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Outflow Geometry for Electrochemical Desalination Cells. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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2
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Shi C, Wang H, Li A, Zhu G, Zhao X, Wu F. Process model for flow-electrode capacitive deionization for energy consumption estimation and system optimization. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119517. [PMID: 36608524 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a new technology for ion removal that delivers sustainable deionization performance. However, FCDI consumes relatively high amounts of energy compared with other conventional desalination technologies, which hinders the industrial application of FCDI. In this study, the energy consumption of each FCDI component was simulated using a steady-state FCDI model to investigate and optimize the main components of energy consumption. Overall, the established process model can be used for theoretical investigation and enhancing our fundamental understanding of the energy consumption of each FCDI component, and provides the design and optimization of FCDI systems. The results showed that the energy consumption of the flow electrodes dominated under most conditions. Changing the operating parameters could obviously affect energy consumption and the energy consumption structure. However, increasing the flow rate and activated carbon (AC) content of the flow-electrode could decrease the energy consumption of the electrode, and the energy consumed by the ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and desalination chamber was the greatest. These two parts of energy consumption could not be significantly reduced by changing operational parameters. Thus, to further reduce the energy consumption, optimization of the FCDI equipment was carried out by adding titanium mesh to the flow electrodes and the desalination chamber of the FCDI cell. The results showed that the energy consumption of optimized FCDI decreased by 51.9% compared with the original FCDI. The long-term experiment using optimized FCDI showed good stability and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chufeng Shi
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Ao Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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3
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Gabitto JF, Tsouris C. A review of transport models in charged porous electrodes. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1051594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increased interest in many different processes based upon interactions between a charged solid surface and a liquid electrolyte. Energy storage in capacitive porous materials, ionic membranes, capacitive deionization (CDI) for water desalination, capacitive energy generation, removal of heavy ions from wastewater streams, and geophysical applications are some examples of these processes. Process development is driven by the production of porous materials with increasing surface area. Understanding of the physical phenomena occurring at the charged solid-electrolyte interface will significantly improve the design and development of more effective applied processes. The goal of this work is to critically review the current knowledge in the field. The focus is on concepts behind different models. We start by briefly presenting the classical electrical double layer (EDL) models in flat surfaces. Then, we discuss models for porous materials containing macro-, meso-, and micro-pores. Some of the current models for systems comprising two different pore sizes are also included. Finally, we discuss the concepts behind the most common models used for ionic transport and Faradaic processes in porous media. The latter models are used for simulation of electrosorption processes in porous media.
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Liu R, Luo J, Yao S, Yang Y. Three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann simulation of reactive transport and ion adsorption processes in battery electrodes of cation intercalation desalination cells. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shrivastava A, Do VQ, Smith KC. Efficient, Selective Sodium and Lithium Removal by Faradaic Deionization Using Symmetric Sodium Titanium Vanadium Phosphate Intercalation Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30672-30682. [PMID: 35776554 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
NASICON (sodium superionic conductor) materials are promising host compounds for the reversible capture of Na+ ions, finding prior application in batteries as solid-state electrolytes and cathodes/anodes. Given their affinity for Na+ ions, these materials can be used in Faradaic deionization (FDI) for the selective removal of sodium over other competing ions. Here, we investigate the selective removal of sodium over other alkali and alkaline-earth metal cations from aqueous electrolytes when using a NASICON-based mixed Ti-V phase as an intercalation electrode, namely, sodium titanium vanadium phosphate (NTVP). Galvanostatic cycling experiments in three-electrode cells with electrolytes containing Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Li+ reveal that only Na+ and Li+ can intercalate into the NTVP crystal structure, while other cations show capacitive response, leading to a material-intrinsic selectivity factor of 56 for Na+ over K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Furthermore, electrochemical titration experiments together with modeling show that an intercalation mechanism with a limited miscibility gap for Na+ in NTVP mitigates the state-of-charge gradients to which phase-separating intercalation electrodes are prone when operated under electrolyte flow. NTVP electrodes are then incorporated into an FDI cell with automated fluid recirculation to demonstrate up to 94% removal of sodium in streams with competing alkali/alkaline-earth cations with 10-fold higher concentration, showing process selectivity factors of 3-6 for Na+ over cations other than Li+. Decreasing the current density can improve selectivity up to 25% and reduce energy consumption by as much as ∼50%, depending on the competing ion. The results also indicate the utility of NTVP for selective lithium recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh Shrivastava
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
| | - Vu Q Do
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
| | - Kyle C Smith
