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Chowdhury FI, Islam J, Arof AK, Khandaker MU, Zabed HM, Khalil I, Rahman MR, Islam SM, Karim MR, Uddin J. Electrocatalytic and structural properties and computational calculation of PAN-EC-PC-TPAI-I 2 gel polymer electrolytes for dye sensitized solar cell application. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22937-22950. [PMID: 35480423 PMCID: PMC9034273 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01983j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) were prepared using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) plasticizers and different compositions of tetrapropylammonium iodide (TPAI) salt. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were done using non-blocking Pt-electrode symmetric cells. The limiting current (Jlim), apparent diffusion coefficient of triiodide ions and exchange current were found to be 12.76 mA cm−2, 23.41 × 10−7 cm2 s−1 and 11.22–14.24 mA cm−2, respectively, for the GPE containing 30% TPAI. These values are the highest among the GPEs with different TPAI contents. To determine the ionic conductivity, the EIS technique was employed with blocking electrodes. The GPE containing 30% TPAI exhibited the lowest bulk impedance, Rb (22 Ω), highest ionic conductivity (3.62 × 10−3 S cm−1) and lowest activation energy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were utilized for structural characterization. Functional group interactions among PAN, EC, PC and TPAI were studied in the FTIR spectra of the GPEs. An up-shift of the XRD peak indicates the polymer–salt interaction and possible complexation of the cation (TPA+ ion) with the lone pair of electrons containing site –C
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N at the N atom in the host polymer matrix. On the other hand, computational study shows that TPAI-PAN based GPE possesses the lowest frontier orbital bandgap, which coincided with the enhanced electrochemical and electrocatalytic performance of GPE. The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) fabricated with these GPEs showed that the JSC (19.75 mA cm−2) and VOC (553.8 mV) were the highest among the GPEs and hence the highest efficiency, η (4.76%), was obtained for the same electrolytes. In this study, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) were prepared using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) plasticizers and different compositions of tetrapropylammonium iodide (TPAI) salt.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal I Chowdhury
- Nanotechnology and Renewable Energy Research Laboratory (NRERL), Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong Chittagong-4331 Bangladesh .,Center for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Jahidul Islam
- Nanotechnology and Renewable Energy Research Laboratory (NRERL), Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong Chittagong-4331 Bangladesh
| | - A K Arof
- Center for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - M U Khandaker
- Center for Radiation Sciences, Institute for Healthcare Development, Sunway University 47500 Subang Jaya Malaysia
| | - Hossain M Zabed
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Ibrahim Khalil
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - M Rezaur Rahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Shahidul M Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago USA
| | - M Razaul Karim
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Jamal Uddin
- Center for Nanotechnology, Department of Natural Sciences, Coppin State University Baltimore MD USA
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Amici J, Torchio C, Versaci D, Dessantis D, Marchisio A, Caldera F, Bella F, Francia C, Bodoardo S. Nanosponge-Based Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Safer Li-O 2 Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101625. [PMID: 34067902 PMCID: PMC8156716 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Li-O2 batteries represent a promising rechargeable battery candidate to answer the energy challenges our world is facing, thanks to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density. However, the poor cycling stability of the Li-O2 system and, overall, important safety issues due to the formation of Li dendrites, combined with the use of organic liquid electrolytes and O2 cross-over, inhibit their practical applications. As a solution to these various issues, we propose a composite gel polymer electrolyte consisting of a highly cross-linked polymer matrix, containing a dextrin-based nanosponge and activated with a liquid electrolyte. The polymer matrix, easily obtained by thermally activated one pot free radical polymerization in bulk, allows to limit dendrite nucleation and growth thanks to its cross-linked structure. At the same time, the nanosponge limits the O2 cross-over and avoids the formation of crystalline domains in the polymer matrix, which, combined with the liquid electrolyte, allows a good ionic conductivity at room temperature. Such a composite gel polymer electrolyte, tested in a cell containing Li metal as anode and a simple commercial gas diffusion layer, without any catalyst, as cathode demonstrates a full capacity of 5.05 mAh cm−2 as well as improved reversibility upon cycling, compared to a cell containing liquid electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Amici
- Electrochemistry Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so D.ca degli Abruzzi 24, 10128 Torino, Italy; (C.T.); (D.V.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudia Torchio
- Electrochemistry Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so D.ca degli Abruzzi 24, 10128 Torino, Italy; (C.T.); (D.V.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Daniele Versaci
- Electrochemistry Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so D.ca degli Abruzzi 24, 10128 Torino, Italy; (C.T.); (D.V.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Davide Dessantis
- Electrochemistry Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so D.ca degli Abruzzi 24, 10128 Torino, Italy; (C.T.); (D.V.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Andrea Marchisio
- Electrochemistry Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so D.ca degli Abruzzi 24, 10128 Torino, Italy; (C.T.); (D.V.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Fabrizio Caldera
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Federico Bella
- Electrochemistry Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so D.ca degli Abruzzi 24, 10128 Torino, Italy; (C.T.); (D.V.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Carlotta Francia
- Electrochemistry Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so D.ca degli Abruzzi 24, 10128 Torino, Italy; (C.T.); (D.V.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvia Bodoardo
- Electrochemistry Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so D.ca degli Abruzzi 24, 10128 Torino, Italy; (C.T.); (D.V.); (D.D.); (A.M.); (F.B.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
