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Wang P, Liu H, Zhou S, Chen L, Yu S, Wei J. A Review of the Carbon-Based Solid Transducing Layer for Ion-Selective Electrodes. Molecules 2023; 28:5503. [PMID: 37513374 PMCID: PMC10384130 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the key components of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs), the SC layer plays a crucial role in electrode performance. Carbon materials, known for their efficient ion-electron signal conversion, chemical stability, and low cost, are considered ideal materials for solid-state transducing layers. In this review, the application of different types of carbon materials in SC-ISEs (from 2007 to 2023) has been comprehensively summarized and discussed. Representative carbon-based materials for the fabrication of SC-ISEs have been systematically outlined, and the influence of the structural characteristics of carbon materials on achieving excellent performance has been emphasized. Finally, the persistent challenges and potential opportunities are also highlighted and discussed, aiming to inspire the design and fabrication of next-generation SC-ISEs with multifunctional composite carbon materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peike Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lina Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Suzhu Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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2
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Wu Y, Bakker E. Self-Powered Signal Transduction of Ion-Selective Electrodes to an Electronic Paper Display. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3201-3207. [PMID: 36251606 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mobile integrated electrochemical sensors normally require a power supply for operation. Unfortunately, the practice of discarding batteries associated with these devices runs counter to our desire for a sustainable world. Self-powered sensing concepts that draw the energy directly from the measurement itself would overcome this limitation. Potentiometric sensors for the measurement of pH, many electrolytes, and gases are ubiquitous in analytical practice. However, in potentiometry, the voltage is acquired in the absence of current flow, making it seemingly impossible to draw power. Fortunately, it has been recently established that transient currents may be tolerated across potentiometric measurement cells to charge a capacitive or electrochromic element such as Prussian blue integrated in the measurement cell and whose absorbance then directly follows the potential changes in a reversible manner. We have shown here that commercial electronic paper (e-paper), widely used to make electronic ink and ebook readers, can directly be driven by a potentiometric measurement cell in a reversible manner at mild potentials of >100 mV typical for such sensors. The capacitance of the e-paper pixel studied here was found to be 0.53 μF mm-2, 30 times smaller than that of Prussian blue films. The colorimetric absorbance of the e-paper was also more stable (observed drift over 2 h corresponding to 0.76 mV h-1) and reproducible (corresponding to 1 mV standard deviation). The e-paper pixel was directly driven by a polymeric pH electrode as a model system. Choosing a basic inner solution (pH 12.9) behind the membrane gave sufficiently positive cell potentials for driving visible absorbance change in a sample pH range of 4-10, while a more acidic pH of 3.4 and alternating the connections to the e-paper were more suited for more basic samples of pH > 10. This convenient and cost-effective approach makes it possible to directly drive an optical display from the potentiometric measurement itself and should be suitable for moderate sensing membrane resistances of less than about 100 kΩ, depending on the area of the chosen pixel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaotian Wu
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211Geneva, Switzerland
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Keresten V, Mikhelson K. Voltammetric Ion Sensing with Ionophore-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes Containing Internal Aqueous Solution, Improving Lifetime of Sensors. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1048. [PMID: 36363603 PMCID: PMC9699433 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of voltammetric ion sensing is demonstrated, for the first time, for ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) containing an internal aqueous solution. ISEs selective to calcium, lithium and potassium ions are used as model systems. The internal solution of the ISEs contains a chloride salt of the respective cation and a ferrocenemethanol or ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox couple. A platinum wire is used as the internal reference electrode. It is shown, theoretically and experimentally, that the dependence of oxidation and reduction peak potentials on the sample composition obeys the Nernst law, while the peak currents virtually do not depend on the sample composition. Thus, the electrode behavior is similar to that reported by Bakker's group for solid contact ISEs with ultra-thin membranes (200-300 nm). It is shown that the use of classical ISEs with relatively thick membranes (100-300 µm) and internal aqueous solution allows for the sensor lifetime of about one month. It is also shown that use of a suitable background electrolyte allows for improvement of the detection limits in voltammetric measurements with ISEs.
