1
|
He C, Thai PK, Bertrand L, Jayarathne A, van Mourik L, Phuc DH, Banks A, Mueller JF, Wang XF. Calibration and Application of PUF Disk Passive Air Samplers To Assess Chlorinated Paraffins in Ambient Air in Australia, China, and Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21061-21070. [PMID: 37939218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air samples were collected in Brisbane (Australia), Dalian (China), and Hanoi (Vietnam) during Mar 2013-Feb 2018 using polyurethane foam based passive air samplers. A sampling rate calibration experiment was conducted for chlorinated paraffins (CPs, i.e., short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain CPs), where the sampling rates were 4.5 ± 0.7, 4.8 ± 0.3, and 4.8 ± 2.1 m3 day-1 for SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively. The atmospheric concentration of CPs was then calculated and the medians of ∑CPs were 0.079, 1.0, and 0.89 ng m-3 in Brisbane, Dalian, and Hanoi, respectively. The concentration of CPs in Brisbane's air remained at low levels, with no significant differences observed between the city background site and the city center site, indicating limited usage and production of CPs in this city. The highest concentration of MCCPs was detected in Dalian, while the highest concentration of SCCPs was detected in Hanoi. A decrease of SCCP concentration and an increase of MCCPs' were found in Brisbane's air from 2016 to 2018, while increasing trends for both SCCPs and MCCPs were observed in Dalian. These results indicated impacts from different sources of CPs in the investigated cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lidwina Bertrand
- CIBICI- CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Bioquímica Clínica, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ayomi Jayarathne
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Louise van Mourik
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dam Hoang Phuc
- Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10999, Viet Nam
| | - Andrew Banks
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
- Racing Science Centre, Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, 4010 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xianyu Fisher Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shen H, Nzabanita D, Foord C, Grist S, Nugegoda D. Environmental organic contaminant body burdens and GC-MS based untargeted metabolomics in mediterranean mussels from Port Phillip Bay, Australia ☆. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122245. [PMID: 37487873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Mussels were collected from four coastal sites around Port Phillip Bay, Australia in Mar and Apr 2021). Body burdens of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured and the possible sources of toxicants discussed. In addition, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed using the mantle tissues of mussels. Correlations between the results of contaminant body burdens and metabolic variations were investigated. The results demonstrated that high accumulations of low-molecular-weight PAHs were found in mussels. High body burdens of PCBs and OCPs were only found at mussels from the site close to the river mouth. Some of the metabolic pathways were correlated with the accumulation of PAHs. No correlations were found between PCB and OCP accumulations and metabolic abundances. According to the food and environmental standards of the European Union (EU), the PAH, PCB, and OCP accumulation in mussels in this study are a serious food safety concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shen
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Damien Nzabanita
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Chantel Foord
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Stephen Grist
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A Comparative Analysis on the Concentration and Potential Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water, Sediment and Soil from a Non-crude Oil and a Crude Oil Explosion Site in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-023-00596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
|
4
|
Chaousis S, Leusch FD, Limpus CJ, Nouwens A, Weijs LJ, Weltmeyer A, Covaci A, van de Merwe JP. Non-targeted proteomics reveals altered immune response in geographically distinct populations of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114352. [PMID: 36210607 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
All seven species of sea turtle are facing increasing pressures from human activities that are impacting their health. Changes in circulating blood proteins of an individual, or all members of a population, can provide an early indicator of adverse health outcomes. Non-targeted measurement of all detectable proteins in a blood sample can indicate physiological changes. In the context of wildlife toxicology, this technique can provide a powerful tool for discovering biomarkers of chemical exposure and effect. This study presents a non-targeted examination of the protein abundance in sea turtle plasma obtained from three geographically distinct foraging populations of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) on the Queensland coast. Relative changes in protein expression between sites were compared, and potential markers of contaminant exposure were investigated. Blood plasma protein profiles were distinct between populations, with 85 out of the 116 identified proteins differentially expressed (p < 0.001). The most strongly dysregulated proteins were predominantly acute phase proteins, suggestive of differing immune status