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
- Computational Science and Engineering Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
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Yao S, Luo J, Liu R, Shen X, Huang X. Microscopic study of ion transport in the porous electrode of a desalination battery based on the lattice Boltzmann method. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04770a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cation Intercalation Desalination (CID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouguang Yao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Jianguo Luo
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
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Reale ER, Regenwetter L, Agrawal A, Dardón B, Dicola N, Sanagala S, Smith KC. Low porosity, high areal-capacity Prussian blue analogue electrodes enhance salt removal and thermodynamic efficiency in symmetric Faradaic deionization with automated fluid control. WATER RESEARCH X 2021; 13:100116. [PMID: 34505051 PMCID: PMC8414176 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) show great potential for low-energy Faradaic deionization (FDI) with reversible Na-ion capacity approaching 5 M in the solid-state. However, past continuous-flow demonstrations using PBAs in FDI were unable to desalinate brackish water to potable levels using single-pass architectures. Here, we show that recirculation of effluent from a symmetric cation intercalation desalination cell into brine/diluate reservoirs enables salt removal exceeding 80% at thermodynamic efficiency as high as 80% when cycled with 100 mM NaCl influent and when controlled by a low-volume, automated fluid circuit. This exceptional performance is achieved using a novel heated, alkaline wet phase inversion process that modulates colloidal forces to increase carbon black aggregation within electrode slurries to solidify crack-free, high areal-capacity PBA electrodes that are calendered to minimize cell impedance and electrode porosity. The results obtained demonstrate the need for co-design of auxiliary fluid-control systems together with electrode materials to advance FDI beyond brackish salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R. Reale
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Lyle Regenwetter
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Adreet Agrawal
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Brian Dardón
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas Dicola
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sathvik Sanagala
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kyle C. Smith
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Computational Science and Engineering Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Xu Y, Zhou H, Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhao H. Selective Pseudocapacitive Deionization of Calcium Ions in Copper Hexacyanoferrate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:41437-41445. [PMID: 32820894 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the capacitive deionization (CDI) technology has gradually become a promising technology for hard water treatment. Up to now, most of the work for water softening in CDI was severely limited by the inferior selectivity and electrosorption performances of carbon-based electrodes in spite of combining Ca2+-selective ion-exchange resin or membranes. Pseudocapacitive electrode materials that selectively interact with specific ions by Faradic redox reactions or ion (de)intercalation offer an alternative strategy for highly selective electrosorption of Ca2+ from water because of brilliant ion adsorption capacity. Here, we first used copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) as a pseudocapacitive electrode to methodically study the selective pseudocapacitive deionization of Ca2+ over Na+ and Mg2+. Using the hybrid CDI cell consisting of a CuHCF cathode and an activated carbon anode without any ion-exchange membrane, the outstanding Ca2+ electrosorption capacity of 42.8 mg·g-1 and superior selectivity &(Ca2+/Na+) of 3.05 at a molar ratio of 10:1 were obtained at 1.4 V, surpassing those of the reported carbon-based electrodes. Finally, electrochemical measurements and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provided an in-depth understanding of the selective pseudocapacitive deionization of Ca2+ ions in a CuHCF electrode. Our study would be helpful for developing high-efficiency selective electrosorption of target charged ions by intrinsic properties of pseudocapacitive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingsheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Guozhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Haimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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Wang L, Zhang C, He C, Waite TD, Lin S. Equivalent film-electrode model for flow-electrode capacitive deionization: Experimental validation and performance analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 181:115917. [PMID: 32505888 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a promising configuration for capacitive deionization due to its capability of continuous operation and achieving a relatively large salinity reduction. Due to the complexity of the multi-phase flow involved in FCDI, modeling FCDI system performance has been a challenge with no predictive FCDI model thus far developed. In this study, we developed an equivalent film-electrode (EFE) model for FCDI in which the flow electrodes are approximated as moving film electrodes that behave in a manner similar to conveyor belts. The EFE-FCDI model is validated using results from a series of FCDI experiments and then applied to elucidate the spatial variations of the key properties of the FCDI system and to resolve the contributions of different aspects of the system to energy consumption. The impact of activated carbon loading in the flow electrode and the feed and effluent target concentrations on the overall FCDI performance are also discussed based on model simulation. In summary, the EFE-FCDI model enhances our understanding of the system-level behavior of FCDI systems and can be employed for optimizing FCDI design and operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1831, USA
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Calvin He
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Shihong Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1831, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1604, USA.
