1
|
Xiang F, Li N, Burguete-Lopez A, He Z, Elizarov M, Fratalocchi A. Light-Induced Quantum Reconfiguration of Oxyhydroxides for Photoanodes with 4.24% Efficiency and Stability Beyond 250 Hours. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405478. [PMID: 39097948 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is attracting significant research interest in addressing sustainable development goals in renewable energy. Current state-of-the-art, however, cannot provide photoanodes with simultaneously high efficiency and long-lasting lifetime. Here, large-scale NiFe oxyhydroxides-alloy hybridized co-catalyst layer that exhibits an applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE) of 4.24% in buried homojunction-free photoanodes and stability over 250 h is reported. These performances represent an increase over the present highest-performing technology by 408% in stability and the most stable competitor by over 330% in efficiency. These results originate from a previously unexplored mechanism of light-induced atomic reconfiguration, which rapidly self-generates a catalytic-protective amorphous/crystalline heterostructure at low biases. This mechanism provides active sites for reaction and insulates the photoanode from performance degradation. Photon-generated NiFe oxyhydroxides are more than 200% higher than the quantity that pure electrocatalysis would otherwise induce, overcoming the threshold for an efficient water oxidation reaction in the device. While of immediate interest in the industry of water splitting, the light-induced NiFe oxyhydroxides-alloy co-catalyst developed in this work provides a general strategy to enhance further the performances and stability of PEC devices for a vast panorama of chemical reactions, ranging from biomass valorization to organic waste degradation, and CO2-to-fuel conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiang
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ning Li
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arturo Burguete-Lopez
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhao He
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maxim Elizarov
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrea Fratalocchi
- PRIMALIGHT, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peng Y, Du M, Zou X, Jia G, Permatasari Santoso S, Peng X, Niu W, Yuan M, Hsu HY. Suppressing photoinduced charge recombination at the BiVO 4||NiOOH junction by sandwiching an oxygen vacancy layer for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:1116-1125. [PMID: 34749133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) is regarded as one of the promising cocatalysts to enhance the catalytic performance of photoanodes but suffers from serious interfacial charge-carrier recombination at the photoanode||NiOOH interface. In this work, surface-engineered BiVO4 photoanodes are fabricated by sandwiching an oxygen vacancy (Ovac) interlayer between BiVO4 and NiOOH. The surface Ovac interlayer is introduced on BiVO4 by a chemical reduction treatment using a mild reducing agent, sodium hypophosphite. The induced Ovac can alleviate the interfacial charge-carrier recombination at the BiVO4||NiOOH junction, resulting in efficient charge separation and transfer efficiencies, while an outer NiOOH layer is coated to prevent the Ovac layer from degradation. As a result, the as-prepared NiOOH-P-BiVO4 photoanode exhibits a high photocurrent density of 3.2 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE under the irradiation of 100 mW/cm2 AM 1.5G simulated sunlight, in comparison to those of bare BiVO4, P-BiVO4, and NiOOH-BiVO4 photoanodes (1.1, 2.1 and 2.3 mA cm-2, respectively). In addition to the superior photoactivity, the 5-h amperometric measurements illustrate improved stability of the surface-engineered NiOOH-P-BiVO4 photoanode. Our work showcases the feasibility of combining cocatalysts with Ovac, for improved photoactivity and stability of photoelectrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- School of Energy and Environment, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Minshu Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Xingli Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Guohua Jia
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Shella Permatasari Santoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan No. 37, Surabaya 60114, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Xiang Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Wenxin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
| | - Mingjian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hsien-Yi Hsu
- School of Energy and Environment, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu J, Zhao S, Wang C, Ma Y, He L, Liu B, Zhang Z. Catkin-derived mesoporous carbon-supported molybdenum disulfide and nickelhydroxyloxide hybrid as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for driving overall water splitting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:1627-1637. [PMID: 34742079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a two-dimensional heterostructure of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and nickelhydroxyloxide (NiOOH) nanosheets supported on catkin-derived mesoporous carbon (C-MC) was constructed and exploited as an efficient electrocatalyst for overall water splitting. The C-MC nanostructure was prepared by pyrolyzing biomass material of catkin at 600 °C in N2 atmosphere. The C-MC network exhibited hollow nanotube structure and had a large specific surface area, comprising trace nitrogen and a large amount of oxygen vacancies. It further served as the support for the growth of NiOOH nanosheets (NiOOH@C-MC), which was combined with MoS2 nanosheets by in situ growth, yielding a multicomponent electrocatalyst (MoS2@NiOOH@C-MC). By integrating the superior hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance of MoS2, oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance of NiOOH, and the fast electron transfer capability of C-MC, the prepared MoS2@NiOOH@C-MC illustrated a low potential of - 250 mV for HER and 1.51 V for OER at the current density of 10 mV cm-2. Consequently, when applied as the working electrode for driving overall water splitting in a two-electrode system, the bifunctional MoS2@NiOOH@C-MC electrocatalyst displayed a low cell voltage of 1.62 V at the current density of 10 mA cm-2. The present work provides a new strategy that uses biomass material for developing bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2001 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Shuangrun Zhao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Changbao Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Yashen Ma
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Linghao He
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Baozhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2001 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China.
