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Bechu AM, Roy MA, Jacobs M, Tickner JA. Alternatives assessment: An analysis on progress and future needs for research and practice. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024; 20:1337-1354. [PMID: 38124425 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Alternatives assessment is a science-policy approach to support the informed substitution of chemicals of concern in consumer products and industries, with the intent of avoiding regrettable substitution and facilitating the transition to safer, more sustainable chemicals and products. The field of alternatives assessment has grown steadily in recent decades, particularly after the publication of specific frameworks and the inclusion of substitution and alternatives assessment requirements in a number of policy contexts. Previously, 14 research and practice needs for the field were outlined across five critical areas: comparative hazard assessment, comparative exposure characterization, lifecycle considerations, decision-making and decision analysis, and professional practice. The aim of the current article is twofold: to highlight methodological advances in the growing field of alternatives assessment based on identified research and practice needs and to propose areas for future developments. We assess advances in the field based on the analysis of a broad literature review that captured 154 sources published from 2013 to 2022. The results indicate that research conducted advanced many of the needs identified, but several remain underaddressed. Although the field has clearly grown and taken root over the past decade, there are still research and practice gaps, most notably on the hazard assessment of mixtures or different forms of chemicals, the integration of lifecycle considerations, and the development of practical approaches to address trade-offs in decision-making. We propose modifications to four of the prior research and practice needs in addition to new needs, including the development of standardized hazard assessment approaches for chemical mixtures as well as better integration of equity and/or justice considerations into assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1337-1354. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude M Bechu
- Sustainable Chemistry Catalyst, Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monika A Roy
- Sustainable Chemistry Catalyst, Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Molly Jacobs
- Sustainable Chemistry Catalyst, Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel A Tickner
- Sustainable Chemistry Catalyst, Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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Liu S, Lu J, Li Z. Water quality criteria derivation and ecological risk assessment for organophosphorus pesticides. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 348:140726. [PMID: 37979809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are a group of neurotoxic compounds that can cause neural dysfunction, overstimulation, paralysis, and even death to numerous non-target organisms. Despite their potential ecological impacts, there is a lack of research on water quality criteria (WQC) for OPPs, which hinders the risk assessment for these pollutants. This study aimed to derive short-term and long-term water quality criteria (SWQC and LWQC, respectively) for eight common OPPs through the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) methodology. The ecological risk of these compounds in aquatic environments was consequently assessed using a four-level tiered approach. The results showed that the derived SWQC ranged from 0.0245 μg/L (chlorpyrifos) to 18.6 μg/L (dimethoate), while the LWQC ranged from 0.326 ng/L (chlorpyrifos) to 0.354 μg/L (dimethoate). OPPs were widely recorded in different waters with concentrations up to 40.9 μg/L. The tiered approach results indicated that most OPPs had a low acute risk but a severe chronic risk. The estimated chronic hazard quotients (HQ) were calculated with a maximum of 4782, the exceedance probabilities with a maximum of 97.6%, and the overall probabilities (ORP) with a range of between 0.08% and 11.5%. These findings suggest that the contamination of OPPs in aquatic environments warrants further concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jinyu Lu
- College of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Zhengyan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Yang J, Wang YYL, Kazmi SSUH, Mo J, Fan H, Wang Y, Liu W, Wang Z. Evaluation of in vitro toxicity information for zebrafish as a promising alternative for chemical hazard and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162262. [PMID: 36801337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays are widely proposed as a test alternative to traditional in vivo standard acute and chronic toxicity tests. However, whether toxicity information derived from in vitro assays instead of in vivo tests could provide sufficient protection (e.g., 95 % of protection) for chemical risks remain evaluated. To investigate the feasibility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) cell-based in vitro test method as a test alternative, we comprehensively compared sensitivity differences among endpoints, among test methods (in vitro, FET and in vivo), and between zebrafish and rat (Rattus norvegicus), respectively using chemical toxicity distribution (CTD) approach. For each test method involved, sublethal endpoints were more sensitive than lethal endpoints for both zebrafish and rat, respectively. Biochemistry (zebrafish in vitro), development (zebrafish in vivo and FET), physiology (rat in vitro) and development (rat in vivo) were the most sensitive endpoints for each test method. Nonetheless, zebrafish FET test was the least sensitive one compared to its in vivo and in vitro tests for either lethal or sublethal responses. Comparatively, rat in vitro tests considering cell viability and physiology endpoints were more sensitive than rat in vivo test. Zebrafish was found to be more sensitive than rat regardless of in vivo or in vitro tests for each pairwise endpoint of concern. Those findings indicate that zebrafish in vitro test is a feasible test alternative to zebrafish in vivo and FET test and traditional mammalian test. It is suggesting that zebrafish in vitro test can be optimized by choosing more sensitive endpoints, such as biochemistry to provide sufficient protection for zebrafish in vivo test and to establish applications of zebrafish in vitro test in future risk assessment. Our findings are vital for evaluating and further application of in vitro toxicity toxicity information as an alternative for chemical hazard and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yolina Yu Lin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Syed Shabi Ul Hassan Kazmi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Hailin Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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Johanson G, Moto TP, Schenk L. A scoping review of evaluations of and recommendations for default uncertainty factors in human health risk assessment. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:186-194. [PMID: 36017531 PMCID: PMC10087398 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Uncertainty factors (UFs) are used to account for uncertainties and variability when setting exposure limits or guidance values. Starting from a proposal of a single UF of 100 to extrapolate from an animal NOAEL to a human acceptable exposure, the aspects of uncertainty and number of UFs have diversified and today there are several risk assessment guidelines that contain schemes of default UFs of varying complexity. In the present work, we scoped the scientific literature on default UFs to map developments regarding recommendations and evaluations of these. We identified 91 publications making recommendations for one or several UFs and 55 publications evaluating UFs without making explicit recommendations about numerical values; these were published between 1954 and 2021. The 2000s was the decade with the largest number of publications, interspecies differences and intraspecies variability being the most frequent topics. The academic sector has been the most active (76 out of 146 publications). Authors from the private sector more often presented UF recommendations, but differences between sectors regarding size of recommendations were not statistically significant. The empirical underpinning of the reviewed recommendations ranges from four to 462 chemicals, that is, relatively low numbers compared with the range of chemicals these default UFs are expected to cover. The recommended UFs have remained remarkably constant, with merely a slight decrease over time. Although chemical specific UFs are preferable, the widespread use of default UFs warrants further attention regarding their empirical and normative basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Johanson
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tshepo Paulsen Moto
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Schenk
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Philosophy and History, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhou Z, Bai Y, Su T, Zhang D, Wang Z, Begnaud F, Gimeno S, You J. Investigations On the Fish Acute Toxicity of Fragrance Ingredients Involving Chinese Fish Species and Zebrafish Embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2305-2317. [PMID: 35735071 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been accepted worldwide for evaluating chemical hazards to aquatic vertebrates, and in some countries it is mandated to generate fish toxicity data using native species, such as Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) in China. This represents an additional regulatory constraint that may cause redundant tests, additional animal uses, and higher costs. Previous studies showed that juvenile G. rarus was more sensitive than zebrafish juveniles and embryos to metals. To better understand the sensitivity of G. rarus to organic chemicals, we selected 29 fragrance ingredients belonging to various chemical classes and with differing physicochemical properties, for which good quality zebrafish acute toxicity data were available and tested them with juvenile G. rarus and embryo D. rerio using the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development test guidelines. Chemical toxicity distribution (CTD) and chemical ratio distribution (CRD) models were established to systematically compare the sensitivity between juveniles of G. rarus and D. rerio, as well as between D. rerio embryos and juveniles. The results of the CTD models showed that for tested chemicals, the sensitivity of juvenile G. rarus was similar to that of D. rerio juveniles and embryos. The CRD comparisons revealed that juvenile G. rarus was slightly less sensitive by a factor of ~2 than juvenile D. rerio to ingredients belonging to Verhaar class 3 and Ecological Structure Activity Relationship ester class, while comparable to other chemicals. These comparative experiments demonstrated that fish toxicity data with G. rarus can be submitted for use in chemical registrations outside China, which would avoid repeating animal tests using D. rerio. Meanwhile, the similar sensitivity of zebrafish juveniles and embryos to fragrance ingredients confirmed the suitability of replacing juveniles by zebrafish embryos. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2305-2317. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Bai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tenghui Su
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dainan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Frédéric Begnaud
- Firmenich, Corporate R&D Division, Innovation in Analytical Chemistry, Satigny, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Gimeno
- Firmenich Belgium SA, Legal and Compliance, Global Registration Services, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Qian J, Song FL, Liang R, Wang XJ, Liang Y, Dong J, Zeng WB. Predictive and explanatory themes of NOAEL through a systematic comparison of different machine learning methods and descriptors. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 168:113325. [PMID: 35963474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is an identified dose level which used as a point of departure to infer a safe exposure limit of chemicals, especially in food additives and cosmetics. Recently, in silico approaches have been employed as effective alternatives to determine the toxicity endpoints of chemicals instead of animal experiments. Several acceptable models have been reported, yet assessing the risk of repeated-dose toxicity remains inadequate. This study established robust machine learning predictive models for NOAEL at different exposure durations by constructing high-quality datasets and comparing different kinds of molecular representations and algorithms. The features of molecular structures affecting NOAEL were explored using advanced cheminformatics methods, and predictive models also communicated the NOAEL between different species and exposure durations. In addition, a NOAEL prediction tool for chemical risk assessment is provided (available at: https://github.com/ifyoungnet/NOAEL). We hope this study will help researchers easily screen and evaluate the subacute and sub-chronic toxicity of disparate compounds in the development of food additives in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qian
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and By-Product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, PR China.