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11
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Wang R, Lin S. Thermodynamic reversible cycles of electrochemical desalination with intercalation materials in symmetric and asymmetric configurations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 574:152-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Dai J, Win Pyae NL, Chen F, Liang M, Wang S, Ramalingam K, Zhai S, Su CY, Shi Y, Tan SC, Zhang L, Chen Y. Zinc-Air Battery-Based Desalination Device. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:25728-25735. [PMID: 32368888 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Efficiently storing electricity generated from renewable resources and desalinating brackish water are both critical for realizing a sustainable society. Previously reported desalination batteries need to work in alternate desalination/salination modes and also require external energy inputs during desalination. Here, we demonstrate a novel zinc-air battery-based desalination device (ZABD), which can desalinate brackish water and supply energy simultaneously. The ZABD consists of a zinc anode with a flowing ZnCl2 anolyte stream, a brackish water stream, and an air cathode with a flowing NaCl catholyte stream, separated by an anion-exchange membrane and a cation-exchange membrane, respectively. During the discharging, ions in brackish water move to the anolyte and catholyte, and they return to the feed steam during charging. The ZABD can desalt brackish water from 3000 ppm to the drinking water level at 120.1 ppm in one step and concurrently provide an energy output up to 80.1 kJ mol-1 under a discharge current density of 0.25 mA cm-2. Further, the ZABD can be charged/discharged over 20 cycles without significant performance deterioration, demonstrating its reversibility. Moreover, the desalination performances can be adjusted by varying current densities and are also influenced by the initial concentration of salt feeds. Besides, two ZABD devices were connected in series to drive 60 light-emitting diodes during the salt removal process without external power supply over 2000 min. Overall, this ZABD system demonstrates the potential for simultaneous water desalination and energy supply, which is suitable for many urgent situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Environment, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ni Lar Win Pyae
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Environment, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Fuming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Environment, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Mengjun Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Environment, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Environment, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Karthick Ramalingam
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Environment, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Environment, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ching-Yuan Su
- Graduate Institute of Energy Engineering, National Central University, Tao-Yuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Yumeng Shi
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Swee Ching Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Environment, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Dai J, Wang J, Hou X, Ru Q, He Q, Srimuk P, Presser V, Chen F. Dual-Zinc Electrode Electrochemical Desalination. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2792-2798. [PMID: 32048442 PMCID: PMC7318675 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Continuous and low-energy desalination technologies are in high demand to enable sustainable water remediation. Our work introduces a continuous desalination process based on the redox reaction of a dual-zinc electrode. The system consists of two zinc foils as redox electrodes with flowing ZnCl2 electrolyte, concentrated and diluted salt streams with three anion- and cation-exchange membranes (AEM and CEM) separated configuration (AEM|CEM|AEM). If a constant current is applied, the negative zinc electrode is oxidized, and electrons are released to the external circuit, whereas the positive zinc electrode is reduced, causing salt removal in the dilution stream. The results showed that brackish water can be directly desalted to 380.6 ppm during a continuous batch-mode process. The energy consumption can be as low as 35.30 kJ mol-1 at a current density of 0.25 mA cm-2 , which is comparable to reverse osmosis. In addition, the dual-zinc electrode electrochemical desalination demonstrates excellent rate performance, reversibility, and batch cyclability through electrode exchange regeneration. Our research provides a route for continuous low-energy desalination based on metal redox mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum MaterialsGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection MaterialsSchool of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum MaterialsGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection MaterialsSchool of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P.R. China
| | - Xianhua Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum MaterialsGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection MaterialsSchool of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ru
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum MaterialsGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection MaterialsSchool of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P.R. China
| | - Qingyu He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum MaterialsGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection MaterialsSchool of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P.R. China
| | - Pattarachai Srimuk
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 266123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringSaarland UniversityCampus D2 266123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New MaterialsCampus D2 266123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringSaarland UniversityCampus D2 266123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Fuming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum MaterialsGuangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environment Protection MaterialsSchool of Physics and Telecommunication EngineeringSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhou510006P.R. China
