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Miranda-Martínez A, Sufrate-Vergara B, Fernández-Puntero B, Alcaide-Martin MJ, Buño-Soto A, Serrano-Olmedo JJ. ANN-Based Discernment of Septic and Inflammatory Synovial Fluid: A Novel Method Using Viscosity Data from a QCR Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9413. [PMID: 36502129 PMCID: PMC9740680 DOI: 10.3390/s22239413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The synovial fluid (SF) analysis involves a series of chemical and physical studies that allow opportune diagnosing of septic, inflammatory, non-inflammatory, and other pathologies in joints. Among the variety of analyses to be performed on the synovial fluid, the study of viscosity can help distinguish between these conditions, since this property is affected in pathological cases. The problem with viscosity measurement is that it usually requires a large sample volume, or the necessary instrumentation is bulky and expensive. This study compares the viscosity of normal synovial fluid samples with samples with infectious and inflammatory pathologies and classifies them using an ANN (Artificial Neural Network). For this purpose, a low-cost, portable QCR-based sensor (10 MHz) was used to measure the viscous responses of the samples by obtaining three parameters: Δf, ΔΓ (parameters associated with the viscoelastic properties of the fluid), and viscosity calculation. These values were used to train the algorithm. Different versions of the ANN were compared, along with other models, such as SVM and random forest. Thirty-three samples of SF were analyzed. Our study suggests that the viscosity characterized by our sensor can help distinguish infectious synovial fluid, and that implementation of ANN improves the accuracy of synovial fluid classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Miranda-Martínez
- Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Sufrate-Vergara
- Department of Clinical Analysis-Emergency, Hospital Universitario La Paz (HULP), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Fernández-Puntero
- Department of Clinical Analysis-Emergency, Hospital Universitario La Paz (HULP), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Alcaide-Martin
- Department of Clinical Analysis-Emergency, Hospital Universitario La Paz (HULP), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Buño-Soto
- Department of Clinical Analysis-Emergency, Hospital Universitario La Paz (HULP), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Javier Serrano-Olmedo
- Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Miranda-Martínez A, Yan H, Silveira V, Serrano-Olmedo JJ, Crouzier T. Portable Quartz Crystal Resonator Sensor for Characterising the Gelation Kinetics and Viscoelastic Properties of Hydrogels. Gels 2022; 8:718. [PMID: 36354626 PMCID: PMC9690109 DOI: 10.3390/gels8110718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel biomaterials have found use in various biomedical applications partly due to their biocompatibility and tuneable viscoelastic properties. The ideal rheological properties of hydrogels depend highly on the application and should be considered early in the design process. Rheometry is the most common method to study the viscoelastic properties of hydrogels. However, rheometers occupy much space and are costly instruments. On the other hand, quartz crystal resonators (QCRs) are devices that can be used as low-cost, small, and accurate sensors to measure the viscoelastic properties of fluids. For this reason, we explore the capabilities of a low-cost and compact QCR sensor to sense and characterise the gelation process of hydrogels while using a low sample amount and by sensing two different crosslink reactions: covalent bonds and divalent ions. The gelation of covalently crosslinked mucin hydrogels and physically crosslinked alginate hydrogels could be monitored using the sensor, clearly distinguishing the effect of several parameters affecting the viscoelastic properties of hydrogels, including crosslinking chemistry, polymer concentrations, and crosslinker concentrations. QCR sensors offer an economical and portable alternative method to characterise changes in a hydrogel material's viscous properties to contribute to this type of material design, thus providing a novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Miranda-Martínez
- Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hongji Yan
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentin Silveira
- Division of Wood Science and Technology, Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - José Javier Serrano-Olmedo
- Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Crouzier
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Viscosity Measurement Sensor: A Prototype for a Novel Medical Diagnostic Method Based on Quartz Crystal Resonator. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21082743. [PMID: 33924605 PMCID: PMC8070455 DOI: 10.3390/s21082743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Viscosity variation in human fluids, such as Synovial Fluid (SF) or Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), can be used as a diagnostic factor; however, the sample volume obtained for analysis is usually small, making it difficult to measure its viscosity. On the other hand, Quartz Crystal Resonators (QCR) have been used widely in sensing applications due to their accuracy, cost, and size. This work provides the design and validation of a new viscosity measurement system based on quartz crystal resonators for low volume fluids, leading to the development of a sensor called “ViSQCT” as a prototype for a new medical diagnostic tool. The proposed method is based on measuring the resonance frequency at the crystal’s maximum conductance point through a frequency sweep, where crystals with 10 MHz fundamental resonance frequency were used. For validation purposes, artificial fluids were developed to simulate SFs and CFs in healthy and pathological conditions as experiment phantoms. A commercial QCR based system was also used for validation since its methodology differs from ours. A conventional rotational viscometer was used as a reference for calibration purposes. ViSQCT demonstrates the capability to measure the sample’s viscosity differentiation between healthy and pathological fluid phantoms and shows that it can be used as a basis for a diagnostic method of several pathologies related to the studied biological fluids. However, some performance differences between both QCR-based systems compared to the reference system deserves further investigation.
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Concordance between fresh joint fluid analysis by the rheumatologist and joint fluid analysis at the laboratory: Prospective single-center study of 180 samples. Joint Bone Spine 2015; 82:161-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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