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Hua H, Yin X, Renno MI, Sale TC, Landis R, Dyer JA, Axe L. Impacts of cryogenic sampling processes on iron mineral coatings in contaminated sediment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142796. [PMID: 33092846 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on comparing iron mineral coatings found in contaminated sediments from a cryogenic (Cryo Core) core versus an Anaerobic Core (collected under oxygen-free and ambient conditions). After thawing the Cryo Core in an oxygen-free glovebox, a suite of analyses was applied on sediments from both cores: pH, redox potential, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX). Among the iron minerals identified, crystalline pyrite was found throughout the Cyro Core sediment samples, which is in contrast to that observed for the Anaerobic Core. Moreover, mackinawite and greigite that were ubiquitous in the Anaerobic Core were not observed in Cryo Core samples. To better understand why the metastable minerals were not present, a freeze/thaw process was simulated on Anaerobic Core samples using a liquid‑nitrogen quench with surface coatings characterized by FESEM/EDX. In these quenched samples, mackinawite was no longer observed, and in its place was pyrite. In addition, both greigite and pyrite were found to be unique morphologically after quenching. Dissolution and re-precipitation of iron sulfide coatings during the freeze/thaw process appears to affect the geochemistry of the pore water through two main mechanisms of freeze-concentration and freezing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hua
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Tech., Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Tech., Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Maria Irianni Renno
- Center for Contaminant Hydrology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1320, United States
| | - Thomas C Sale
- Center for Contaminant Hydrology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1320, United States
| | | | - James A Dyer
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, United States
| | - Lisa Axe
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Tech., Newark, NJ 07102, United States.
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Yılmaz A, Tolun LG, Okay OS. Pollution and toxicity of sediment in potential dredging sites of the Marmara Sea, Turkey. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:1206-1218. [PMID: 31271113 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1631656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess the impact of the sediment in the potential dredging areas of the Marmara Sea. To that aim, sediments were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and heavy metals, sources were discussed, and toxicity tests were applied. For assessment, lower and upper limits of Turkish draft regulation (LTR, UTR) and UNEP-MAP's guidance document (LCT, UCT), and effects range low and median (ERL, ERM) were used. Total concentrations were found between 562 and 8643 µg kg-1 for PAHs, 4-36 µg kg-1 for PCBs, and 14-190 µg kg-1 for OCPs. The highest ∑PAH concentrations were measured in Golden Horn, and none of the PAH compounds was above ERM. ERL and UCT were exceeded in İstinye and Golden Horn stations. The highest ∑PCBs and ∑OCPs levels were determined in İzmit Bay (IB). ΣPCBs in IB were higher than ERL and LTR, while ΣDDT were found above ERM and UCT. High concentrations of chromium (∼190 mg kg-1) and copper (∼180 mg kg-1) in Golden Horn and mercury in IB (∼4 mg kg-1) were detected. The highest toxicities were observed in İstinye and İzmit Bay. According to the regulations, none of the sediments can be dumped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Yılmaz
- Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, İstanbul Technical University , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Leyla G Tolun
- Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Oya S Okay
- Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, İstanbul Technical University , İstanbul , Turkey
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Hanebuth TJJ, King ML, Mendes I, Lebreiro S, Lobo FJ, Oberle FK, Antón L, Ferreira PA, Reguera MI. Hazard potential of widespread but hidden historic offshore heavy metal (Pb, Zn) contamination (Gulf of Cadiz, Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:561-576. [PMID: 29754090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural and human-induced seabed sediment disturbances affect wide areas of the global coastal ocean. These recurrent to chronic disturbances mobilize significant amounts of material, including substances that have the potential to significantly harm the environment once re-released. This very challenging issue is difficult to deal with if sub-surface contaminant concentrations are unknown. Based on the analysis of 11 new, up to 5-m long sediment cores taken offshore in the Gulf of Cadiz, the contamination history (using the trace elements lead and zinc) is well documented over major parts of the gulf. Ore mining and metal processing industries on the southwestern Iberian Peninsula started five thousand years ago and experienced a first peak during the Roman Period, which can be detected over the entire gulf. The Industrial Era added a massive, shelf-wide heavy metal excursion of unprecedented dimension. This metal contamination to the coastal ocean decreased in the 1990s and appears to be today limited to larger areas off the Tinto/Odiel and Guadiana River mouths. The unforeseen, significant finding of this study is that the gulf-wide, peak heavy metal concentration, stemming from the Industrial Era, is widely overlain by a modern sediment veneer just thick enough to cover the contaminant horizon, but thin enough to have this layer within the reach of natural or human-induced sediment mobilization events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till J J Hanebuth
- Department of Coastal and Marine Systems Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA.