| | - Fang-Liang Song
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and By-Product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, PR China.
| | - Rui Liang
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and By-Product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, PR China.
| | - Xue-Jie Wang
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and By-Product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, PR China.
| | - Ying Liang
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and By-Product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, PR China.
| | - Jie Dong
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China.
| | - Wen-Bin Zeng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China.
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Wang YYL, Xiong J, Ohore OE, Cai YE, Fan H, Sanganyado E, Li P, You J, Liu W, Wang Z. Deriving freshwater guideline values for neonicotinoid insecticides: Implications for water quality guidelines and ecological risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154569. [PMID: 35302030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of neonicotinoid insecticides in aquatic environments poses a significant threat to non-target freshwater species. However, the existing water quality guidelines (WQGs) for neonicotinoids mainly focus on imidacloprid, and only a few authoritative institutions have established WQGs for other neonicotinoids. There is a critical need to develop WQGs and conduct ecological risk assessment (ERA) of different neonicotinoids in global freshwater environments. In this study, we derived interim acute and chronic guideline values and acute-to-chronic ratios (ACRs) for six neonicotinoids based on publicly available acute and chronic toxicity data. The exposure concentrations of neonicotinoids were obtained from published literature worldwide, and ERA was conducted for neonicotinoids in global freshwater ecosystems using a tiered approach. The derived chronic guideline values (95% confidence interval (CI), ng/L) were 0.63 (0.02-5.47) for thiacloprid (the lowest) and 16.4 for dinotefuran (the highest). The identified ACRs (95% CI) ranged from 90.9 (47.0-180) to 957 (102-3350), which can be used to extrapolate scarce chronic data from the acute data. Neonicotinoid concentrations in global freshwater were predicted from 10.6 (6.88-23.4) (thiacloprid) to 339 (211-786) ng/L (thiamethoxam). The estimated risk quotients ranged from 3.23 (dinotefuran) to 21.73 (thiacloprid), and the probability of exceeding WQGs ranged from 27.1% (dinotefuran) to 77.1% (thiacloprid). The ERA results indicated that the six neonicotinoids posed negligible acute risks but high chronic risks to global freshwater ecosystems, especially acetamiprid (65.8%) and thiacloprid (28.1%). The key findings of this study provide critical scientific information regarding the ecological risks of long-term neonicotinoid exposure and key insights for policy development and water quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolina Yu Lin Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Okugbe Ebiotubo Ohore
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yan-Er Cai
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Hailin Fan
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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The Neonicotinoid Thiacloprid Interferes with the Development, Brain Antioxidants, and Neurochemistry of Chicken Embryos and Alters the Hatchling Behavior: Modulatory Potential of Phytochemicals. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010073. [PMID: 35053072 PMCID: PMC8773094 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The present experiment was performed to investigate the toxic impact of thiacloprid (TH) on the brain of developing chicken embryos and also to measure its influence on the behavioral responses of hatchlings. The role of chicoric acid (CA) and rosmarinic acid (RA) in modulating the resulted effects was also investigated. TH resulted neurotoxic to chicken embryos and possibly neurotoxic to embryos of other vertebrates. Moreover, CA and RA exerted both an antioxidant and a neuroprotective effect on embryos. Abstract The present experiment was performed to investigate the toxic impact of thiacloprid (TH) on the brain of developing chicken embryos and also to measure its influence on the behavioral responses of hatchlings. The role of chicoric acid (CA) and rosmarinic acid (RA) in modulating the resulted effects was also investigated. The chicken eggs were in ovo inoculated with TH at different doses (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ug/egg). TH increased the mortality and abnormality rates and altered the neurochemical parameters of exposed embryos dose-dependently. TH also decreased the brain level of monoamines and amino acid neurotransmitters and decreased the activities of acetylcholine esterase (AchE) and Na+/K+-ATPase. The brain activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was diminished with downregulation of their mRNA expressions in the brain tissue. When TH was co-administered with CA and RA, the toxic impacts of the insecticide were markedly attenuated, and they showed a complementary effect when used in combination. Taken together, these findings suggested that TH is neurotoxic to chicken embryos and is possibly neurotoxic to embryos of other vertebrates. The findings also demonstrated the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of CA and RA. Based on the present findings, the CA and RA can be used as invaluable ameliorative of TH-induced toxicity.
