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Kwon HJ, Yang DS, Koo MS, Ji SM, Jeong J, Oh S, Kuk SK, Heo HS, Ham DJ, Kim M, Choi H, Lee JM, Shur JW, Lee WJ, Bin CO, Timofeev N, Wu H, Wang L, Lee T, Jacob DJ, Lee HC. Long-lifetime water-washable ceramic catalyst filter for air purification. Nat Commun 2023; 14:520. [PMID: 36792592 PMCID: PMC9932083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36050-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are recognised as hazardous air pollutants threatening human health. Disposable filters are generally used for air purification despite frequent replacement and waste generation problems. However, the development of a novel regenerable and robust filter for long-term use is a huge challenge. Here, we report on a new class of facile water-washing regenerable ceramic catalyst filters (CCFs), developed to simultaneously remove PM (>95%) and VOCs (>82%) in single-pass and maximized space efficiency by coating the inner and outer filter channels with an inorganic membrane and a Cu2O/TiO2 photocatalyst, respectively. The CCFs reveal four-fold increase in the maximum dust loading capacity (approximately 20 g/L) in relation to conventional filters (5 g/L), and can be reused after ten regeneration capability with simple water washing retaining initial PM and VOC removal performances. Thus, the CCFs can be well-suited for indoor and outdoor air purification for 20 years, which shows a huge increase in lifetime compared to the 6-month lifespan of conventional filters. Finally, we believe that the development and implementation of CCFs for air purification can open new avenues for sustainable technology through renewability and zero-waste generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Jae Kwon
- Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Sik Yang
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Koo
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Ji
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Joonseon Jeong
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyeong Oh
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Su Keun Kuk
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-su Heo
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Ham
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Mijong Kim
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungwoo Choi
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- grid.419666.a0000 0001 1945 5898Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678 Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Won Shur
- Corning Technology Center Korea, Corning Precision Material Co., Ltd., 212 Tangjeong-ro, Tangjeong-myeun, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31454 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Lee
- Corning Technology Center Korea, Corning Precision Material Co., Ltd., 212 Tangjeong-ro, Tangjeong-myeun, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31454 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ook Bin
- Corning Technology Center Korea, Corning Precision Material Co., Ltd., 212 Tangjeong-ro, Tangjeong-myeun, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31454 Republic of Korea
| | - Nikolay Timofeev
- Corning Scientific Center; 26, lit.A, Shatelena St., St. Petersburg 194021 Russia
| | - Huiqing Wu
- Corning Research Center China; Block H, 200 Jinsu Road, Shanghai, 201206 China
| | - Liming Wang
- Corning Research Center China; Block H, 200 Jinsu Road, Shanghai, 201206 China
| | - Taewoo Lee
- Heesung Catalysts Co.; #507-1Da, 91, Somanggongwon-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do 15088 Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Hyun Chul Lee
- Air Science Research Center (ASRC), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea.