| | - Mary Lee King
- Department of Coastal and Marine Systems Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Isabel Mendes
- Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Susana Lebreiro
- Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Calle Ríos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Lobo
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Ferdinand K Oberle
- Department of Chemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Laura Antón
- Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Calle Ríos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulo Alves Ferreira
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Reguera
- Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Calle Ríos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
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Microalgal Microscale Model for Microalgal Growth Inhibition Evaluation of Marine Natural Products. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10541. [PMID: 30002474 PMCID: PMC6043507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms especially sessile invertebrates, such as soft corals, gorgonians and sponges, can survive in the competitive environment mainly relying on their second metabolites with chemoecological effects including allelopathy and algal growth inhibition. It is well known that the microscale models are urgently needed in marine chemoecology assessment to evaluate the algal growth inhibition activity of trace quantity natural products. In this work, a microalgal growth inhibition model was established for microalgal inhibition evaluation of marine natural products with 96-well microplate by automatic fluorescence observation using microplate reader. Subsequently, this model was applied to bioassay-guided isolation and preliminary bioactivity screening of the secondary metabolites from soft corals, gorgonians, sponges and their symbiotic microbes collected from the South China Sea. As a result, fifteen compounds (1‒15) were found to exhibit microalgal growth inhibition activities against at least one of marine microalgae, Karenia mikimotoi, Isochrysis galbana, and Heterosigma akashiwo. Specifically, altersolanol C (13) demonstrated potent activity against K. mikimotoi with the 96h-EC50 value of 1.16 µg/mL, more than four times stronger than that of the positive control K2Cr2O7. It was suggested that the microalgal growth inhibition microscale model is suitable for bioassay-guided isolation and preliminary bioactivity screening of marine natural products.
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Usero JA, Rosado D, Usero J, Morillo J. Environmental quality in sediments of Cadiz and Algeciras Bays based on a weight of evidence approach (southern Spanish coast). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 110:65-74. [PMID: 27371957 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This research applies an integrated sediment quality assessment method using a weight of evidence approach to Cadiz and Algeciras Bays (southern Spain). The method is composed of several analyses (particle size profile, aqua regia extractable metals, acid labile metals, total organic carbon, toxicity bioassay with Photobacterium phosphoreum and macrobenthic community alteration). The proposed method provides a single result, the environmental degradation index (EDI). EDI defined samples as low degraded (outer areas of both bays) and moderately degraded (Inner Bay of Cadiz Bay, the surroundings of Algeciras port and the northern part of Algeciras Bay). These samples showed the highest concentration of aqua regia extractable metals, which exceeded effects range-low (ERL) for Zn (51-176mg/l), Cu (11-54mg/l), As (4.3-9.5mg/l), Hg (0.17-0.28mg/l), Ni (23-82mg/l), and. Cr (37-134mg/l). They also exceeded some quality criteria for total organic carbon (4.0-6.5%) and toxicity (120-240TU/g) and showed poor results for macrobenthic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Usero
- INERCO S.A., Parque Tecnológico y Científico Isla de la Cartuja, Calle Tomás Alba Edison, 2, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel Rosado
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, 11 01 608 Loja, Ecuador.