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Wang Z, Wang YYL, Scott WC, Williams ES, Ciarlo M, DeLeo P, Brooks BW. Comparative influences of dermal and inhalational routes of exposure on hazards of cleaning product ingredients among mammalian model organisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106777. [PMID: 34314977 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Health risks resulting from dermal or inhalational exposures are frequently assessed based on rodent oral toxicity information due to a lack of species- or route-specific toxicity data. Default uncertainty factors (UFs; e.g., 10-fold) are also applied during risk assessments to account for variability such as inter-species, intra-species, exposure duration, dose-response, and route-to-route extrapolations. However, whether rodent oral data and a default UF approach can provide adequate protection for other mammalian species under dermal or inhalational exposure scenarios remains understudied, particularly for cleaning product ingredients. Therefore, we collated and examined publicly available median lethal dose (LD50), no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) values from different types of standard mammalian toxicity studies for rats (dermal and inhalational), mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs (oral, dermal and inhalational) using the Cleaning Product Ingredient Safety Initiative (CPISI) database. Probabilistic hazard assessments using chemical toxicity distributions (CTDs) were subsequently conducted, and threshold concentrations (TCs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were derived to identify thresholds of toxicological concern (TTCs). Relative sensitivities among or between mammalian species, exposure routes, and chemical classes were also compared based on calculated TC5s and 95% CIs to support future toxicology studies and hazard and risk assessments. We then identified uncertainty factors (UFs) using both CTD comparisons and individual UF probability distributional approaches. Based on available rodent inhalational data, chemical category-specific UFs were derived for ethers. Additionally, we also determined whether default UFs of 10 or 100 would be protective for various distributions of cleaning product ingredients. Our novel observations among these routes of exposure and common mammalian model organisms appear particularly useful for read across and screening-level health hazard and risk assessments when limited data exists for specific chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Yolina Yu Lin Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - W Casan Scott
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael Ciarlo
- EA Engineering, Science & Technology, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul DeLeo
- American Cleaning Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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Wang YYL, Li P, Ohore OE, Wang Y, Zhang D, Bai Y, Su T, You J, Jin X, Liu W, Wang Z. Life stage and endpoint sensitivity differences of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to chemicals with various modes of action. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117995. [PMID: 34419860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) test was proposed as an alternative to the traditional test methods using larval or adult fish. However, whether fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryo is appropriate for FET remains uncertain. In the present study, ecological threshold of toxicological concern (ecoTTC) values and uncertainty factors (UFs) for each Verhaar et al. category in P. promelas were identified by employing probabilistic ecological risk assessment (PERA) approach with chemical toxicity distributions (CTDs). The sensitivity among different life stages and toxicity among different mode of actions (MOAs) classes were comprehensively compared by CTD comparisons. The results showed that embryo exhibited the less or similar sensitivity compared to larva or adult for Verhaar et al. MOA classes (1-4) while adults were more sensitive, followed by embryo than larval for non-classified chemicals. Considering growth effect as endpoint to class 1, class 3, and non-classified chemicals on P. promelas embryo and larva was more sensitive than mortality. Non-classified chemicals especially inorganic compounds were most toxic to P. promelas embryo for the four concerned Verharr et al. MOA-specific chemical classes. This study also derived uncertainty factors (UFs) as 26.5 (9.8, 109) for embryo-to-larva, 6.26 (3.94, 11.0) for embryo-to-adult, 15.6 (10.1, 36.1) for mortality-to-growth, and 3.03 (1.86, 7.08) for mortality-to-reproduction, which can be applied for extrapolations of life stage-to-life stage and effect-to-effect to reduce the underestimating and overestimating risk by the use of default UF such as 10, 100 or 1000. Our findings are vital for feasibility of FET test of P. promelas for ecotoxicity testing and ecological risk assessment for chemicals with different MOAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolina Yu Lin Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Okugbe Ebiotubo Ohore
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Dainan Zhang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yunfei Bai
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tenghui Su
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- Department of Analytical Technique, China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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11
