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Ugwu DI, Conradie J. Anticancer properties of complexes derived from bidentate ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112268. [PMID: 37301166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the abnormal division and multiplication of cells in an organ or tissue. It is the second leading cause of death globally. There are various types of cancer such as prostate, breast, colon, lung, stomach, liver, skin, and many others depending on the tissue or organ where the abnormal growth originates. Despite the huge investment in the development of anticancer agents, the transition of research to medications that improve substantially the treatment of cancer is less than 10%. Cisplatin and its analogs are ubiquitous metal-based anticancer agents notable for the treatment of various cancerous cells and tumors but unfortunately accompanied by large toxicities due to low selectivity between cancerous and normal cells. The improved toxicity profile of cisplatin analogs bearing bidentate ligands has motivated the synthesis of vast metal complexes of bidentate ligands. Complexes derived from bidentate ligands such as β-diketones, diolefins, benzimidazoles and dithiocarbamates have been reported to possess 20 to 15,600-fold better anticancer activity, when tested on cell lines, than some known antitumor drugs currently on the market, e.g. cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil. This work discusses the anticancer properties of various metal complexes derived from bidentate ligands, for possible application in chemotherapy. The results discussed were evaluated by the IC50 values as obtained from cell line tests on various metal-bidentate complexes. The structure-activity relationship study of the complexes discussed, revealed that hydrophobicity is a key factor that influences anticancer properties of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Izuchukwu Ugwu
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa; Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa.
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Ugwu DI, Conradie J. Metal complexes derived from bidentate ligands: Synthesis, catalytic and biological applications. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Song S, Lee W, Lee Y, Cho KB, Lee J, Seo J. Two-Electron-Induced Reorganization of Cobalt Coordination and Metal-Ligand Cooperative Redox Shifting Co(I) Reactivity toward CO 2 Reduction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2326-2333. [PMID: 36691700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reorganization of complex structures is directly related to catalytic reactivity; thus, the geometric changes of catalysts induced by electron transfer should be considered to scrutinize the reaction mechanism. Herein, we studied electron-induced reorganization patterns of six-coordinate Co complexes with neutral N-donor ligands. Upon two-electron transfer into a Co center enclosed within a bulky π-acceptor ligand, the catalytic site exhibited different reorganization patterns depending on the ligand characteristics. While a bipyridyl ligand released Co-bound solvent (CH3CN) to open a reaction site, a phenanthroline ligand caused Co-Narm (side "arm" of NNN-ligand) bond dissociation. The first electron transfer occurred in the Co(II/I) reduction step and the second electron entered the bulky π-acceptor, of which redox steps were assigned from cyclic voltammograms, magnetic moment measurements, and DFT calculations. In comparison, the Co complex of [NNNNCH3-Co(CH3CN)3](PF6)2 ([1-(CH3CN)3](PF6)2) showed a high H2 evolution reactivity (HER), whereas a series of Co complexes with bulky π-acceptors such as [NNNNCH3-Co(L)(CH3CN)](PF6)2 (L = phen ([2-CH3CN](PF6)2), bpy ([3-CH3CN](PF6)2), [NNNNCH3-Co(tpy)](PF6)2 ([4](PF6)2), and [NNNCH2-Co(phen)(CH3CN)](PF6)2 ([5-CH3CN](PF6)2)) suppressed the HER but rather enhanced the CO2 reduction reaction. The metal-ligand cooperative redox steps enabled the shift of Co(I) reactivity toward CO2 reduction. Additionally, the amine pendant attached to the NNNNCH3-ligand could stabilize the CO2 reduction intermediate through the hydrogen-bonding interaction with the Co-CO2H adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Innovative Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals(Inn-ECOSysChem), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Innovative Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals(Inn-ECOSysChem), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseob Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Bin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University; Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea.,Research Center for Innovative Energy and Carbon Optimized Synthesis for Chemicals(Inn-ECOSysChem), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
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Conradie J, Erasmus E. Cobalt complexes with multi-dentate N-donor ligands: Redox, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic and theoretical study. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Mtshali Z, Conradie J. Tris(polypyridine)nickel(II) complexes: synthesis, DFT and electrochemistry. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Conradie J. Reduction potential of benzophenones, hydroxyphenones and bis(2-hydroxyphenone)copper molecules. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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DFT studies of the redox behavior of oligo(aza)pyridines and experimental CVs of 4'-substituted terpyridines. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Redox Data of Tris(polypyridine)manganese(II) Complexes. DATA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/data7090130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little cyclic voltammetry data for tris(polypyridine)manganese(II) complexes, [MnII(N^N)3]2+, where N^N is bipyridine (bpy), phenanthroline (phen) or substituted bpy or phen ligands, respectively; are available in the literature. Cyclic voltammograms were found for tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)manganese(II) perchlorate only. In addition to our recently published related research article, the data presented here provides cyclic voltammograms and corresponding voltage-current data obtained during electrochemical oxidation and the reduction of four [MnII(N^N)3]2+ complexes, using different scan rates and analyte concentrations. The results show increased concentration and scan rates resulting in higher Mn(II/III) peak oxidation potentials and increased peak current-voltage separations of the irreversible Mn(II/III) redox event. The average peak oxidation and peak reduction potentials of the Mn(II/III) redox events stayed constant within 0.01 V. Similarly, the average of the peak oxidation and reduction potentials of the ligand-based reduction events of [MnII(N^N)3]2+ were constant within 0.01 V.
