1
|
Li K, Yin Y, Diao P. Enhancing Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation on WO 3 via Electrochromic Modulation: Universal Effects and Mechanistic Insights. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402474. [PMID: 38822710 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Although WO3 exhibits both electrochromic and photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties, there is no research conducted to investigate the correlation between them. The study herein reports the electrochromic enhancement of PEC activity on WO3. The electrochromic WO3 (e-WO3) exhibits a significantly enhanced activity for PEC water oxidation compared to raw WO3 (r-WO3), with a limiting photocurrent density three times that of r-WO3. The electrochromic enhancement of PEC activity is universal and independent of the type of cations inserted during electrochromism. Decoloring reduces the PEC activity but a simple re-coloring restores the activity to its maximum value. Electrochromism induces large amounts of oxygen vacancies and surface states, the former improving the electron density of WO3 and the latter facilitating the hole transfer across e-WO3/electrolyte interface. It is proved that the electrochromic enhancement effect is due to the significantly improved electron-hole separation efficiency and the charge transfer efficiency across the WO3/electrolyte interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yefeng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Peng Diao
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bojinov M, Penkova Y, Betova I, Karastoyanov V. Anodic Oxidation of Tungsten under Illumination-Multi-Method Characterization and Modeling at the Molecular Level. Molecules 2023; 28:7387. [PMID: 37959806 PMCID: PMC10649260 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tungsten oxide has received considerable attention as photo-anode in photo-assisted water splitting due to its considerable advantages such as significant light absorption in the visible region, good catalytic properties, and stability in acidic and oxidative conditions. The present paper is a first step in a detailed study of the mechanism of porous WO3 growth via anodic oxidation. In-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) during oxidation of W illuminated with UV and visible light are employed to study the ionic and electronic processes in slightly acidic sulfate-fluoride electrolytes and a range of potentials 4-10 V. The respective responses are discussed in terms of the influence of fluoride addition on ionic and electronic process rates. A kinetic model is proposed and parameterized via regression of experimental data to the EIS and IMPS transfer functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bojinov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Yoanna Penkova
- Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria (I.B.)
| | - Iva Betova
- Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria (I.B.)
| | - Vasil Karastoyanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Transition metal tungstates AWO4 (A2+ = Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) thin films and their photoelectrochemical behavior as photoanode for photocatalytic applications. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-023-01851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
4
|
Wang J, Cheng H, Cui Y, Yang Y, He H, Cai Y, Wang Z, Wang L, Hu Y. Liquid-Metal-Induced Hydrogen Insertion in Photoelectrodes for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21248-21258. [PMID: 36480658 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fast charge separation and transfer (CST) is essential for achieving efficient solar conversion processes. This CST process requires not only a strong driving force but also a sufficient charge carrier concentration, which is not easily achievable with traditional methods. Herein, we report a rapid hydrogenation method enabled by gallium-based liquid metals (GBLMs) to modify the prototypical WO3 photoelectrode to enhance the CST for a PEC process. Protons in solution are controllably embedded into the WO3 photoanode accompanied by electron injection due to the strong reduction capability of GBLMs. This process dramatically increases the carrier concentration of the WO3 photoanode, leading to improved charge separation and transfer. The hydrogenated WO3 photoanode exhibits over a 229% improvement in photocurrent density with long-term stability. The effectiveness of GBLMs treatment in accelerating the CST process is further proved using other more general semiconductor photoelectrodes, including Nb2O5 and TiO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Education Ministry of China, Faculty of Engineering and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Houyan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Education Ministry of China, Faculty of Engineering and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Education Ministry of China, Faculty of Engineering and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Education Ministry of China, Faculty of Engineering and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Education Ministry of China, Faculty of Engineering and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Yuxiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Education Ministry of China, Faculty of Engineering and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Levinas R, Tsyntsaru N, Murauskas T, Cesiulis H. Improved Photocatalytic Water Splitting Activity of Highly Porous WO3 Photoanodes by Electrochemical H+ Intercalation. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.760700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
WO3 photoanodes are widely used in photoelectrochemical catalysis, but typically the as-synthesized material is annealed before application. It is therefore desirable to explore less energy-intensive treatments. In this study, WO3 films of up to 3.9 μm thickness were obtained by galvanostatic anodization of tungsten foil in a neutral-pH Na2SO4 and NaF electrolyte, also containing a NaH2PO2 additive (to suppress O2 accumulation on the pore walls). Additionally, the WO3 photoanodes were modified by applying a cathodic reduction (H+ intercalation) and anodic activation treatment in-situ. XPS spectra revealed that intercalation modifies WO3 films; the amount of W5+-O and O-vacancy bonds was increased. Furthermore, subsequent activation leads to a decrease of the W5+ signal, but the amount of O-vacancy bonds remains elevated. The as-prepared and reduced (intercalated & activated) films were tested as OER photoanodes in acidic 0.1 M Na2SO4 media, under illumination with a 365 nm wavelength LED. It was observed that thinner films generated larger photocurrents. The peculiarities detected by XPS for reduced films correlate well with their improved photocatalytic activity. Photo-electrochemical impedance and intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopies were combined with steady-state measurements in order to elucidate the effects of H+ intercalation on photoelectrochemical performance. The reduction results in films with enhanced photoexcited charge carrier generation/separation, improved conductivity, and possibly even suppressed bulk recombination. Thus, the intercalation & activation adopted in this study can be reliably used to improve the overall activity of as-synthesized WO3 photoanodes, and particularly of those that are initially poorly photoactive.