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Wang H, Li J, Li F, Guan D, Wang X, Su W, Xu J. Strategies with Functional Materials in Tackling Instability Challenges of Non-aqueous Lithium-Oxygen Batteries. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-0026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mushtaq M, Guo X, Wang Y, Hao L, Lin Z, Yu H. Composite Cathode Architecture with Improved Oxidation Kinetics in Polymer-Based Li-O 2 Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:30259-30267. [PMID: 32525303 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Li-O2 battery based on the polymer electrolyte has been considered as the feasible solution to the safety issue derived from the liquid electrolyte. However, the practical application of the polymer electrolyte-based Li-O2 battery is impeded by the poor cyclability and unsatisfactory energy efficiency caused by the structure of the porous cathode. Herein, an architecture of a composite cathode with improved oxidation kinetics of discharge products was designed by an in situ method through the polymerization of the electrolyte precursor for the polymer-based Li-O2 battery. The composite cathode can provide sufficient gas diffusion channels, abundant reaction active sites, and continuous pathways for ion diffusion and electron transport. Furthermore, the oxidation kinetics of nanosized discharge products formed in the composite cathode can be improved by hexamethylphosphoramide during the recharge process. The polymer-based Li-O2 batteries with the composite cathode demonstrate highly reversible capacity when fully charged and a long cycle lifetime under a fixed capacity with low overpotentials. Moreover, the interface contact between hexamethylphosphoramide and the Li metal can be stabilized simultaneously. Therefore, the composite cathode architecture designed in this work shows a promising application in high-performance polymer-based Li-O2 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mushtaq
- College of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xianwei Guo
- College of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Yinzhong Wang
- College of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Liangwei Hao
- College of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Lin
- College of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Haijun Yu
- College of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
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Mauger A, Julien CM, Paolella A, Armand M, Zaghib K. Building Better Batteries in the Solid State: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3892. [PMID: 31775348 PMCID: PMC6926585 DOI: 10.3390/ma12233892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most of the current commercialized lithium batteries employ liquid electrolytes, despite their vulnerability to battery fire hazards, because they avoid the formation of dendrites on the anode side, which is commonly encountered in solid-state batteries. In a review two years ago, we focused on the challenges and issues facing lithium metal for solid-state rechargeable batteries, pointed to the progress made in addressing this drawback, and concluded that a situation could be envisioned where solid-state batteries would again win over liquid batteries for different applications in the near future. However, an additional drawback of solid-state batteries is the lower ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. Therefore, extensive research efforts have been invested in the last few years to overcome this problem, the reward of which has been significant progress. It is the purpose of this review to report these recent works and the state of the art on solid electrolytes. In addition to solid electrolytes stricto sensu, there are other electrolytes that are mainly solids, but with some added liquid. In some cases, the amount of liquid added is only on the microliter scale; the addition of liquid is aimed at only improving the contact between a solid-state electrolyte and an electrode, for instance. In some other cases, the amount of liquid is larger, as in the case of gel polymers. It is also an acceptable solution if the amount of liquid is small enough to maintain the safety of the cell; such cases are also considered in this review. Different chemistries are examined, including not only Li-air, Li-O2, and Li-S, but also sodium-ion batteries, which are also subject to intensive research. The challenges toward commercialization are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Mauger
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR-CNRS 7590, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Christian M. Julien
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR-CNRS 7590, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Andrea Paolella
- Centre of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage (CETEES), Hydro-Québec, 1806, Lionel-Boulet blvd., Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, Canada;
| | - Michel Armand
- CIC Energigune, Parque Tecnol Alava, 01510 Minano, Spain;
| | - Karim Zaghib
- Centre of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage (CETEES), Hydro-Québec, 1806, Lionel-Boulet blvd., Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, Canada;
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Safa M, Adelowo E, Chamaani A, Chawla N, Baboukani AR, Herndon M, Wang C, El‐Zahab B. Poly(Ionic Liquid)‐Based Composite Gel Electrolyte for Lithium Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meer Safa
- Mechanical & Materials Engineering DepartmentFlorida International University, Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Ebenezer Adelowo
- Mechanical & Materials Engineering DepartmentFlorida International University, Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Amir Chamaani
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Neha Chawla
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Amin Rabiei Baboukani
- Mechanical & Materials Engineering DepartmentFlorida International University, Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Marcus Herndon
- Mechanical & Materials Engineering DepartmentFlorida International University, Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Mechanical & Materials Engineering DepartmentFlorida International University, Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Bilal El‐Zahab
- Mechanical & Materials Engineering DepartmentFlorida International University, Miami FL 33174 USA
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Recent Advances in Non-Flammable Electrolytes for Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries. BATTERIES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/batteries5010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are the most commonly used source of power for modern electronic devices. However, their safety became a topic of concern after reports of the devices catching fire due to battery failure. Making safer batteries is of utmost importance, and several researchers are trying to modify various aspects in the battery to make it safer without affecting the performance of the battery. Electrolytes are one of the most important parts of the battery since they are responsible for the conduction of ions between the electrodes. In this paper, we discuss the different non-flammable electrolytes that were developed recently for safer lithium-ion battery applications.