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Lin S. Energy Efficiency of Desalination: Fundamental Insights from Intuitive Interpretation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:76-84. [PMID: 31816233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Desalination has become an essential toolset to combat the worsening water stress resulting from population and industrial growth and exacerbated by climate change. Various technologies have been developed to desalinate feedwater with a wide spectrum of salinity. While energy consumption is an important consideration in many desalination studies, it is challenging to make (intuitive) sense of energy efficiency due to the different mechanisms of various desalination processes and the very different separations achieved. This perspective aims to provide an intuitive, thermodynamics-based interpretation of energy efficiency by illustrating how energy consumption breaks down into minimum energy of separation and the irreversible energy dissipation. The energy efficiencies of different desalination processes are summarized and rationalized based on their working mechanisms. Notably, a new concept called the minimum mean voltage is proposed as a convenient tool to evaluate the energy efficiency of electrochemical desalination processes. Lastly, the intrinsic trade-off between energy efficiency and desalination rate and the relevance of energy efficiency in different desalination applications are discussed.
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Reale ER, Shrivastava A, Smith KC. Effect of conductive additives on the transport properties of porous flow-through electrodes with insulative particles and their optimization for Faradaic deionization. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 165:114995. [PMID: 31450221 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Deionization devices that use intercalation reactions to reversibly store and release cations from solution show promise for energy-efficient desalination of alternative water resources. Intercalation materials often display low electronic conductivity that results in increased energy consumption during desalination. Accordingly, we performed experiments to quantify the impact of the size and mass fraction of conductive additives and insulative active particles on the effective electronic conductivity, ionic conductivity, and hydraulic permeability of porous electrodes. We find that Ketjen black conductive additives with nodules <50 nm in diameter produce superior electronic conductivity at lower mass fractions than the larger carbon blacks commonly used in capacitive deionization. Hydraulic permeability and effective ionic conductivity depend weakly on carbon black content and size, though smaller active particles decrease hydraulic permeability. Based on these results we analyzed the energy consumption and salt removal rate of different electrode formulations by constructing an electrochemical Ashby plot predicting the variation of desalination performance with electrode transport properties. Optimized electrodes containing insulative Prussian blue analogue (PBA) particles were then fabricated and used in an experimental cation intercalation desalination (CID) cell with symmetric electrodes. For 100 mM NaCl influent energy consumption varied from 7 to 33 kJ/mol when current density increased from 1 to 8 mA/cm2, approaching ten-fold increased salt removal rate at similar energy consumption levels to past CID demonstrations. Complementary numerical and analytical modeling indicates that further improvements in energy consumption and salt removal rate are attainable by enhancing transport in solution and within PBA agglomerates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Reale
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Aniruddh Shrivastava
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kyle C Smith
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Computational Science and Engineering Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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17
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Wang L, Lin S. Theoretical framework for designing a desalination plant based on membrane capacitive deionization. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 158:359-369. [PMID: 31055016 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress made in multiple aspects of capacitive deionization (CDI), a rational framework is in need for optimizing the design and operation of a large desalination system based on CDI. In this work, we develop a theoretical framework for guiding the design of a desalination plant based on CDI with ion exchange membranes (i.e. membrane CDI, or MCDI). This framework is established by identifying (1) the practical design constraints, (2) the inter-relationships between different design and operating parameters, (3) a set of independent variables, and (4) the key performance metrics. The proposed design framework reduces the degrees of freedom of the system and facilitates more focused and systematic analysis of the overall performance of an MCDI-based desalination plant. Careful analysis using the proposed design framework suggests the presence of an optimal tradeoff curve that comprises all the possible optima of design and operating conditions with which an MCDI-based desalination plant is the most cost-effective. We also show that the typical practice of using equal flowrates for charging and discharge yields very good performance compared to the optima, as long as water recovery is not too high. Finally, we also briefly explain the implication of this framework on cost-based optimization of the design and operation of an MCDI-based desalination plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1831, USA
| | - Shihong Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1831, USA; Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1831, USA.