Collapse
|
6
|
Almakrami H, Wei Z, Lin G, Jin X, Agar E, Liu F. An integrated solar cell with built-in energy storage capability. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Joseita Dos Santos Costa M, Dos Santos Costa G, Estefany Brandão Lima A, Eduardo da Luz Júnior G, Longo E, Santos Cavalcante L, da Silva Santos R. Photocurrent Response and Progesterone Degradation by Employing WO 3 Films Modified with Platinum and Silver Nanoparticles. Chempluschem 2020; 83:1153-1161. [PMID: 31950714 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effect of silver (Ag0 ) and platinum (Pt0 ) metallic nanoparticles (NPs) on WO3 film was investigated by studying the photocurrent response under polychromatic irradiation. The structural phase revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis indicates a monoclinic crystal nanostructure. WO3, Ag0 /WO3, and Pt0 /WO3 electrodes were used to degrade 0.35 mg L-1 progesterone hormone in aqueous solution under polychromatic irradiation for 3h. The studies on degradation were investigated under electrochemically assisted heterogeneous photocatalysis (EHP) conditions. For photodegradation of progesterone, higher performance was achieved when WO3 was functionalized and when the EHP configuration was adopted with bias at +0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl. This study reveals that incorporation of metallic NPs onto a semiconductor increases its efficiency, thereby preventing electron-hole recombination in the photocatalyst and photoelectrochemical limitations of WO3 due to surface plasmon resonance and the trapping state. Therefore, efficient advances in the degradation of organic contaminants during water treatment can be realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Joseita Dos Santos Costa
- Department of Chemistry PPGQ-GERATEC, Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Rua: João Cabral, N. 2231, P.O. Box 381, Teresina, PI 64002-150, Brazil
| | - Gilson Dos Santos Costa
- Department of Chemistry PPGQ-GERATEC, Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Rua: João Cabral, N. 2231, P.O. Box 381, Teresina, PI 64002-150, Brazil
| | - Aline Estefany Brandão Lima
- Department of Chemistry PPGQ-GERATEC, Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Rua: João Cabral, N. 2231, P.O. Box 381, Teresina, PI 64002-150, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Eduardo da Luz Júnior
- Department of Chemistry PPGQ-GERATEC, Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Rua: João Cabral, N. 2231, P.O. Box 381, Teresina, PI 64002-150, Brazil
| | - Elson Longo
- Department of Chemistry of Materials, CDMF-Universidade Estadual Paulista, P.O. Box 355, Araraquara, SP 14801-907, Brazil
| | - Laécio Santos Cavalcante
- Department of Chemistry PPGQ-GERATEC, Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Rua: João Cabral, N. 2231, P.O. Box 381, Teresina, PI 64002-150, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo da Silva Santos
- Department of Chemistry PPGQ-GERATEC, Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Rua: João Cabral, N. 2231, P.O. Box 381, Teresina, PI 64002-150, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng G, Wang J, Liu H, Murugadoss V, Zu G, Che H, Lai C, Li H, Ding T, Gao Q, Guo Z. Tungsten oxide nanostructures and nanocomposites for photoelectrochemical water splitting. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18968-18994. [PMID: 31361294 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03474a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen production from photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting using semiconductor photocatalysts has attracted great attention to realize clean and renewable energy from solar energy. The visible light response of WO3 with a long hole diffusion length (∼150 nm) and good electron mobility (∼12 cm2 V-1 s-1) makes it suitable as the photoanode. However, WO3 suffers from issues including rapid recombination of photoexcited electron-hole pairs, photo-corrosion during the photocatalytic process due to the formation of peroxo-species, sluggish kinetics of photogenerated holes, and slow charge transfer at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. This work highlights the approaches to overcome these drawbacks of WO3 photoanodes, including: (i) the manipulation of nanostructured WO3 photoanodes to decrease the nanoparticle size to promote hole migration to the WO3/electrolyte interface which benefits the charge separation; (ii) doping or introducing oxygen vacancies to improve electrical conductivity; exposing high energy crystal surfaces to promote the consumption of photogenerated holes on the high-active crystal face, thereby suppressing the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes; (iii) decorating with co-catalysts to reduce the overpotential which inhibits the formation of peroxo-species; (iv) other methods such as coupling with narrow band semiconductors to accelerate the charge separation and controlling the crystal phase via annealing to reduce defects. These approaches are reviewed with detailed examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Zheng
- Key Lab of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhan F, Liu Y, Wang K, Liu Y, Yang X, Yang Y, Qiu X, Li W, Li J. In Situ Formation of WO 3-Based Heterojunction Photoanodes with Abundant Oxygen Vacancies via a Novel Microbattery Method. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:15467-15477. [PMID: 30964628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-stoichiometric ratio semiconductor materials have exhibited excellent performance in energy conversion and storage fields. However, the hydrogen treatment method that is commonly used to introduce oxygen vacancies is expensive and dangerous. In this paper, a novel microbattery method using Zn powder and Fe powder as reductant has been developed to synthesize the oxygen vacancy modified WO3- x films and oxygen-deficient heterojunction films (ZnWO4- x/WO3- x and Fe2O3- x/WO3- x) at room temperature. The as-prepared WO3- x and ZnWO4- x/WO3- x heterojunction films exhibit improved photoelectrochemical performance. It is worth noting that this microbattery method can quickly introduce oxygen vacancies into semiconductor materials, including powders and films at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faqi Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-Ferrous Metals , Lanzhou University of Technology , Lanzhou 730050 , China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , China