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Wang H, Ren X, Liu Z, Lv B. Chemical conversion based on the crystal facet effect of transition metal oxides and construction methods for sharp-faced nanocrystals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:908-924. [PMID: 34981109 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06721d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In-depth research has found that the nanocrystal facet of transition metal oxides (TMOs) greatly affects their heterogeneous catalytic performance, as well as the property of photocatalysis, gas sensing, electrochemical reaction, etc. that are all involved in chemical conversion processes. Therefore, the facet-dependent properties of TMO nanocrystals have been fully and carefully studied by combining systematic experiments and theoretical calculations, and mechanisms of chemical reactions are accurately explained at the molecular level, which will be closer to the essence of reactions. Evidently, as an accurate investigation on crystal facets, well-defined TMO nanocrystals are the basis and premise for obtaining relevant credible results, and shape-controlled synthesis of TMO nanocrystals thereby has received great attention and development. The success in understanding of facet-dependent properties and shape-controlled synthesis of TMO nanocrystals is highly valuable for the control of reaction and the design of high-efficiency TMO nanocrystal catalysts as well as other functional materials in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Xiaobo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Zhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China. .,Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai Province, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Baoliang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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Ma M, E L, Zhao D, Xin Y, Wu X, Meng Y, Liu Z. The p-n heterojunction of BiVO4/Cu2O was decorated by plasma Ag NPs for efficient photoelectrochemical degradation of Rhodamine B. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Khan I. Strategies for Improved Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction to Value-added Products by Highly Anticipated Copper-based Nanoarchitectures. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100219. [PMID: 34480411 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled CO2 emission from various industrial and domestic sources is a considerable threat to environmental sustainability. Scientists are trying to develop multiple approaches to not only reduce CO2 emissions but also utilize this potent pollutant to get economically feasible products. The electrochemical reduction of CO2 (ERC) is one way to effectively convert CO2 to more useful products (ranging from C1 to C5). Nevertheless, this process is kinetically hindered and less selective towards a specific product and, consequently, requires an efficient electrocatalyst with characteristics like selectivity, stability, reusability, low cost, and environmentally benign. Owing to specified commercial features, copper (Cu)-based materials are highly anticipated and widely investigated for the last two decades. However, their non-modified polycrystalline Cu forms usually lack selectivity and lower overpotential of CO2 reduction. Therefore, extensive research is in progress to induce various alterations ranging from morphological and surface chemistry tuning to structural and optoelectrical characteristics modifications. This review provides an overview of those strategies to improve the CO2 conversion efficiency through Cu-based ERC into valuable C1, C2, and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. The thermodynamics and kinetics of CO2 reduction via Cu-based electrocatalysts are discussed in detail with the support of the first principle DFT-based models. In the last portion of the review, the reported mechanisms for various products are summarized, with a short overview of the outlook. This review is expected to provide important basics as well as advanced information for experienced as well as new researchers to develop various strategies for Cu and related materials to achieve improved ERC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Khan
- School of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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5
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Photoelectrocatalytic improvement of copper oxide thin film fabricated using anodization strategy application in nitrite degradation and promoting oxygen evolution. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kim YB, Cho SW, Deshpande NG, Jung SH, Kim DS, Park KJ, Kim HK, Cho HK. Smart Bifunctional Sb 2 Se 3 Nanorods for Integrated Water Purification: Insoluble Liquid Separation and Photoelectrochemical Degradation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3017-3027. [PMID: 32202388 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimony selenide (Sb2 Se3 ) nanostructures enable bifunctional water purification by a single membrane through i) physical separation of water-insoluble oil and ii) photoelectrocatalytic degradation of water-soluble organic compounds. Sb2 Se3 nanorods with exposed surfaces of {h 0 0} and {h 0 l} planes exhibit superhydrophobicity (water contact angle of ≈159°) owing to extremely low surface energy of those dangling-bond-free van der Waals planes. Based on crystallographic understanding, superhydrophobic Sb2 Se3 nanorods were produced on a mesh-type substrate for utilization as a membrane for physical water/oil separation. Sb2 Se3 exhibited an optimal photocathodic response with p-type electrical conductivity under visible light along the longitudinal crystal direction. This indicated that the nanorods could be used as photoelectrocatalytic material for chemical water purification. A smart membrane with Sb2 Se3 nanostructures was proposed as a candidate for integrated water purification that can simultaneously accomplish water/oil separation and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of organic compounds in wastewater. Linear sweep voltammetry measurements of the Sb2 Se3 -membrane showed cathodic photocurrent generation (up to approximately 10 mA cm-2 at 0 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode), which was enough to reduce O2 to an oxygen radical (O2 .- ) for degradation of methyl orange. Consequently, solar-driven integrated water purification was demonstrated for the first time by using a single material with a dual function of superhydrophobicity and photoactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Been Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woon Cho
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Printed Electronics Engineering, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Nishad G Deshpande