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Bai Y, Lian D, Su T, Wang YYL, Zhang D, Wang Z, Gimeno S, You J. Species and Life-Stage Sensitivity of Chinese Rare Minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) to Chemical Exposure: A Critical Review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2680-2692. [PMID: 34265131 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical production and consumption in Asia are increasing at an unprecedented rate, calling for regulations on chemical management. Under the New Chemical Substance Notification in China, information on ecotoxicological effects of chemicals is mandatory for the simplified registration of chemicals with the requirement that one ecotoxicological test is conducted locally. It is now mandatory to use the native fish species Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). However, its chemical sensitivity compared to that of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) or zebrafish (Danio rerio) is still unclear. We performed a holistic literature review on toxicity data with G. rarus from 1997 to 2020. Species sensitivity among G. rarus, P. promelas, and D. rerio and life-stage sensitivity of G. rarus were systematically investigated for various chemicals using both chemical ratio distribution and probabilistic chemical toxicity distribution approaches. Comparatively, the Chinese native fish species G. rarus was more sensitive than D. rerio, particularly to metals. Juvenile and adult G. rarus were more sensitive than its larvae and embryos. The observed lower sensitivity of G. rarus embryo was likely due to the thick embryonic chorion, discrepant methods of collecting embryos, and the paucity of toxicity data, implying the necessity to standardize G. rarus embryo tests and validate the sensitivity with various types of chemicals. This unique review allows us to conclude that G. rarus studies could be used in worldwide registrations and that further investigations are needed to use G. rarus embryos as alternatives to the fish test. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2680-2692. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Bai
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deru Lian
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tenghui Su
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yolina Yu Lin Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Dainan Zhang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Sylvia Gimeno
- Firmenich Belgium, Legal and Compliance, Global Registration Services, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Wang Z, Berninger JP, You J, Brooks BW. One uncertainty factor does not fit all: Identifying mode of action and species specific acute to chronic ratios for aquatic life. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114262. [PMID: 32120260 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In ecological risk assessment, acute to chronic ratio (ACR) uncertainty factors are routinely applied to acute mortality benchmarks to estimate chronic toxicity thresholds. To investigate variability of aquatic ACRs, we first compiled and compared 56 and 150 pairs of acute and subchronic/chronic growth/reproductive toxicity data for fishes (Pimephales promelas (53), Danio rerio (2), and Oryzias latipes (1)) and the crustacean Daphnia magna, respectively, for 172 chemicals with different modes of action (MOA). We found that there were only significant relationships between P. promelas acute median lethal concentrations and growth lowest-observed effect concentrations for class 1 (nonpolar narcosis) chemicals, though significant relationships were demonstrated for D. magna to all Verhaar et al. MOA classes (Class 1: nonpolar narcosis, Class 2: polar narcosis, Class 3: reactive chemicals, and Class 4: AChE inhibitors and estrogenics). Probabilistic ecological hazard assessment using chemical toxicity distributions was subsequently employed for each MOA class to estimate acute and chronic thresholds, respectively, to identify MOA and species specific ecological thresholds of toxicological concern. Finally, novel MOA and species specific ACRs using both chemical toxicity distribution comparison and individual ACR probability distribution approaches were identified using representative MOA and chemical categories. Our data-driven approaches and newly identified ACR values represent robust alternatives to application of default ACR values, and can also support future research and risk assessment and management activities for other chemical classes when toxicity information is limited for chemicals with specific MOAs within invertebrates and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jason P Berninger
- Department of Environmental Science and Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Department of Environmental Science and Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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13