| | - Keke Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , China
| | - Yisi Liu
- Institute of Advanced Materials , Hubei Normal University , Huangshi 415000 , China
| | - Xuetao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , China
| | - Yahui Yang
- College of Resources and Environment , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Xiaoqing Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , China
| | - Wenzhang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha 410083 , China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cen J, Wu Q, Yan D, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Tong X, Liu M, Orlov A. New aspects of improving the performance of WO3 thin films for photoelectrochemical water splitting by tuning the ultrathin depletion region. RSC Adv 2019; 9:899-905. [PMID: 35517607 PMCID: PMC9059637 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08875f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we explored a facile, scalable and effective method for substantially enhancing photocurrent and incident-photon-to-current efficiency of WO3 thin-film photoanodes by a mild reduction treatment under low oxygen pressure. Experimental data from photoelectrochemical and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies have shown that such treatment can increase the charge carrier density on WO3 photoanode surfaces resulting in improvements in hole collection efficiency and reduction in charge recombination. Despite a much thinner layer of WO3 (about 500 nm) compared to those in other published studies, the electrodes exhibited an ultra-high photocurrent density of 1.81 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE. This current density is one of the highest ones among WO3-based photoanodes described in literature. The proposed surface modulation approach offers an effective and scalable method to prepare high-performance thin film photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Surface modulation approach offers an effective and scalable method for high-performance WO3 photoanodes.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Cen
- Department of Materials and Science Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- New York
- USA
| | - Qiyuan Wu
- Department of Materials and Science Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- New York
- USA
| | - Danhua Yan
- Department of Materials and Science Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- New York
- USA
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- New York
- USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- New York
- USA
| | - Xiao Tong
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- New York
- USA
| | - Mingzhao Liu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- New York
- USA
| | - Alexander Orlov
- Department of Materials and Science Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- New York
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lv Y, Liu Y, Chen C, Wang T, Zhang M. Octopus tentacles-like WO3/C@CoO as high property and long life-time electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
MoS2 quantum dots interspersed WO3 nanoplatelet arrays with enhanced photoelectrochemical activity. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
13
|
Raptis D, Dracopoulos V, Lianos P. Renewable energy production by photoelectrochemical oxidation of organic wastes using WO 3 photoanodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 333:259-264. [PMID: 28363147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work has studied renewable hydrogen production by photoelectrocatalytic degradation of model organic substances representing biomass derived organic wastes. Its purpose was to show that renewable energy can be produced by consuming wastes. The study has been carried out by employing nanoparticulate WO3 photoanodes in the presence of ethanol, glycerol or sorbitol, i.e. three substances which are among typical biomass products. In these substances, the molecular weight and the number of hydroxyl groups increases from ethanol to sorbitol. The photocurrent produced by the cell was the highest in the presence of ethanol, smaller in the case of glycerol and further decreased in the presence of sorbitol. The photocurrent was roughly the double of that produced in the absence of an organic additive thus demonstrating current doubling phenomena. Hydrogen was produced only under illumination and was monitored at two forward bias, 0.8 and 1.6V vs Ag/AgCl. Hydrogen production rates followed the same order as the photocurrent thus indicating that hydrogen production by reduction of protons mainly depends on the current flowing through the external circuit connecting photoanode with cathode. The maximum solar-to-hydrogen efficiency reached by the present system was 2.35%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Raptis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Lianos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Akin S, Erol E, Sonmezoglu S. Enhancing the electron transfer and band potential tuning with long-term stability of ZnO based dye-sensitized solar cells by gallium and tellurium as dual-doping. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
15
|
Shi W, Li H, Chen J, Lv X, Shen Y. Hierarchical WO 3 nanoflakes architecture with enhanced photoelectrochemical activity. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|