| | - José Usero
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Morillo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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Souza IS, Araujo GS, Cruz ACF, Fonseca TG, Camargo JBDA, Medeiros GF, Abessa DMS. Using an integrated approach to assess the sediment quality of an estuary from the semi-arid coast of Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 104:70-82. [PMID: 26892205 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Jundiaí-Potengi Estuary (JPE) on the semi-arid coast of Brazil is influenced by multiple sources of pollution. Sediment quality at 10 JPE sites was evaluated through an integrated approach. Rainy and dry seasons were considered. Collected sediments were analyzed for texture, metal, nitrogen, phosphorus concentrations, and toxicity to invertebrates. Geochemical and ecotoxicological data were integrated using qualitative approaches and multivariate techniques. We observed decreased sediment quality in both seasons, particularly in the mid-estuary. In the dry season, the contamination-toxicity relationship was clearer, as hydrological conditions favor contaminant retention within the estuary. Rainy season conditions were found to be worse, since stormwater drainage from agricultural and urban areas carries the contamination into the estuary. Because of the contamination sources and dissolved and particle-bound metal transport, contamination and toxicity did not correlate as clearly in the rainy season. The results suggest that unmeasured contaminants are contributing to JPE sediment degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanildo Surini Souza
- Ceará Federal University - UFC, Institute of Marine Sciences, Av. Abolição, 3207, Fortaleza, CE 60165-081, Brazil; Rio Grande do Norte Federal Institute for Science and Technology Education - IFRN, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 1559, Natal, RN 59015-000, Brazil.
| | - Giuliana Seraphim Araujo
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n., São Vicente, SP 11330-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Feitosa Cruz
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n., São Vicente, SP 11330-900, Brazil
| | - Tainá Garcia Fonseca
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n., São Vicente, SP 11330-900, Brazil; Centre for Marine and Environmental Research - CIMA, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FCT), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | | | - Guilherme Fulgêncio Medeiros
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 1524, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Denis M S Abessa
- Ceará Federal University - UFC, Institute of Marine Sciences, Av. Abolição, 3207, Fortaleza, CE 60165-081, Brazil; São Paulo State University - UNESP, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n., São Vicente, SP 11330-900, Brazil
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Prato E, Biandolino F, Libralato G. A toxicity scoring system for the 10-day whole sediment test with Corophium insidiosum (Crawford). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:180. [PMID: 25773894 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a tool able to evaluate the potential contamination of marine sediments detecting the presence or absence of toxicity supporting environmental decision-making processes. When the sample is toxic, it is important to classify its level of toxicity to understand its subsequent effects and management practices. Corophium insidiosum is a widespread and frequently recorded species along the Mediterranean Sea, North Sea and western Baltic Sea with records also in the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. This amphipod is found in high abundance in shallow brackish inshore areas and estuaries also with high turbidity. At Italian level, C. insidiosum is more frequently collectable than Corophium orientale, making routine toxicity tests easier to be performed. Moreover, according to the international scientific literature, C. insidiosum is more sensitive than C. orientale. Whole sediment toxicity data (10 days) with C. insidiosum were organised in a species-specific toxicity score on the basis of the minimum significance difference (MSD) approach. Thresholds to rank samples as non-toxic and toxic were based on sediment samples (n=84) from the Gulf of Taranto (Italy). A five-class toxicity score (absent, low, medium, high and very high toxicity) was developed, considering the distribution of the 90th percentile of the MSD normalised to the effects on the negative controls (samples from reference sites). This toxicity score could be useful for interpreting sediment potential impacts and providing quick responsive management information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda Prato
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, CNR, Section of Taranto, Via Roma 3, 74100, Taranto, Italy,
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8