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effects of Insertion of Ag Mid-Layers on Laser Direct Ablation of Transparent Conductive ITO/Ag/ITO Multilayers: Role of Effective Absorption and Focusing of Photothermal Energy. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185136. [PMID: 34576364 PMCID: PMC8465732 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From the viewpoint of the device performance, the fabrication and patterning of oxide–metal–oxide (OMO) multilayers (MLs) as transparent conductive oxide electrodes with a high figure of merit have been extensively investigated for diverse optoelectronic and energy device applications, although the issues of their general concerns about possible shortcomings, such as a more complicated fabrication process with increasing cost, still remain. However, the underlying mechanism by which a thin metal mid-layer affects the overall performance of prepatterned OMO ML electrodes has not been fully elucidated. In this study, indium tin oxide (ITO)/silver (Ag)/ITO MLs are fabricated using an in-line sputtering method for different Ag thicknesses on glass substrates. Subsequently, a Q-switched diode-pumped neodymium-doped yttrium vanadate (Nd:YVO4, λ = 1064 nm) laser is employed for the direct ablation of the ITO/Ag/ITO ML films to pattern ITO/Ag/ITO ML electrodes. Analysis of the laser-patterned results indicate that the ITO/Ag/ITO ML films exhibit wider ablation widths and lower ablation thresholds than ITO single layer (SL) films. However, the dependence of Ag thickness on the laser patterning results of the ITO/Ag/ITO MLs is not observed, despite the difference in their absorption coefficients. The results show that the laser direct patterning of ITO/Ag/ITO MLs is primarily affected by rapid thermal heating, melting, and vaporization of the inserted Ag mid-layer, which has considerably higher thermal conductivity and absorption coefficients than the ITO layers. Simulation reveals the importance of the Ag mid-layer in the effective absorption and focusing of photothermal energy, thereby supporting the experimental observations. The laser-patterned ITO/Ag/ITO ML electrodes indicate a comparable optical transmittance, a higher electrical current density, and a lower resistance compared with the ITO SL electrode.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee U, Lee YN, Yoon YS. Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of Catalyst by Phosphorous Addition for Direct Urea Fuel Cell. Front Chem 2020; 8:777. [PMID: 33195019 PMCID: PMC7604380 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An anode bimetallic catalyst comprising Ni-Pd alloy nanoparticles was loaded on acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for application in a direct urea fuel cell. The bimetallic catalyst and MWCNTs were synthesized by a hydrothermal method at 160°C for 5 h. To reduce the catalyst particle size, alkaline resistance, and facilitate their uniform distribution on the surface of the MWCNTs, phosphorus (P) was added to the Ni-Pd/MWCNT catalyst. The effects of P on the distribution and reduction in size of catalyst particles were investigated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The enhanced catalytic activity and durability of the P-containing catalyst was confirmed by the high current density [1897.76 mA/cm2 (vs. Ag/AgCl)] obtained at 0.45 V in a 3 M KOH/1.0 M urea alkaline aqueous solution compared with that of the catalyst without P [604.87 mA/cm2 (vs. Ag/AgCl)], as determined by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. A Urea-O2 fuel cell assembled with a membrane electrode assembly comprising the Ni-Pd(P)/MWCNT catalyst delivered peak power densities of 0.756 and 3.825 mW/cm2 at 25 and 60°C, respectively, in a 3 M KOH/1 M urea solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Young Soo Yoon
- Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thalluri SM, Bai L, Lv C, Huang Z, Hu X, Liu L. Strategies for Semiconductor/Electrocatalyst Coupling toward Solar-Driven Water Splitting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902102. [PMID: 32195077 PMCID: PMC7080548 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) has a significant potential to enable the global energy transition from the current fossil-dominant system to a clean, sustainable, and low-carbon energy system. While presently global H2 production is predominated by fossil-fuel feedstocks, for future widespread utilization it is of paramount importance to produce H2 in a decarbonized manner. To this end, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has been proposed to be a highly desirable approach with minimal negative impact on the environment. Both semiconductor light-absorbers and hydrogen/oxygen evolution reaction (HER/OER) catalysts are essential components of an efficient PEC cell. It is well documented that loading electrocatalysts on semiconductor photoelectrodes plays significant roles in accelerating the HER/OER kinetics, suppressing surface recombination, reducing overpotentials needed to accomplish HER/OER, and extending the operational lifetime of semiconductors. Herein, how electrocatalyst coupling influences the PEC performance of semiconductor photoelectrodes is outlined. The focus is then placed on the major strategies developed so far for semiconductor/electrocatalyst coupling, including a variety of dry processes and wet chemical approaches. This Review provides a comprehensive account of advanced methodologies adopted for semiconductor/electrocatalyst coupling and can serve as a guideline for the design of efficient and stable semiconductor photoelectrodes for use in water splitting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lichen Bai