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Mechanism of Ionic Impedance Growth for Palladium-Containing CNT Electrodes in Lithium-Oxygen Battery Electrodes and its Contribution to Battery Failure. BATTERIES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/batteries5010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and on CNT (carbon nanotube) cathode with a palladium catalyst, palladium-coated CNT (PC-CNT), and palladium-filled CNT (PF-CNT) are assessed in an ether-based electrolyte solution in order to fabricate a lithium-oxygen battery with high specific energy. The electrochemical properties of the CNT cathodes were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Palladium-filled cathodes displayed better performance as compared to the palladium-coated ones due to the shielding of the catalysts. The mechanism of the improvement was associated to the reduction of the rate of resistances growth in the batteries, especially the ionic resistances in the electrolyte and electrodes. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectroscopy were used to analyze the products of the reaction that were adsorbed on the electrode surface of the battery, which was fabricated using palladium-coated and palladium-filled CNTs as cathodes and an ether-based electrolyte.
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Meng N, Lian F, Li Y, Zhao X, Zhang L, Lu S, Li H. Exploring PVFM-Based Janus Membrane-Supporting Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Highly Durable Li-O 2 Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:22237-22247. [PMID: 29897229 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte is the key to constructing the ionic transport paths and O2 gas diffusion routes in the cathode as well as maintaining the electrode interfacial stability in view of the complex chemistry of Li-O2 batteries. A novel poly(vinyl formal) (PVFM)-based Janus membrane, which is prepared via coating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the porous side of the cross-linked PVFM membrane, has been proposed herein to achieve membrane-supporting gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) for Li-O2 batteries. Within Li-O2 batteries, the dense side of PVFM-based Janus membrane demonstrates a good compatibility with lithium metal anode, while the other side with MWCNTs coating reserves much more solvent on the surface, assisting the cathode to form enlarged electrolyte-wetted interface. Moreover, the comparative studies indicate that PVFM-based Janus membrane also can provide a conductive pathway, modulate the morphology of the discharge products, and produce accommodation space for the products. So, the Li-O2 batteries containing PVFM-based Janus membrane-supporting GPE not only demonstrate significantly improved discharge capacity and cycling stability, i.e., 150 times at 1000 mAh g-1 capacity limitation, but also a narrow voltage gap of 0.90 V and an excellent rate performance up to 1000 mA g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Fang Lian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Yadi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Li Zhang
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100088 , China
| | - Shigang Lu
- China Automotive Battery Research Institute Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100088 , China
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
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Stabilizing effect of ion complex formation in lithium–oxygen battery electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang P, Zhao Y, Zhang X. Functional and stability orientation synthesis of materials and structures in aprotic Li–O2batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2921-3004. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the recent advances made in the functional and stability orientation synthesis of materials/structures for Li–O2batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications
- Henan University
- Kaifeng
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications
- Henan University
- Kaifeng
- P. R. China
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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Chamaani A, Safa M, Chawla N, El-Zahab B. Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Improved Cyclability in Lithium-Oxygen Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:33819-33826. [PMID: 28876893 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) and composite GPE (cGPE) using one-dimensional glass microfillers have been developed for their use in lithium-oxygen batteries. Using glass microfillers, tetraglyme solvent, UV-curable polymer, and lithium salt at various concentrations, the preparation of cGPE yielded free-standing films. These cGPEs, with 1 wt % of microfillers, demonstrated increased ionic conductivity and lithium transference number over GPEs at various concentrations of lithium salt. Improvements as high as 50% and 28% in lithium transference number were observed for 0.1 and 1.0 mol kg-1 salt concentrations, respectively. Lithium-oxygen batteries containing cGPE similarly showed superior charge/discharge cycling for 500 mAh g-1 cycle capacity with as high as 86% and 400% increase in cycles for cGPE with 1.0 and 0.1 mol kg-1 over GPE. Results using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the source of the improvement was the reduction of the rate of lithium carbonates formation on the surface of the cathode. This reduction in formation rate afforded by cGPE-containing batteries was possible due to the reduction of the rate of electrolyte decomposition. The increase in solvated to paired Li+ ratio at the cathode, afforded by increased lithium transference number, helped reduce the probability of superoxide radicals reacting with the tetraglyme solvent. This stabilization during cycling helped prolong the cycling life of the batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Chamaani
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Meer Safa
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Neha Chawla
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Bilal El-Zahab
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33174, United States
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