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A Review of Soil Contaminated with Dioxins and Biodegradation Technologies: Current Status and Future Prospects. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060278. [PMID: 35736887 PMCID: PMC9227754 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive assessment of dioxins contaminating the soil and evaluates the bioremediation technology currently being widely used, and also offers recommendations for future prospects. Soil pollution containing dioxins is extremely toxic and hazardous to human health and the environment. Dioxin concentrations in soils around the world are caused by a variety of sources and outcomes, but the main sources are from the consequences of war and human activities. Bioremediation technology (bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and phytoremediation) is considered an optimal and environmentally friendly technology, with the goal of applying native microbial communities and using plant species with a high biomass to treat contaminated dioxins in soil. The powerful bioremediation system is the growth of microorganisms that contribute to the increased mutualistic and competitive relationships between different strains of microorganisms. Although biological treatment technology can thoroughly treat contaminated dioxins in soil with high efficiency, the amount of gas generated and Cl radicals dispersed after the treatment process remains high. Further research on the subject is required to provide stricter control over the outputs noted in this study.
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van Drooge BL, Abalos M, Abad E, Adrados MA, Gomez A, Gallés P, Grimalt JO. Qualitative and quantitative changes in traffic and waste incineration PCDD/Fs in urban air and soils under different seasonal conditions (Metropolitan Area of Barcelona). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142149. [PMID: 33207451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A sampling and analysis scheme was implemented to discriminate between inputs of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) at low concentrations in urban areas. Ambient air and soils were sampled and analyzed in five stations in the Metropolitan area of Barcelona (2018-2019); one located in a reference urban traffic site and four in the area of influence of an integrated waste management facility (IWMF) that included a solid waste incinerator. Seasonality was the main factor determining the PCDD/F composition, and involved lower values in the warmer months. This seasonal effect was related to enhanced photooxidation of PCDDs compared to PCDFs and faster depletion of the less chlorinated congeners due to volatility at higher ambient temperature; consistent with the compounds' octanol-air partition coefficients. The ratio 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorobenzofuran/1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorobenzofuran allowed, for the first time, identifying cases of preferential contributions of IWMF and traffic inputs, i.e. values of 0.06 and 0.32, respectively. Combination of this ratio with the airborne PCDD/F levels illustrated that the quantitative PCDD/F levels were not a useful criterion for elucidation between IWMF and traffic inputs. PCDD/Fs levels in soils ranged between 9.0 and 22 pg WHO-TEQ/g in the two sites closest to the IWMF, while the other sites, including the traffic site, showed values between 0.8 and 1.9 pg WHO-TEQ/g. The levels in the former group were higher than those observed in other urban areas and above 5 pg WHO-TEQ/g, which is a limit reference value in several European countries. The C7 and C8 observed congener distributions in all soils examined were different from those in the air samples and similar to those reported in sewage sludge from waste water treatment plants, not showing influences from IWMF or traffic PCDD/F inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuela Abalos
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel A Adrados
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Gomez
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Lesseps, 1, 08023 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Gallés
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Lesseps, 1, 08023 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Source Apportionment Assessment of Marine Sediment Contamination in a Post-Industrial Area (Bagnoli, Naples). WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12082181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The area of Bagnoli (Gulf of Naples, central Tyrrhenian Sea) has been heavily exposed to pollution for over a century due to the presence of industrial sites along its coastline. The aim of this study is to analyze contaminant concentrations (i.e., heavy metals and hydrocarbons) in seabed sediments through a statistical multivariate approach. Multivariate methods permit us to describe the pollution dynamics affecting the area and distinguish between anthropogenic and natural pollution sources. Additionally, the association between contamination patterns and the wave climate characteristics of the gulf (i.e., wave period, direction, height, power, and energy) is investigated. The study confirms that the main contamination source in the Bagnoli bay is anthropogenic activities (i.e., former steel plant and sewage discharges) for the majority of investigated pollutants. It also provides evidence, however, for the potential co-existence of multiple anthropogenic and geogenic sources of arsenic and other metals that may be originating also from the water-rock interaction and submarine volcanic emissions in the Phlegraean area.
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Metahni S, Coudert L, Gloaguen E, Guemiza K, Mercier G, Blais JF. Comparison of different interpolation methods and sequential Gaussian simulation to estimate volumes of soil contaminated by As, Cr, Cu, PCP and dioxins/furans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:409-419. [PMID: 31158669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spatial distribution of organic and/or inorganic contaminants is crucial to facilitate decision-making of rehabilitation strategies in order to ensure the most appropriate management of contaminated sites in terms of contaminant removals efficiencies and operating costs. For these reasons, various interpolation methods [Thiessen Polygon (TP) method, inverse of distance (IDW) method, ordinary kriging (OK), as well as sequential Gaussian simulations (SGS)] were used to better understand the spatial distribution of As, Cr, Cu, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) found onto a specific industrial site. These methods do not only vary in complexity and efficiency but also lead to different results when using values coming from the same characterization campaign. Therefore, it is often necessary to evaluate their relevance by performing a comparative analysis. The results showed that ordinary kriging (OK) was a better estimator of the mean and more advanced compared to the two other methods of interpolation (TP and IDW). However, it appeared that SGS has the same power than OK but it also permitted to calculate a reliable value of the probabilities of exceeding regulatory cut-offs of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Metahni
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Qc, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Lucie Coudert
- Université du Québec en Abititi-Témiscamingue (Institut de Recherche en Mines et Environnement), Université du Québec, 445 Boulevard de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, Qc, J9X 5E4, Canada.
| | - Erwan Gloaguen
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Qc, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Karima Guemiza
- Centre technologique des résidus industriels en Abititi-Témiscamingue, 433 boulevard du collège, Rouyn-Noranda, Qc, J9X 0E1, Canada.
| | - Guy Mercier
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Qc, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Jean-Francois Blais
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Qc, G1K 9A9, Canada.