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & CatalysisEcole Polytechnique Federale de LausanneEPFL ISIC LSCI, BCH 3305CH‐1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Cuncai Lv
- School of Chemical Science & EngineeringTongji University200092ShanghaiP. R. China
- College of Physics Science & TechnologyHebei University071002BaodingHebeiP. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- School of Chemical Science & EngineeringTongji University200092ShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis & CatalysisEcole Polytechnique Federale de LausanneEPFL ISIC LSCI, BCH 3305CH‐1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Lifeng Liu
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL)Avenida Mestre Jose Veiga4715‐330BragaPortugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fan R, Mi Z, Shen M. Silicon based photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:A51-A80. [PMID: 30876004 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.000a51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Solar water splitting using Si photoelectrodes in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells offers a promising approach to convert sunlight into sustainable hydrogen energy, which has recently received intense research. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of efficient and stable Si photoelectrodes for solar water splitting. The definition and representation of efficiency and stability for Si photoelectrodes are firstly introduced. We then present several basic strategies for designing highly efficient and stable Si photoelectrodes, including surface textures, protective layer, catalyst loading and the integration of the system. Finally, we highlight the progress that has been made in Si photocathodes and Si photoanodes, respectively, with emphasis on how to integrate Si with protective layer and catalyst.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu X, Pan L, Zhang X, Wang L, Zou J. Rational Design and Construction of Cocatalysts for Semiconductor-Based Photo-Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution: A Comprehensive Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801505. [PMID: 30693190 PMCID: PMC6343073 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photo-electrochemical (PEC) water splitting, as an essential and indispensable research branch of solar energy applications, has achieved increasing attention in the past decades. Between the two photoelectrodes, the photoanodes for PEC water oxidation are mostly studied for the facile selection of n-type semiconductors. Initially, the efficiency of the PEC process is rather limited, which mainly results from the existing drawbacks of photoanodes such as instability and serious charge-carrier recombination. To improve PEC performances, researchers gradually focus on exploring many strategies, among which engineering photoelectrodes with suitable cocatalysts is one of the most feasible and promising methods to lower reaction obstacles and boost PEC water splitting ability. Here, the basic principles, modules of the PEC system, evaluation parameters in PEC water oxidation reactions occurring on the surface of photoanodes, and the basic functions of cocatalysts on the promotion of PEC performance are demonstrated. Then, the key progress of cocatalyst design and construction applied to photoanodes for PEC oxygen evolution is emphatically introduced and the influences of different kinds of water oxidation cocatalysts are elucidated in detail. Finally, the outlook of highly active cocatalysts for the photosynthesis process is also included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
| | - Lun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
| | - Xiangwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
| | - Ji‐Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang S, She G, Li S, Mu L, Shi W. Si-H induced synthesis of Si/Cu 2O nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:035601. [PMID: 29235450 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile and low-cost method to synthesize Si/Cu2O heterojunction nanowire arrays, without SiOx, at the Si/Cu2O interface. The reductive Si-H bonds on the surface of Si nanowires plays a key role in situ by reducing Cu(II) ions to Cu2O nanocubes and avoiding the SiOx interface layer. Different pH values would vary the electrochemical potential of reactions and as a result, different products would be formed. Utilized as a photoanode for water splitting, Si/Cu2O nanowire arrays exhibit good photoelectrochemical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lan Y, Liu Z, Guo Z, Li X, Zhao L, Zhan L, Zhang M. A ZnO/ZnFe2O4 uniform core–shell heterojunction with a tubular structure modified by NiOOH for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:12181-12187. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is known that heterojunction photoelectrodes can improve light absorption and accelerate the separation of photogenerated carriers in the field of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yayao Lan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Chengjian University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Chengjian University
- Tianjin
- China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology
| | - Zhengang Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Chengjian University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xifei Li
- Institute of Advanced Electrochemical Energy
- Xi'an University of Technology
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Xinxiang University
- Xinxiang
- China
| | - Li Zhan
- Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces
- Tianjin 300309
- China
| | - Min Zhang
- Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces
- Tianjin 300309
- China
| |
Collapse
|