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Wang Z, Dinh D, Scott WC, Williams ES, Ciarlo M, DeLeo P, Brooks BW. Critical review and probabilistic health hazard assessment of cleaning product ingredients in all-purpose cleaners, dish care products, and laundry care products. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 125:399-417. [PMID: 30743146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Though numerous chemical ingredients are used in cleaning products, empirical mammalian toxicology information is often limited for many substances. Such limited data inherently presents challenges to environmental health practitioners performing hazard and risk assessments. Probabilistic hazard assessment using chemical toxicity distributions (CTDs) is an alternative approach for assessments of chemicals when toxicity information is lacking. The CTD concept allows for derivation of thresholds of toxicological concern (TTCs) to predict adverse effect thresholds for mammalian species. Unfortunately, comparative health hazard assessment of cleaning product ingredients in common use categories such as all-purpose cleaners (APC), dish care products (DCP) and laundry care products (LCP) has not been well studied. However, APC, DCP, and LCP are used routinely for household and industrial applications, resulting in residential and industrial occupational exposures. Therefore, we reviewed and then examined hazard information (median lethal dose (LD50), lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), and no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)) from different types of standard mammalian toxicity studies for oral toxicity in the rat model from the unique Cleaning Product Ingredient Safety Initiative mammalian toxicology database. Probabilistic distributions (CTDs) were subsequently constructed using LD50, NOAEL and LOAEL data from a specific toxicity study type for all available ingredients in these three use categories. Based on data availability, product type-specific and chemical category-specific CTDs were also generated and compared. For each CTD, threshold concentrations (TCs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) at 1st, 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, 95th and 99th percentiles were calculated using the log-normal model. To test whether the common default uncertainty factor (UF) approach (e.g., 3, 10) in mammalian health risk assessment provides sufficient protection, UFs were also derived for LOAEL-to-NOAEL and exposure duration (e.g., subchronic-to-chronic) extrapolations. Relationships between CTDs of acute LD50s and sublethal LOAELs/NOAELs were also examined for acute-to-chronic ratio calculations, which may be useful in extreme circumstances. Results from our critical review and meta-analysis appear particularly useful for hazard and risk practitioners when identifying TTCs for ingredients in product use categories, and other chemical classes. This approach can also support development of regulatory data dossiers through read across, chemical substitutions and screening-level health risk assessments when limited or no empirical toxicity information exists for industrial chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Dinh
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - W Casan Scott
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael Ciarlo
- EA Engineering, Science & Technology, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul DeLeo
- American Cleaning Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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14
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Wang Z, Brooks BW, Zeng EY, You J. Comparative mammalian hazards of neonicotinoid insecticides among exposure durations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 125:9-24. [PMID: 30690429 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides have become one of the most widely used insecticides over the past two decades. Recent studies have shown considerable risk of neonicotinoids to beneficial insects, however, their health risks to mammals are still under debate. Limited empirical mammalian toxicity information for neonicotinoids inherently presents challenges to environmental health practitioners performing health hazard and risk assessment. Therefore, we first compiled and examined publicly available hazard data for neonicotinoids, and knowledge gaps on mammals were identified. Probabilistic hazard assessment using chemical toxicity distributions (CTDs) was subsequently conducted, and initial thresholds of toxicological concern were derived for rat, dog, mouse, and rabbit under comparative experimental scenarios. Using the rat model, for example, oral 5% threshold concentrations (TC5s) of 0.11 (0.02, 0.36) and 0.23 (0.001, 3.2) mg/kg bw/day were estimated using chronic developmental and reproductive no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs), respectively, while acute TC5 of 0.71 (0.25, 1.6) mg/kg bw/day was identified using neurological NOAELs. Comparatively, dermal and inhalational TC5s were estimated as 1583 (1172, 1777) and 451 (294, 615) mg/kg bw/day (equivalent to 486 (322, 622) mg/m3), respectively, using acute median lethal doses. Uncertainty factors (UFs) were also estimated using both CTD comparisons and individual UF probability distribution approaches to test whether rodent oral toxicity information or default 10-fold UF approach can provide sufficient protection for mammals. These initially identified UFs were generally smaller than default values (e.g., 10) employed by regulatory stakeholders, yet larger UFs were occasionally noted. Our findings appear particularly useful for environmental health practitioners when conducting screening-level risk assessment for neonicotinoids, and provide an example for health hazard assessment of pesticides with limited toxicity information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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