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Crespo E, Lozano P, Blasco J, Moreno-Garrido I. Epiphyte toxicity bioassay for ecotoxicological and coastal monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:4647-4654. [PMID: 24648102 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine epibionts are organisms that grow on submerged surfaces. Those found on seagrass leaves are especially important because of their interactions with the plants, their contribution to primary production in these ecosystems, and their role as food source for heterotrophic fauna. Given the relative lack of ecotoxicological studies on epibionts, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of environmental pollution on epiphytes experimentally attached to artificial devices (mimes) consisting of thermally-sealed silicone tubes supported on bamboo sticks that mimic the morphology of seagrasses and serve as an anchor surface for marine epibionts. Mimes were installed on the sea floor in subtidal waters of the Rio San Pedro (Cádiz), collected after 28 days, and incubated in the laboratory with environmental concentrations of atrazine (herbicide), Irgarol (anti-fouling substance), and copper. Tube-dwelling diatoms formed the major component of the epiphyte community. Average surface covering, chlorophyll, and biomass content did not show significant differences between controls and treatments. The glutathione peroxidase activity increased significantly with 4 μg L(-1) of atrazine and 5 μg L(-1) of copper. This enzymatic activity increase seems to be sufficient to prevent oxidative cellular damage by removing reactive oxygen substances produced by oxidative stress; in addition to this enzyme, there might be other antioxidant enzymes which have not been measured in this study, that have also protected the organism from oxidative damage. Thus, the measurement of antioxidant enzymatic activity in epiphytes may be a useful toxicity indicator for coastal biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Crespo
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510, Cadiz, Spain
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Basallote MD, De Orte MR, DelValls TÁ, Riba I. Studying the effect of CO2-induced acidification on sediment toxicity using acute amphipod toxicity test. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8864-8872. [PMID: 24988484 DOI: 10.1021/es5015373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon capture and storage is increasingly being considered one of the most efficient approaches to mitigate the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere associated with anthropogenic emissions. However, the environmental effects of potential CO2 leaks remain largely unknown. The amphipod Ampelisca brevicornis was exposed to environmental sediments collected in different areas of the Gulf of Cádiz and subjected to several pH treatments to study the effects of CO2-induced acidification on sediment toxicity. After 10 days of exposure, the results obtained indicated that high lethal effects were associated with the lowest pH treatments, except for the Ría of Huelva sediment test. The mobility of metals from sediment to the overlying seawater was correlated to a pH decrease. The data obtained revealed that CO2-related acidification would lead to lethal effects on amphipods as well as the mobility of metals, which could increase sediment toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dolores Basallote
- Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN WiCop. Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz , Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510, Spain
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Vidal T, Pereira JL, Abrantes N, Almeida SFP, Soares AMVM, Gonçalves F. Toxicity testing with the benthic diatom Navicula libonensis (Schoeman 1970): procedure optimisation and assessment of the species sensitivity to reference chemicals. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 93:71-77. [PMID: 24845424 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Periphytic communities are good indicators of river quality due to their general sensitivity to several pollutants. The primary objective of this study was to develop and optimize an ecotoxicological testing methodology using the freshwater benthic diatom Navicula libonensis. This species was selected due to its ubiquity and suitability for use under laboratory conditions. In the most suitable test medium (Chu10) the diatom demonstrated comparable sensitivity to potassium dichromate and 3,5-dichlorophenol using growth rate as the reference parameter, with median effect concentrations (ErC50) in the same order of magnitude (0.119 and 0.799 mg L(-1)) respectively. Yield-based estimates did not confirm this pattern and potassium dichromate was one order of magnitude more toxic than 3,5-dichlorophenol. The sensitivity of N. libonensis to the reference chemicals was higher than that published in the literature for several standard planktonic microalgae. This advantage, as well as the ability to grow the species in the laboratory, supports further efforts towards the standardisation of a toxicity testing protocol. In addition, the functional role of benthic diatoms in lotic ecosystems justifies their inclusion in risk assessment test batteries to better cover an environmental compartment that has so far been neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Vidal
- Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Araújo CVM, Romero-Romero S, Lourençato LF, Moreno-Garrido I, Blasco J, Gretz MR, Moreira-Santos M, Ribeiro R. Going with the flow: detection of drift in response to hypo-saline stress by the estuarine benthic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81073. [PMID: 24260535 PMCID: PMC3834231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Avoidance response is a well-known mechanism for escaping environmental stress. For organisms with reduced active movement, such as benthic microalgae, drifting could be a specifically selected mean of avoiding less favorable environments. To test this hypothesis, a system was developed to assess if hypo-saline stress triggers drift in the estuarine benthic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. Concurrently, the effects of salinity on growth inhibition were also investigated in order to compare the sensitivity of this endpoint with the drift response, and to estimate the immediate population decline caused by both drift and population growth responses. It was verified that the salinity value that inhibited the algal population growth by 50% (IGS50) was 19, while the salinity value that triggered the drift response by 50% of the population (TDS50) was 15. These results indicate that drift is an identifiable response triggered to escape stressful environments. The combination of the two responses (population growth and drift) showed that population decline based exclusively on the inhibition of population growth may result in an underestimation of the risk, compared with the decline when drifting to avoid stress is also taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano V. M. Araújo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonia Romero-Romero
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Lucio F. Lourençato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Julián Blasco
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Michael R. Gretz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Matilde Moreira-Santos
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Ribeiro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Coimbra, Portugal
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Crespo E, Lozano P, Blasco J, Moreno-Garrido I. Effect of Copper, Irgarol and Atrazine on Epiphytes Attached to Artificial Devices for Coastal Ecotoxicology Bioassays. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 91:656-660. [PMID: 24121740 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects of copper, atrazine and irgarol were evaluated on epiphytes attached to mimes (artificial devices that mimic the morphology of seagrasses) in order to check sensitivity of this biological group. Tube-dwelling diatoms were the major component of the epiphyte community. Superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced by exposure to 25 and 50 μg L-1 of atrazine; the organism generates this antioxidant response to prevent cellular damage by removing reactive oxygen substances produced by oxidative stress. The measurement of antioxidant enzymatic activity in epiphytes could be a useful technique for ecotoxicology monitoring in marine coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Crespo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Lavorante BRBO, Oliveira DD, Costa BVM, Souza-Santos LP. A new protocol for ecotoxicological assessment of seawater using nauplii of Tisbe biminiensis (Copepoda:Harpacticoida). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 95:52-59. [PMID: 23769123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Copepods are largely used in toxicity tests. The nauplii of these organisms are more sensitive to contaminants than the adult stage. The aim of the present study was to test a protocol for the use of nauplii of the copepod Tisbe biminiensis in the ecotoxicological assessment of seawater. The sensitivity of these organisms to zinc sulphate (ZnSO4·7H2O) was also determined. The following conditions were established for the protocol based on the best development of nauplii to copepodites: 72-h duration, the microalga Chaetocerus gracilis at 2.5×10(5)cellsmL(-1) as feed and incubation temperature of 28°C. In the zinc sulphate sensitivity tests, EC50-72 h and LC50/72 h were 3.25±0.59 mg L(-1) and 3.46±0.72 mg L(-1), respectively, as estimated by the final number of copepodites and total number of live animals in relation to the mean number of inoculated nauplii. The estimated NOEC was 2.0 mg L(-1). The test developed is fast and not labour intensive. T. biminiensis nauplii exhibit sensitivity to zinc sulphate similar to that of other species of copepods employed in water toxicity tests, demonstrating the usefulness of these organisms in ecotoxicological studies involving samples of environmental seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz R B O Lavorante