between the populations. The highest upregulation of known markers of immunotoxicity, such as pentraxin fusion and complement factor h, was observed in the Moreton Bay turtles. Forty-five different organohalogens were also measured in green turtle plasma samples as exposure to some organohalogens (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) has previously been identified as a cause for immune dysregulation in marine animals. The few detected organohalogens were at very low (pg/mL) concentrations in turtles from all sites, and are unlikely to be the cause of the proteome differences observed. However, the changes in protein expression may be indicative of exposure to other chemicals or environmental stressors. The results of this study provide important information about differences in protein expression between different populations of turtles, and guide future toxicological and health studies on east-Australian green sea turtles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Chaousis
- Griffith School of Environment and Science and the Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Frederic Dl Leusch
- Griffith School of Environment and Science and the Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Colin J Limpus
- Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Liesbeth J Weijs
- Griffith School of Environment and Science and the Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Griffith School of Environment and Science and the Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Paloluoğlu C, Bayraktar H. Determination of the gas/particle phase concentrations of PCBs in urban and rural atmosphere in Erzurum, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:779. [PMID: 36097084 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Active sampling was conducted for the first time in Erzurum, Turkey, between August 2012 and January 2013, in order to investigate the presence of 82 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners. Urban and rural ambient air samples, including gas and particle phase atmospheric concentrations (GAPPACs) of PCBs, were collected simultaneously using high volume air sampler (HVAS) at two different sampling points of Erzurum. GAPPACs of PCB samples taken using HVAS in Palandöken Mountain Region (2565 m) and Ataturk University Campus (1870 m) were analyzed in GC-MS following appropriate extraction steps. Throughout the sampling period, total ambient air concentrations (gas phase + particulate phase) were 10 ± 6 and 27 ± 13 pg/m3 (mean) for Palandöken Mountain Region (PMR) and Atatürk University Campus (AUC), respectively. Low molecular weighted PCBs were found to be dominant in both rural an urban sampling sites. Meteorological parameters especially temperature (from Clausius-Clapeyron equation), wind direction, wind velocity, and precipitation were found to be effective on PCB concentration and distribution. The gas-particle distributions of PCBs in the summer and winter period were found to be 82% (gas phase) and 18% (particle phase) in the PMR and 90% (gas phase) and 10% (particle phase) in AUC, through Junge-Pankow adsorption model. In the light of these findings, total PCB concentrations detected in urban atmosphere (due to possible PCB sources) were observed to be higher than those determined in rural area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Paloluoğlu
- Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental, Faculty of Art and Design, Bayburt University, 69000, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Hanefi Bayraktar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erzurum Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Zhang ZF, Zhang X, Zhu FJ, Li YF, Cai M, Kallenborn R. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Atmosphere from the Western Pacific to the Southern Ocean: Spatial Variability, Gas/Particle Partitioning, and Source Apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6253-6261. [PMID: 35476391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The spatial variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the marine atmosphere contributes to the understanding of the global sources, fate, and impact of this contaminant. Few studies conducted to measure PAHs in the oceanic atmosphere have covered a large scale, especially in the Southern Ocean. In this study, high-volume air samples were taken along a cross-section from China to Antarctica and analyzed for gaseous and particulate PAHs. The data revealed the spatial distribution, gas-particle partitioning, and source contributions of PAHs in the Pacific, Indian, and Southern Oceans. The median concentration (gaseous + particulate) of ∑24PAHs was 3900 pg/m3 in the Pacific Ocean, 2000 pg/m3 in the Indian Ocean, and 1200 pg/m3 in the Southern Ocean. A clear latitudinal gradient was observed for airborne PAHs from the western Pacific to the Southern Ocean. Back trajectories (BTs) analysis showed that air masses predominantly originated from populated land had significantly higher concentrations of PAHs than those from the oceans or Antarctic continents/islands. The air mass origins and temperature have significant influences on the gas-particle partitioning of PAHs. Source analysis by positive matrix factorization (PMF) showed that the highest contribution to PAHs was from coal combustion emissions (52%), followed by engine combustion emissions (27%) and wood combustion emissions (21%). A higher contribution of PAHs from wood combustion was found in the eastern coastal region of Australia. In contrast, engine combustion emissions primarily influenced the sites in Southeast Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Fu-Jie Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Minghong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology & Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås NO-1432, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Okoffo ED, Banks AP, Li Y, Thomas KV, Rauert C, Aylward LL, Mueller JF. Phthalate esters in face masks and associated inhalation exposure risk. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127001. [PMID: 34479081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the composition of single-use face mask materials, quantified the concentration of phthalate esters in masks and evaluated associated inhalation exposure risk. All the mask samples, including 12 surgical and four N95/P1/P2 masks, were identified to be made of polypropylene, with polyethylene terephthalate present in the N95/P1/P2 masks. Di-methyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, di-ethyl phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were frequently detected and their concentration summed up 55 ± 35 ~ 1700 ± 140 ng per surgical mask and 2300 ± 150 ~ 5200 ± 800 ng per N95/P1/P2 mask. Our simulation experiment suggested a mean loss of 13 - 71% of phthalate mass depending on compounds, during 5-hour wearing of these masks. This resulted in an estimated daily intake of individual compounds no higher than 20 ng/kg/day for adults and 120 ng/kg/day for toddlers, which were at least 80 times lower compared to relevant tolerable daily intake values. Two interventional trials were conducted where a volunteer wore a mask for four hours and urine samples were collected before and after the mask wearing. No obvious increase was observed for the urinary concentration of any phthalate metabolite, indicating minimal contribution to overall exposure to phthalate esters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Elvis D Okoffo
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew Pw Banks
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Yan Li
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Lesa L Aylward
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Summit Toxicology, LLP, 22044 Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tesi GO, Iniaghe PO, Lari B, Obi-Iyeke G, Ossai JC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in leafy vegetables consumed in southern Nigeria: concentration, risk assessment and source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:443. [PMID: 34169353 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Four commonly consumed leafy vegetables, obtained from four major cities in southern Nigeria, were analysed for their polycyclic hydrocarbon (PAH) content using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The estimated daily intake (EDI), margin of exposure (MOE), hazard index (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR); principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios (DRs) were respectively used for risk evaluation and source identification of the detected PAHs. The results showed that the mean concentration (µg kg-1) of ∑16 PAHs in the vegetables ranged from 532 to 2261. The EDI values ranged from 459 to 4876, 1809 to 8378, 2733 to 13,036 and 4143 to 12,568 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), PAH2, PAH4, and PAH8 for children exposure respectively, and from 115 to 1219, 452 to 2095, 683 to 3259 and 1036 to 3142 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for adult exposure respectively. The estimated MOE values were < 10,000, indicating that the vegetables were unsuitable for consumption. The HI values were < 1, suggesting that there were no potential non-carcinogenic risks, but the total cancer risk values (> 1 × 10-6) designated carcinogenic risk of PAHs with consumption of these vegetables. The DR and PCA result showed that PAHs originated from high-temperature pyrogenic processes and vehicular emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bulouebibo Lari
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Grace Obi-Iyeke
- Department of Botany, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Q, Lv X, Wang X, Hu J, Wang X, Ma J. Typical indoor concentrations and mass flow of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMSs) in Dalian, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126020. [PMID: 32041064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methylsiloxaes (cVMSs), namely hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), were studied for a typical indoor environment of male and female dormitories in the campus of Dalian Maritime University (DMU) in China. An empty, frit-fitted SPE cartridge was placed on top of an Isolute ENV + cartridge, sampling cVMSs in particulate and gas phases, respectively. The highest concentration of D3, D4, D5, and D6 was 190, 460, 37,000, and 670 ng m-3, respectively. All cVMSs, especially D5, were higher in female dormitories than that in male dormitories. Emission rate from different sources of cVMSs in dormitories was calculated from a survey of the use of personal care products (PCPs) by students living in the dormitory during the sampling period. The mean emission rate (ER, mg·d-1) of D4 and D5 in male dormitories was 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.49 ± 0.03 mg d-1, respectively, and that in female dormitories was 0.21 ± 0.05 and 46 ± 17 mg d-1, respectively. Then, we modified an existing mass balance model to predict the indoor air levels of D4 and D5 in both male and female dormitories based on the usage of PCPs. There was a good agreement for D4 and D5 concentrations in female dormitories between modeled and measured concentrations with the ratio of predicted to measured values to be 1.5 and 1.2, respectively, which indicated that use of PCPs was the main source of cVMSs in university dormitories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Xiaoning Lv
