hexose oxidase (HO), and oligosaccharide oxidase. The information regarding the relationship between structure and function of these sugar oxidases points out the key properties of this particular group of enzymes that can be modified by engineering, which had resulted in a remarkable economic importance.

Electrochemical Assay for a Total Cellulase Activity with Improved Sensitivity

Electrochemical methods allow fast and inexpensive analysis of enzymatic activities. Here, we report a simple and yet efficient electrochemical assay for the total activity of cellulase, a hydrolytic enzyme widely used in food and textiles industries, and for production of bioethanol. The assay exploits the difference in electrochemical signals from a soluble redox indicator, ferricyanide, on nitrocellulose films treated by cellulases. Ferricyanide electrochemistry is totally inhibited on graphite electrodes modified with an insulating nitrocellulose film and is evoked after the cellulase treatment. Ferricyanide voltammetric responses correlate with the increased permeability of the films and electrochemically active surface area of electrodes becoming accessible to the ferricyanide reaction after nitrocellulose digestion by cellulase. Trichoderma and Aspergillus niger cellulases activities were determined in a 5 min assay with a sensitivity of 10^-8 U per assay, being 10³-10⁴-fold more sensitive than the standard commercially available optical assays. That makes the developed electrochemical approach the most prospective cost-effective alternative both for research and automated industrial applications.