- Laboratório de Cultivo e Ecotoxicologia, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Silva C, Yáñez E, Martín-Díaz ML, Riba I, DelValls TA. Integrated ecotoxicological assessment of marine sediments affected by land-based marine fish farm effluents: physicochemical, acute toxicity and benthic community analyses. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:996-1011. [PMID: 23681739 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An integrated ecotoxicological assessment of marine sediments affected by land-based marine fish farm effluents was developed using physicochemical and benthic community structure analyses and standardised laboratory bioassays with bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), amphipods (Ampelisca brevicornis) and sea urchin larvae (Paracentrotus lividus). Intertidal sediment samples were collected at five sites of the Rio San Pedro (RSP) creek, from the aquaculture effluent to a clean site. The effective concentration (EC50) from bacterial bioluminescence and A. brevicornis survival on whole sediments and P. lividus larval developmental success on sediment elutriates were assessed. Numbers of species, abundance and Shannon diversity were the biodiversity indicators measured in benthic fauna of sediment samples. In parallel, redox potential, pH, organic matter and metal levels (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the sediment and dissolved oxygen in the interstitial water were measured in situ. Water and sediment physicochemical analysis revealed the exhibition of a spatial gradient in the RSP, evidenced by hypoxia/anoxia, reduced and acidic conditions, high organic enrichment and metal concentrations at the most contaminated sites. Whereas, the benthic fauna biodiversity decreased the bioassays depicted decreases in EC50, A. brevicornis survival, P. lividus larval success at sampling sites closer to the studied fish farms. This study demonstrates that the sediments polluted by fish farm effluents may lead to alterations of the biodiversity of the exposed organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Silva
- UNITWIN/UNESCO/WiCoP, Physical Chemical Department, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain.
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Araújo CVM, Blasco J, Moreno-Garrido I. Measuring the avoidance behaviour shown by the snail Hydrobia ulvae exposed to sediment with a known contamination gradient. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:750-758. [PMID: 22161126 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that the snail Hydrobia ulvae will recognise differences in the contamination levels of sediment and avoid the more contaminated zones. Instead of testing avoidance behaviour in a two-compartment system, a linear contamination gradient has been devised in which several zones containing sediment with different contamination levels could be "chosen". A sediment of known severe contamination was collected and mixed with a non-toxic sediment to comprise a linear gradient with four concentrations of 0, 30, 60 and 100% contamination. Thus, the individuals were free to move between fields of different concentration (unforced conditions). During 24 h of exposure, the distribution of the organisms on fields was recorded and organisms' percentage that avoided each field was calculated for each concentration. At 30 and 60% of contamination, avoidance was around 50% for all periods of exposure. Avoidance at 100% contamination ranged between 11 and 56% (rates lower than expected). Organisms that did not avoid the 100% contamination revealed that they were inactive, indicating either that non-mobility and retraction within their shell may be alternative defence strategies, or else the high contamination may have impaired their ability to escape. The percentage of preference shown to the uncontaminated sediment ranged between 64 and 74%. The initial hypothesis was supported: H. ulvae avoids the more contaminated sediment. The assay proposed has been shown to be simple, rapid and effective; in addition, it is considered ecologically useful since the effects resulting from the avoidance are similar to the extinction of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano V M Araújo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Araújo CVM, Blasco J, Moreno-Garrido I. Microphytobenthos in ecotoxicology: a review of the use of marine benthic diatoms in bioassays. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:637-646. [PMID: 20493528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Contamination in coastal zones is an increasing problem that adversely affects biological diversity and the functioning of coastal ecosystems. Sediment is an important compartment of these zones since large quantities of diverse contaminants can accumulate there. Whole-sediment toxicity assays are of increasing importance, and several assay methods using mainly invertebrates have been developed. However, an important part of the benthic community, the microphytobenthos (represented principally by benthic diatoms and cyanobacteria), has surprisingly been neglected. Recently, comprehensive studies have been conducted using benthic marine microalgae with the object of establishing a toxicity assay method for sediment samples. The main results published to date in the literature and obtained by our own team have been compiled and are discussed in this review. The value and feasibility of using certain organisms of the microphytobenthos group in ecotoxicology studies are also discussed, and a sediment quality guideline based on multivariate procedure has been derived from data obtained in previous studies. Finally, future perspectives for research in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano V M Araújo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Mauffret A, Moreno-Garrido I, Blasco J. The use of marine benthic diatoms in a growth inhibition test with spiked