Oladeji AV, Courtney JM, Fernandez-Villamarin M, Rees NV. Electrochemical Metal Recycling: Recovery of Palladium from Solution and In Situ Fabrication of Palladium-Carbon Catalysts via Impact Electrochemistry.
J Am Chem Soc 2022;
144:18562-18574. [PMID:
36179328 PMCID:
PMC9562286 DOI:
10.1021/jacs.2c08239]
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Abstract
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Recycling of critical materials, regeneration of waste,
and responsible
catalyst manufacture have been repeatedly documented as essential
for a sustainable future with respect to the environment and energy
production. Electrochemical methods have become increasingly recognized
as capable of achieving these goals, and “impact” electrochemistry,
with the advantages associated with dynamic nanoelectrodes, has recently
emerged as a prime candidate for the recovery of metals from solution.
In this report, the nanoimpact technique is used to generate carbon-supported
palladium catalysts from low-concentration palladium(II) chloride
solutions (i.e., a waste stream mimic) as a proof of concept. Subsequently,
the catalytic properties of this material in both synthesis (Suzuki
coupling reaction) and electrocatalysis (hydrogen evolution) are demonstrated.
Transient reductive impact signals are shown and analyzed at potentials
negative of +0.4 V (vs SCE) corresponding to the onset of palladium
deposition in traditional voltammetry. Direct evidence of Pd modification
was obtained through characterization by environmental scanning electron
microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission
electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis of impacted particles.
This showed the formation of deposits of Pd0 partially covering the
50 nm carbon black particles with approximately 14% Pd (wt %) under
the conditions used. This material was then used to demonstrate the
conversion of iodobenzene into its biphenyl product (confirmed through
nuclear magnetic resonance) and the successful production of hydrogen
as an electrocatalyst under acidic conditions (under cyclic voltammetry).
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