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Bondar AV, Keresten VM, Mikhelson KN. Ionophore-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes in Non-Zero Current Modes: Mechanistic Studies and the Possibilities of the Analytical Application. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This mini review briefly describes (i) literature data on the non-zero current measurements with ionophore-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) aimed at fundamental studies of the mechanism of their potentiometric response, and (ii) the data on the possibilities of analytical applications of ISEs in voltametric and constant potential chronoamperometric/coulometric modes, in particular the K+ ion assay in blood serum with the sensitivity of 0.1%. A special attention is paid to the basics of voltammetry and chronoamperometry/coulometry with the ionophore-based ISEs, and to how and why these methods differ from the classical voltammetry and coulometry.
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Tataeva SD, Magomedov KE. A Cadmium-Selective Electrode Based on Ionophores with Nitrogen-, Sulfur-, and Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bondar A, Mikhelson K. Constant Potential Coulometric Measurements with Ca 2+-Selective Electrode: Analysis Using Calibration Plot vs. Analysis Using the Charge Curve Fitting. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22031145. [PMID: 35161889 PMCID: PMC8838552 DOI: 10.3390/s22031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of analysis using charge curve fitting in constant potential coulometric mode instead of using a calibration plot is explored, for the first time. The results are compared with the analysis based on the use of a calibration plot. A Ca2+ ion-selective electrode, with and without an electronic capacitor in series, is used as a model system in pure solutions of CaCl2. Both techniques delivered good results (error within 2%) when the final and the initial concentration values differed by not more than three times. Larger differences result in 10-25% error. The presence of an electronic capacitor in the measurement circuit and in series with the electrode, allows for significantly faster response.
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Cheong YH, Lisak G. Physically Tailoring Ion Fluxes by Introducing Foamlike Structures into Polymeric Membranes of Solid Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3667-3676. [PMID: 34585917 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane ion fluxes have earlier been identified as a source of potential instability in solid contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs). In this work, foamlike structures were intentionally introduced into a potassium-sensitive plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) ion-selective membrane (ISM) near the membrane|solid contact interface by controlling the temperature during membrane deposition. Foamlike structures in the ISM were shown to be effective at physically tailoring the transport of ions in the ion-selective membrane, greatly reducing the flux of interfering ions from the sample to the membrane|solid contact interface. The drifts during a conventional water layer test were hence able to be greatly mitigated, even with SC-ISEs incorporating a relatively hydrophilic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) solid contact. In solutions with a high background concentration of interfering ions, equilibrated ion-selective electrodes with foamlike membranes were able to reproduce their initial potentials within 0.6 mV uncertainty (n = 3) from 0 to 18 h. This was achieved despite sensor exposure to solutions exceeding the selectivity limit of the ISEs in 3 h intervals, allowing improvement of the potential reproducibility of the sensors. Since the introduction of foamlike structures into ISM is linked to temperature-controlled membrane deposition, it is envisaged that the method is generally applicable to all solid contact ion-selective electrodes that are based on polymeric membranes and require membrane deposition from the cocktail solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Heng Cheong
- College of Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech, Singapore 637141, Singapore
- Robert Bosch (South East Asia) Pte Ltd., 11 Bishan Street 21, Singapore 573943, Singapore
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- College of Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, Cleantech, Singapore 637141, Singapore
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Abstract
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Wearable lactate
sensors for sweat analysis are highly appealing
for both the sports and healthcare fields. Electrochemical biosensing
is the approach most widely used for lactate determination, and this
technology generally demonstrates a linear range of response far below
the expected lactate levels in sweat together with a high influence
of pH and temperature. In this work, we present a novel analytical
strategy based on the restriction of the lactate flux that reaches
the enzyme lactate oxidase, which is immobilized in the biosensor
core. This is accomplished by means of an outer plasticized polymeric
layer containing the quaternary salt tetradodecylammonium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)
borate (traditionally known as ETH500). Also, this layer prevents
the enzyme from being in direct contact with the sample, and hence,
any influence with the pH and temperature is dramatically reduced.