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Conradie J. Redox chemistry of bis(terpyridine)manganese(II) complexes – a molecular view. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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von Eschwege KG, Conradie J. Review of DFT-simulated and experimental electrochemistry properties of the polypyridyl Row-1 Mn, Fe & Co, and Group-8 Fe, Ru and Os MLCT complexes. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Mtshali Z, von Eschwege KG, Conradie J. Electrochemical study of the Mn(II/III) oxidation of tris(polypyridine)manganese(II) complexes. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chiyindiko E, Conradie J. An electrochemical and computational chemistry study of substituted benzophenones. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Buitendach BE, Conradie J, Malan FP, Niemantsverdriet JWH, Swarts JC. Synthesis, Spectroscopy and Electrochemistry in Relation to DFT Computed Energies of Ferrocene- and Ruthenocene-Containing -Diketonato Iridium(III) Heteroleptic Complexes. Structure of [(2-Pyridylphenyl) 2Ir(RcCOCHCOCH 3]. Molecules 2019; 24:E3923. [PMID: 31671705 PMCID: PMC6864483 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new ferrocene- and ruthenocene-containing iridium(III) heteroleptic complexes of the type [(ppy)2Ir(RCOCHCOR')], with ppy = 2-pyridylphenyl, R = Fc = FeII(η5-C5H4)(η5-C5H5) and R' = CH3 (1) or Fc (2), as well as R = Rc = RuII(η5-C5H4)(η5-C5H5) and R' = CH3 (3), Rc (4) or Fc (5) was synthesized via the reaction of appropriate metallocene-containing β-diketonato ligands with [(ppy)2(-Cl)Ir]2. The single crystal structure of 3 (monoclinic, P21/n, Z = 4) is described. Complexes 1-5 absorb light strongly in the region 280-480 nm the metallocenyl -diketonato substituents quench phosphorescence in 1-5. Cyclic and square wave voltammetric studies in CH2Cl2/[N(nBu)4][B(C6F5)4] allowed observation of a reversible IrIII/IV redox couple as well as well-resolved ferrocenyl (Fc) and ruthenocenyl (Rc) one-electron transfer steps in 1-5. The sequence of redox events is in the order Fc oxidation, then IrIII oxidation and finally ruthenocene oxidation, all in one-electron transfer steps. Generation of IrIV quenched phosphorescence in 6, [(ppy)2Ir(H3CCOCHCOCH3)]. This study made it possible to predict the IrIII/IV formal reduction potential from Gordy scale group electronegativities, χR and/or ΣχR' of -diketonato pendent side groups as well as from DFT-calculated energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital of the species involved in the IrIII/IV oxidation at a 98 % accuracy level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| | - Frederick P Malan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | | | - Jannie C Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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van der Westhuizen D, von Eschwege KG, Conradie J. Electrochemistry and spectroscopy of substituted [Ru(phen)3]2+ and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ complexes. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ferreira H, Conradie MM, Conradie J. Electrochemical and electronic properties of a series of substituted polypyridine ligands and their Co(II) complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ferreira H, Conradie MM, Conradie J. Electrochemical data of Co(II) complexes containing phenanthroline functionalized ligands. Data Brief 2018; 21:866-877. [PMID: 30426038 PMCID: PMC6223223 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented in this paper are related to the research article entitled "Electrochemical properties of a series of Co(II) complexes, containing substituted phenanthrolines" (Ferreira et al., 2018) [1]. This paper presents detailed electrochemical data of eight octahedral Co(II) complexes containing functionalized phenanthrolines-ligands. The data illustrate the shift in the CoIII/II and CoII/I redox couples due to different substituents on the phenanthrolines. Polypyridine Co(II) and Co(III) complexes exhibit properties as potential mediators in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) (Gajardo and Loeb, 2011; Yu et al., 2011) [2], [3]. The ability of a compound to act as a redox mediator to be used in DSSC, depends on the redox potential of the compound (Grätzel, 2005) [4]. Accurate data of the CoIII/II redox couple is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Marrigje M Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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