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyeon Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Su Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ju Park
- Solar Flex, 128-133, Wolsan-ro, Eumbong-myen, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31416, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Ki Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Koun Cho
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
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Lan L, Liu Y, Liu S, Ma X, Li X, Dong Z, Xia C. Effect of the supports on catalytic activity of Pd catalysts for liquid-phase hydrodechlorination/hydrogenation reaction. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:1615-1623. [PMID: 29319422 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1426645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), activated carbon (AC), graphene, and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) supported 5% Pd catalysts were prepared by the conventional impregnation method, and catalytic activity was tested in the hydrogenation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and nitrobenzene (NB) under ambient conditions (313 K and atmospheric pressure). It was found that catalytic activity was greatly affected by the supports. Moreover, Pd/CNTs catalyst exhibited much higher catalytic activity than the other three supported Pd catalysts. The mechanism of this phenomenon was studied through catalyst characterization (ICP-MS, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller [BET], TEM, and SEM). It was found that the mean particle size of Pd nanoparticles for Pd/CNTs (4.3 nm) was smaller than that for Pd/AC (6.9 nm), Pd/Al2O3 (5.0 nm), and Pd/graphene (5.2 nm). Moreover, the actual loading amounts of Pd and BET surface areas were not the main reasons for the different catalytic activity of the four supported Pd catalysts. Above all, the smaller Pd particles of Pd/CNTs enabled the Pd/CNTs catalyst to exhibit much higher catalytic activity for the hydrogenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Lan
- a School of Environment and Materials Engineering , Yantai University , Yantai , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- b School of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Ludong University , Yantai , People's Republic of China
| | - Sujing Liu
- b School of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Ludong University , Yantai , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanxuan Ma
- b School of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Ludong University , Yantai , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- a School of Environment and Materials Engineering , Yantai University , Yantai , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Dong
- b School of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Ludong University , Yantai , People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhai Xia
- b School of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Ludong University , Yantai , People's Republic of China
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8
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Wang S, Liu G, Wang L. Crystal Facet Engineering of Photoelectrodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5192-5247. [PMID: 30875200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a promising approach for solar-driven hydrogen production with zero emissions, and it has been intensively studied over the past decades. However, the solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiencies of the current PEC systems are still far from the 10% target needed for practical application. The development of efficient photoelectrodes in PEC systems holds the key to achieving high STH efficiencies. In recent years, crystal facet engineering has emerged as an important strategy in designing efficient photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting, which has yet to be comprehensively reviewed and is the main focus of this article. After the Introduction, the second section of this review concisely introduces the mechanisms of crystal facet engineering. The subsequent section provides a snapshot of the unique facet-dependent properties of some semiconductor crystals including surface electronic structures, redox reaction sites, surface built-in electric fields, molecular adsorption, photoreaction activity, photocorrosion resistance, and electrical conductivity. Then, the methods for fabricating photoelectrodes with faceted semiconductor crystals are reviewed, with a focus on the preparation processes. In addition, the notable advantages of the crystal facet engineering of photoelectrodes in terms of light harvesting, charge separation and transfer, and surface reactions are critically discussed. This is followed by a systematic overview of the modification strategies of faceted photoelectrodes to further enhance the PEC performance. The last section summarizes the major challenges and some invigorating perspectives for future research on crystal facet engineered photoelectrodes, which are believed to play a vital role in promoting the development of this important research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songcan Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Gang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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9
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Controlled synthesis of Cu2O microcrystals in membrane dispersion reactor and comparative activity in heterogeneous Fenton application. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Zeng X, Gong X, Wan Y, He R, Xu Z. Formation of Oxygen Vacancies on the {010} Facets of BiOCl and Visible Light Activity for Degradation of Ciprofloxacin. Chem Res Chin Univ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-018-8035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jia H, Zhou Y, Li X, Li Y, Zhang W, Fu H, Zhao J, Pan L, Liu X, Qiu J. Synthesis and phase transformation of NaGdF 4:Yb–Er thin films using electro-deposition method at moderate temperatures. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01340c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a thin film of hexagonal-phase NaGdF4:Yb–Er is fabricated by electro-deposition at moderate temperatures. The phase of NaGdF4:Yb–Er thin film can be controlled by adding PVP in the electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jia
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- China
| | - Yiping Zhou
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- China
| | - Weiying Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- China
| | - Hongzhi Fu
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- China
| | - Liuzhan Pan
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Jianrong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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