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Ehtesabi H, Kalji SO. Carbon nanomaterials for sweat-based sensors: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:77. [PMID: 38177621 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Sweat is easily accessible from the human skin's surface. It is secreted by the eccrine glands and contains a wealth of physiological information, including metabolites and electrolytes like glucose and Na ions. Sweat is a particularly useful biofluid because of its easy and non-invasive access, unlike other biofluids, like blood. On the other hand, nanomaterials have started to show promise operation as a competitive substitute for biosensors and molecular sensors throughout the last 10 years. Among the most synthetic nanomaterials that are studied, applied, and discussed, carbon nanomaterials are special. They are desirable candidates for sensor applications because of their many intrinsic electrical, magnetic, and optical characteristics; their chemical diversity and simplicity of manipulation; their biocompatibility; and their effectiveness as a chemically resistant platform. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon dots (CDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene have been intensively investigated as molecular sensors or as components that can be integrated into devices. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the use of carbon nanomaterials as sweat sensors and consider how they can be utilized to detect a diverse range of analytes in sweat, such as glucose, ions, lactate, cortisol, uric acid, and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamide Ehtesabi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed-Omid Kalji
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Control of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase orientation by site-specific immobilization enables direct electrical contact between enzyme cofactor and solid surface. Commun Biol 2022; 5:390. [PMID: 35474238 PMCID: PMC9042819 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the orientation of redox enzymes on electrode surfaces is essential in the development of direct electron transfer (DET)-based bioelectrocatalytic systems. The electron transfer (ET) distance varies according to the enzyme orientation when immobilized on an electrode surface, which influences the interfacial ET rate. We report control of the orientation of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) as a model enzyme through the fusion of gold-binding peptide (gbp) at either the N- or the C-terminus, and at both termini to strengthen the binding interactions between the fusion enzyme and the gold surface. Key factors influenced by the gbp fusion site are described. Collectively, our data show that control of the CODH orientation on an electrode surface is achieved through the presence of dual tethering sites, which maintains the enzyme cofactor within a DET-available distance (<14 Å), thereby promoting DET at the enzyme-electrode interface.
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Abstract
Bioelectrocatalysis using redox enzymes appears as a sustainable way for biosensing, electricity production, or biosynthesis of fine products. Despite advances in the knowledge of parameters that drive the efficiency of enzymatic electrocatalysis, the weak stability of bioelectrodes prevents large scale development of bioelectrocatalysis. In this review, starting from the understanding of the parameters that drive protein instability, we will discuss the main strategies available to improve all enzyme stability, including use of chemicals, protein engineering and immobilization. Considering in a second step the additional requirements for use of redox enzymes, we will evaluate how far these general strategies can be applied to bioelectrocatalysis.
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Yu S, Myung NV. Recent Advances in the Direct Electron Transfer-Enabled Enzymatic Fuel Cells. Front Chem 2021; 8:620153. [PMID: 33644003 PMCID: PMC7902792 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.620153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET), which requires no mediator to shuttle electrons from enzyme active site to the electrode surface, minimizes complexity caused by the mediator and can further enable miniaturization for biocompatible and implantable devices. However, because the redox cofactors are typically deeply embedded in the protein matrix of the enzymes, electrons generated from oxidation reaction cannot easily transfer to the electrode surface. In this review, methods to improve the DET rate for enhancement of enzymatic fuel cell performances are summarized, with a focus on the more recent works (past 10 years). Finally, progress on the application of DET-enabled EFC to some biomedical and implantable devices are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nosang V. Myung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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Rational Surface Modification of Carbon Nanomaterials for Improved Direct Electron Transfer-Type Bioelectrocatalysis of Redox Enzymes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interfacial electron transfer between redox enzymes and electrodes is a key step for enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis in various bioelectrochemical devices. Although the use of carbon nanomaterials enables an increasing number of redox enzymes to carry out bioelectrocatalysis involving direct electron transfer (DET), the role of carbon nanomaterials in interfacial electron transfer remains unclear. Based on the recent progress reported in the literature, in this mini review, the significance of carbon nanomaterials on DET-type bioelectrocatalysis is discussed. Strategies for the oriented immobilization of redox enzymes in rationally modified carbon nanomaterials are also summarized and discussed. Furthermore, techniques to probe redox enzymes in carbon nanomaterials are introduced.