An expanded limit of detection in the millimolar range (from 1 to
50 mM) is demonstrated with this new biosensor, in addition to an
acceptable response time; appropriate repeatability, reproducibility,
and reversibility (variations lower than 5% for the sensitivity);
good resiliency; excellent selectivity; low drift; negligible influence
of the flow rate; and extraordinary correlation (Pearson coefficient
of 0.97) with a standardized method for lactate detection such as
ion chromatography (through analysis of 22 sweat samples collected
from 6 different subjects performing cycling or running). The developed
lactate biosensor is suitable for on-body sweat lactate monitoring
via a microfluidic epidermal patch additionally containing pH and
temperature sensors. This applicability was demonstrated in three
different body locations (forehead, thigh, and back) in a total of
five on-body tests while cycling, achieving appropriate performance
and validation. Moreover, the epidermal patch for lactate sensing
is convenient for the analysis of sweat stimulated by iontophoresis
in the subjects’ arm, which is of great potential toward healthcare
applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xuan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clara Pérez-Ràfols
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gaston A. Crespo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Keresten V, Solovyeva E, Mikhelson K. The Origin of the Non-Constancy of the Bulk Resistance of Ion-Selective Electrode Membranes within the Nernstian Response Range. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11050344. [PMID: 34067145 PMCID: PMC8150337 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of the bulk resistance of membranes of ionophore-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) on the composition of mixed electrolyte solutions, within the range of the Nernstian potentiometric response, is studied by chronopotentiometric and impedance measurements. In parallel to the resistance, water uptake by the membranes is also studied gravimetrically. The similarity of the respective curves is registered and explained in terms of heterogeneity of the membranes due to the presence of dispersed aqueous phase (water droplets). It is concluded that the electrochemical equilibrium is established between aqueous solution and the continuous organic phase, while the resistance refers to the membrane as whole, and water droplets hamper the charge transfer across the membranes. In this way, it is explained why the membrane bulk resistance is not constant within the range of the Nernstian potentiometric response of ISEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Unintended Changes of Ion-Selective Membranes Composition-Origin and Effect on Analytical Performance. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10100266. [PMID: 32998393 PMCID: PMC7601616 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ion-selective membranes, as used in potentiometric sensors, are mixtures of a few important constituents in a carefully balanced proportion. The changes of composition of the ion-selective membrane, both qualitative and quantitative, affect the analytical performance of sensors. Different constructions and materials applied to improve sensors result in specific conditions of membrane formation, in consequence, potentially can result in uncontrolled modification of the membrane composition. Clearly, these effects need to be considered, especially if preparation of miniaturized, potentially disposable internal-solution free sensors is considered. Furthermore, membrane composition changes can occur during the normal operation of sensors—accumulation of species as well as release need to be taken into account, regardless of the construction of sensors used. Issues related to spontaneous changes of membrane composition that can occur during sensor construction, pre-treatment and their operation, seem to be underestimated in the subject literature. The aim of this work is to summarize available data related to potentiometric sensors and highlight the effects that can potentially be important also for other sensors using ion-selective membranes, e.g., optodes or voltammetric sensors.
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Baranowska-Korczyc A, Jaworska E, Strawski M, Paterczyk B, Maksymiuk K, Michalska A. A potentiometric sensor based on modified electrospun PVDF nanofibers – towards 2D ion-selective membranes. Analyst 2020; 145:5594-5602. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Core–shell modified nanofiber mats were used as ion-selective membranes for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Jaworska
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Warsaw
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - Bohdan Paterczyk
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy
- Faculty of Biology
- University of Warsaw
- 02-096 Warsaw
- Poland
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