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18
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Tang W, Liang J, He D, Gong J, Tang L, Liu Z, Wang D, Zeng G. Various cell architectures of capacitive deionization: Recent advances and future trends. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:225-251. [PMID: 30528919 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Substantial consumption and widespread contamination of the available freshwater resources necessitate a continuing search for sustainable, cost-effective and energy-efficient technologies for reclaiming this valuable life-sustaining liquid. With these key advantages, capacitive deionization (CDI) has emerged as a promising technology for the facile removal of ions or other charged species from aqueous solutions via capacitive effects or Faradaic interactions, and is currently being actively explored for water treatment with particular applications in water desalination and wastewater remediation. Over the past decade, the CDI research field has progressed enormously with a constant spring-up of various cell architectures assembled with either capacitive electrodes or battery electrodes, specifically including flow-by CDI, membrane CDI, flow-through CDI, inverted CDI, flow-electrode CDI, hybrid CDI, desalination battery and cation intercalation desalination. This article presents a timely and comprehensive review on the recent advances of various CDI cell architectures, particularly the flow-by CDI and membrane CDI with their key research activities subdivided into materials, application, operational mode, cell design, Faradaic reactions and theoretical models. Moreover, we discuss the challenges remaining in the understanding and perfection of various CDI cell architectures and put forward the prospects and directions for CDI future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Di He
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jilai Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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19
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Shrivastava A, Liu S, Smith KC. Linking capacity loss and retention of nickel hexacyanoferrate to a two-site intercalation mechanism for aqueous Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20177-20188. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Partial substitution of Ni2+ in the host lattice of nickel hexacyanoferrate by Mg2+ or Ca2+ from aqueous electrolytes leads to rapid capacity fade during galvanostatic cycling, while capacity is retained by intercalation into interstitial sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh Shrivastava
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Sizhe Liu
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Kyle C. Smith
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
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20
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Byles BW, Hayes-Oberst B, Pomerantseva E. Ion Removal Performance, Structural/Compositional Dynamics, and Electrochemical Stability of Layered Manganese Oxide Electrodes in Hybrid Capacitive Deionization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32313-32322. [PMID: 30182718 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI) is a derivative of capacitive deionization (CDI) method for water desalination, in which one carbon electrode is replaced with a redox-active intercalation electrode, resulting in substantial improvements in ion removal capacity over traditional CDI. The search for high-performing intercalation host compounds is ongoing. In this study, two-layered manganese oxides (LMOs), with sodium (Na-birnessite) and magnesium (Mg-buserite) ions stabilizing the interlayer region, were for the first time evaluated as HCDI electrodes for the removal of ions from NaCl and MgCl2 solutions to understand structural/compositional dynamics and electrochemical stability of LMO electrodes over extended cycling. Both materials demonstrated excellent initial ion removal performance with the highest capacities of 37.2 mg g-1 (637 μmol g-1) exhibited by Mg-buserite in NaCl solution and 50.2 mg g-1 (527 μmol g-1) exhibited by Na-birnessite in MgCl2 solution. The performance decay observed over the course of 200 ion adsorption/ion release cycles was attributed to two major phenomena: oxidation of carbon electrode and evolution of the structure/composition of LMO electrodes. The latter involves disorder in stacking of Mn-O layers and changes in the interlayer spacing/interlayer ions reflecting the composition of the solution being desalinated. This work highlights the importance of understanding the interactions between the HCDI electrodes and solutions containing different ions and the structural analysis of redox-active material in intercalation electrodes over the course of operation for gaining insight into the fundamental processes governing desalination performance and developing next-generation HCDI systems with long-term electrochemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Byles
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Brendan Hayes-Oberst
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Ekaterina Pomerantseva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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