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Abstract
Biocatalysts provide a number of advantages such as high selectivity, the ability to operate under mild reaction conditions and availability from renewable resources that are of interest in the development of bioreactors for applications in the pharmaceutical and other sectors. The use of oxidoreductases in biocatalytic reactors is primarily focused on the use of NAD(P)-dependent enzymes, with the recycling of the cofactor occurring via an additional enzymatic system. The use of electrochemically based systems has been limited. This review focuses on the development of electrochemically based biocatalytic reactors. The mechanisms of mediated and direct electron transfer together with methods of immobilising enzymes are briefly reviewed. The use of electrochemically based batch and flow reactors is reviewed in detail with a focus on recent developments in the use of high surface area electrodes, enzyme engineering and enzyme cascades. A future perspective on electrochemically based bioreactors is presented.
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Yin Z, Ji Z, Zhang W, Taylor EW, Zeng X, Wei J. The Glucose Effect on Direct Electrochemistry and Electron Transfer Reaction of Glucose Oxidase Entrapped in a Carbon Nanotube‐Polymer Matrix. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Yin
- Department of Nanoscience Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
| | - Zuowei Ji
- Department of Nanoscience Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
| | - Wendi Zhang
- Department of Nanoscience Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
| | - E. Will Taylor
- Department of Nanoscience Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27402 USA
| | - Xinping Zeng
- Department of Nanoscience Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
- School of Life Science and Technology Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Jianjun Wei
- Department of Nanoscience Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
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KAIDA Y, HIBINO Y, KITAZUMI Y, SHIRAI O, KANO K. Discussion on Direct Electron Transfer-Type Bioelectrocatalysis of Downsized and Axial-Ligand Exchanged Variants of d-Fructose Dehydrogenase. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.20-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya KAIDA
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Yuya HIBINO
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Yuki KITAZUMI
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Osamu SHIRAI
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Kenji KANO
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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Direct Electron Transfer-Type Bioelectrocatalysis of Redox Enzymes at Nanostructured Electrodes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET)-type bioelectrocatalysis, which couples the electrode reactions and catalytic functions of redox enzymes without any redox mediator, is one of the most intriguing subjects that has been studied over the past few decades in the field of bioelectrochemistry. In order to realize the DET-type bioelectrocatalysis and improve the performance, nanostructures of the electrode surface have to be carefully tuned for each enzyme. In addition, enzymes can also be tuned by the protein engineering approach for the DET-type reaction. This review summarizes the recent progresses in this field of the research while considering the importance of nanostructure of electrodes as well as redox enzymes. This review also describes the basic concepts and theoretical aspects of DET-type bioelectrocatalysis, the significance of nanostructures as scaffolds for DET-type reactions, protein engineering approaches for DET-type reactions, and concepts and facts of bidirectional DET-type reactions from a cross-disciplinary viewpoint.
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10
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Classification and enzyme kinetics of formate dehydrogenases for biomanufacturing via CO2 utilization. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Trp-His covalent adduct in bilirubin oxidase is crucial for effective bilirubin binding but has a minor role in electron transfer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13700. [PMID: 31548583 PMCID: PMC6757100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike any protein studied so far, the active site of bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria contains a unique type of covalent link between tryptophan and histidine side chains. The role of this post-translational modification in substrate binding and oxidation is not sufficiently understood. Our structural and mutational studies provide evidence that this Trp396–His398 adduct modifies T1 copper coordination and is an important part of the substrate binding and oxidation site. The presence of the adduct is crucial for oxidation of substituted phenols and it substantially influences the rate of oxidation of bilirubin. Additionally, we bring the first structure of bilirubin oxidase in complex with one of its products, ferricyanide ion, interacting with the modified tryptophan side chain, Arg356 and the active site-forming loop 393-398. The results imply that structurally and chemically distinct types of substrates, including bilirubin, utilize the Trp–His adduct mainly for binding and to a smaller extent for electron transfer.
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HIBINO Y, KAWAI S, KITAZUMI Y, SHIRAI O, KANO K. Protein-Engineering Improvement of Direct Electron Transfer-Type Bioelectrocatalytic Properties of d-Fructose Dehydrogenase. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.18-00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya HIBINO
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Shota KAWAI
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Yuki KITAZUMI
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Osamu SHIRAI
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Kenji KANO
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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Hitaishi VP, Mazurenko I, Harb M, Clément R, Taris M, Castano S, Duché D, Lecomte S, Ilbert M, de Poulpiquet A, Lojou E. Electrostatic-Driven Activity, Loading, Dynamics, and Stability of a Redox Enzyme on Functionalized-Gold Electrodes for Bioelectrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ievgen Mazurenko
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Malek Harb
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Romain Clément
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Marion Taris
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Membrane and Nano-objects, Allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Sabine Castano
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Membrane and Nano-objects, Allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - David Duché
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, University of Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Lecomte
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Membrane and Nano-objects, Allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Marianne Ilbert
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Anne de Poulpiquet
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Lojou
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, 31 Chemin Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
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