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Wu Y, Zhang L, Liu X, Ye T, Wang Y. Geographic variation in health insurance benefits in Qianjiang District, China: a cross-sectional study. Int J Equity Health 2018; 17:20. [PMID: 29402292 PMCID: PMC5800004 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-018-0730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health insurance contributes to reducing the economic burden of disease and improving access to healthcare. In 2016, the Chinese government announced the integration of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) and Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) to reduce system segmentation. Nevertheless, it was unclear whether there would be any geographic variation in health insurance benefits if the two types of insurance were integrated. The aim of this study was to identify the potential geographic variation in health insurance benefits and the related contributing factors. METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out in Qianjiang District, where the NCMS and URBMI were integrated into Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme (URRBMI) in 2010. All beneficiaries under the URRBMI were hospitalized at least once in 2013, totaling 445,254 persons and 65,877 person-times, were included in this study. Town-level data on health insurance benefits, healthcare utilization, and socioeconomic and geographical characteristics were collected through health insurance system, self-report questionnaires, and the 2014 Statistical Yearbook of Qianjiang District. A simplified Theil index at town level was calculated to measure geographic variation in health insurance benefits. Colored maps were created to visualize the variation in geographic distribution of benefits. The effects of healthcare utilization and socioeconomic and geographical characteristics on geographic variation in health insurance benefits were estimated with a multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS Different Theil index values were calculated for different towns, and the Theil index values for compensation by person-times and amount were 2.5028 and 1.8394 in primary healthcare institutions and 1.1466 and 0.9204 in secondary healthcare institutions. Healthcare-seeking behavior and economic factors were positively associated with health insurance benefits in compensation by person-times significantly, meanwhile, geographical accessibility and economic factors had positive effects (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The geographic variation in health insurance benefits widely existed in Qianjiang District and the distribution of health insurance benefits for insured inpatients in primary healthcare institutions was distinctly different from that in secondary healthcare institutions. When combining the NRCM and URMIS in China, the geographical accessibility, healthcare-seeking behavior and economic factors required significant attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Ye
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, China
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Henriksson S, Bjurlid F, Rotander A, Engwall M, Lindström G, Westberg H, Hagberg J. Uptake and bioaccumulation of PCDD/Fs in earthworms after in situ and in vitro exposure to soil from a contaminated sawmill site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:564-571. [PMID: 27964988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was studied in earthworms collected from a sawmill site in Sweden with severe PCDD/Fs contamination (the hot spot concentration was 690,000ng TEQWHO2005/kg d.w.) in order to investigate the transfer of PCDD/Fs from the site to the biota. PCDD/Fs concentrations in the collected earthworms were compared to PCDD/Fs concentrations in laboratory exposed earthworms (Eisenia fetida), which were exposed to contaminated soils from the sawmill site for 34days. All analyses were performed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). PCDD/Fs concentrations in the earthworms ranged from 290 to 520,000pg/g (f.w.). The main congeners found in both soils and earthworms were OCDF, 1234678-HpCDF, OCDD and 1234678-HpCDD. The study showed that the PCDD/Fs in the soil were biovailable to the earthworms and the PCDD/Fs concentrations in the soils correlated with the concentrations in the earthworms. Earthworm samples from soil with lower concentration had higher bioaccumulation factors than samples from soils with high concentration of contamination. Thus, a less contaminated soil could yield higher concentrations in earthworms compared to a higher contaminated soil. Assuming that when assessing risks with PCDD/F contaminated soil, a combination of chemical analysis of soil PCDD/Fs concentrations and bioavailability should be employed for a more comprehensive risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Henriksson
- 15 Environmental Staff, SE-671 81 Arvika, Sweden; MTM Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - F Bjurlid
- MTM Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - A Rotander
- MTM Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - M Engwall
- MTM Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - G Lindström
- MTM Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - H Westberg
- MTM Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - J Hagberg
- MTM Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
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Combination of a fast cleanup procedure and a DR-CALUX® bioassay for dioxin surveillance in Taiwanese soils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:4886-904. [PMID: 24806195 PMCID: PMC4053921 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110504886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to determine dioxin levels in 800 soil samples collected from Taiwan. An in vitro DR-CALUX® assay was carried out with the help of an automated Soxhlet system and fast cleanup column. The mean dioxin level of 800 soil samples was 36.0 pg-bioanalytical equivalents (BEQs)/g dry weight (d.w.). Soil dioxin-BEQs were higher in northern Taiwan (61.8 pg-BEQ/g d.w.) than in central, southern, and eastern Taiwan (22.2, 24.9, and 7.80 pg-BEQ/g d.w., respectively). Analysis of multiple linear regression models identified four major predictors of dioxin-BEQs including soil sampling location (β = 0.097, p < 0.001), land use (β = 0.065, p < 0.001), soil brightness (β = 0.170, p < 0.001), and soil moisture (β = 0.051, p = 0.020), with adjusted R2 = 0.947 (p < 0.001) (n = 662). An univariate logistic regression analysis with the cut-off point of 33.4 pg-BEQ/g d.w. showed significant odds ratios (ORs) for soil sampling location (OR = 2.43, p < 0.001), land use (OR = 1.47, p < 0.001), and soil brightness (OR = 2.83, p = 0.009). In conclusion, four variables, including soil sampling location, land use, soil brightness, and soil moisture, may be related to soil-dioxin contamination. Soil samples collected in northern Taiwan, and especially in Bade City, soils near industrial areas, and soils with darker color may contain higher dioxin-BEQ levels.
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