whole-sediment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:262-269. [PMID: 20031213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The benthic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium was exposed to whole-sediment spiked with the synthetic surfactant Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS), as commercial mixture or individual homologues (C10-LAS, C11-LAS or C12-LAS). Separately, the diatoms were exposed to C12-LAS in a water-only system. The algal growth was determined after 72 h. The 72-h ErC50 values ranged from <or=4 to 29 mg/kg sediment, suggesting that C. closterium was sensitive to LAS. The outcomes were reproducible with a variation factor lower than 3, showing the reproducibility of the method. The test set up was cost effective, used little bench space and employed a micro-phytobenthos species that fulfilled most of the criteria for a suitable test species in sediment systems. The 72-h ErC50 obtained in a water-only system (0.141 mg/L) was ca. 2 orders of magnitude lower (0.002 mg/L). This was likely due to an indirect effect of the use of fresh sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mauffret
- Andalusia Institute of Marine Science (CSIC), Campus Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
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Araújo CVM, Diz FR, Tornero V, Lubián LM, Blasco J, Moreno-Garrido I. Ranking sediment samples from three Spanish estuaries in relation to its toxicity for two benthic species: the microalga Cylindrotheca closterium and the copepod Tisbe battagliai. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:393-400. [PMID: 20821459 DOI: 10.1002/etc.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study assesses the sediment toxicity levels of three Spanish estuaries, as well as the suitability of two microorganisms, the benthic microalga Cylindrotheca closterium and the harpacticoid copepod Tisbe battagliai, as test organisms in whole-sediment toxicity assays. The sensitivity of both species to potentially polluted sediments was compared. Three sites at the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula were chosen: the Ría of Huelva, the Guadalquivir Estuary, and the Bay of Algeciras. Inhibition data were based on growth for C. closterium and fecundity for T. battagliai. No toxicity was recorded for the microalga in the Guadalquivir Estuary and the Bay of Algeciras. However, for T. battagliai, inhibition of fecundity was approximately 50% in those zones, indicating higher sensitivity. Samples from stations in the Ría of Huelva were the most toxic of all those assayed; inhibition values higher than 90% were obtained for both organisms. The highest values for total metal concentrations such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn) were found in the Ría of Huelva, which can be classified as severely impacted. The Guadalquivir Estuary and the Bay of Algeciras can be considered moderately impacted. In general, both methodologies are suitable for application in ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano V M Araújo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Fernando R Diz
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Victoria Tornero
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Luís M Lubián
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, (Cádiz), Spain
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Araújo CVM, Tornero V, Lubián LM, Blasco J, van Bergeijk SA, Cañavate P, Cid A, Franco D, Prado R, Bartual A, López MG, Ribeiro R, Moreira-Santos M, Torreblanca A, Jurado B, Moreno-Garrido I. Ring test for whole-sediment toxicity assay with -a- benthic marine diatom. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:822-828. [PMID: 19906403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the results of an interlaboratory proficiency exercise for whole-sediment toxicity assays with the benthic marine diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. An assay protocol was established and followed by all participating laboratories. Cell growth after 72 h exposure was the endpoint used. Four sediment samples of unknown toxicity were assayed. The main problem encountered during this exercise was the differences in the cell growth of algae exposed to reference sediment. Those differences may be associated with changes in the physiological status of the initial culture due to temperature changes during transport to the other laboratories. In general, the method proposed presented good replicability (precision between replicates) and reproducibility (interlaboratory precision). Around 80% (17 out of 21) of results obtained were classified as satisfactory (Z-scores <2). The whole-sediment assay with C. closterium presented here can be considered sufficiently successful for possible use as a standard toxicity test. The assay is simple to perform, the proposed species is ecologically relevant as an integral component of microphytobenthos, and is widely distributed around the world. These positive factors suggest that the whole-sediment assay with the benthic marine diatom C. closterium can be used as a reliable tool in marine sediment quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano V M Araújo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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