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Jiaochan Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Longoria-Rodríguez FE, González LT, Mendoza A, Leyva-Porras C, Arizpe-Zapata A, Esneider-Alcalá M, Acuña-Askar K, Gaspar-Ramirez O, López-Ayala O, Alfaro-Barbosa JM, Kharissova OV. Environmental Levels, Sources, and Cancer Risk Assessment of PAHs Associated with PM 2.5 and TSP in Monterrey Metropolitan Area. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:377-391. [PMID: 32025753 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in total suspended particles and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, a sequential chemical analysis of C-rich particles was performed through the parallel coupling of micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray scattering detection. Samples were collected at four sites in the Monterrey metropolitan area, Mexico. A total of 13 PAHs were quantified; indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(a)anthracene were the most abundant. The total PAH concentrations at the four sampling sites ranged from 1.34 to 8.76 μg/m3. The diagnostic relation of the PAHs indicates that these compounds were emitted by the burning of gasoline and diesel and by the burning of charcoal and biomass. The sequential analysis correlated the morphology and the elemental/molecular composition of the C-rich particles, associated with the PAHs, with their possible emission sources. The estimated lifetime excess cancer risk for inhalation was higher than that established by the World Health Organization, which clearly makes this a potential health risk for the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco E Longoria-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV-Mty), Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, C.P. 66628, Apodaca, N.L., Mexico
| | - Lucy T González
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, C.P. 64890, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Alberto Mendoza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, C.P. 64890, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Cesar Leyva-Porras
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes # 120, C.P. 31136, Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico
| | - Alejandro Arizpe-Zapata
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV-Mty), Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, C.P. 66628, Apodaca, N.L., Mexico
| | - Miguel Esneider-Alcalá
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV-Mty), Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, C.P. 66628, Apodaca, N.L., Mexico
| | - Karim Acuña-Askar
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Laboratorio de Biorremediación Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Octavio Gaspar-Ramirez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Unidad Noreste (CIATEJ), Apodaca, N.L., Mexico
| | - Olivia López-Ayala
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Laboratorio de Química Analítica Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, C.P. 64570, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Juan M Alfaro-Barbosa
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Laboratorio de Química Analítica Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, C.P. 64570, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Oxana V Kharissova
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Innovación, Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería y Tecnología, Facultad de Fisicomatemáticas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thai PK, Banks APW, Toms LML, Choi PM, Wang X, Hobson P, Mueller JF. Analysis of urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cotinine in pooled urine samples to determine the exposure to PAHs in an Australian population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109048. [PMID: 31865166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Our previous biomonitoring study of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) in a population in Australia found high levels of 1-naphthol, a metabolite of both naphthalene and carbaryl, in some adult samples. Here, we conducted a follow-up study to collect and analyse pooled urine samples, stratified by age and sex, from 2014 to 2017 using a GC-MS method. Geometric mean concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene, the most common biomarker of PAH exposure, were 100 and 120 ng/L urine in 2014-2015 and 2016-2017, respectively. The concentrations of most OH-PAHs in this study except 1-naphthol are in line with those reported by biomonitoring programs in the US and Canada. In general, concentrations of OH-PAHs are lower in samples from small children (0-4 years) and school-aged children (5-14 years) compared with samples from the older age groups, except for some cases in the recent monitoring period. The concentrations of 1-naphthol in some adult samples of both sexes are very high, which is consistent with our previous findings. Such high concentrations of 1-naphthol together with the high 1-naphthol/2-naphthol ratio suggest potential exposure to the insecticide carbaryl in this population but other exposure sources and different rates of naphthalene metabolism should also be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phong K Thai
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Andrew P W Banks
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Phil M Choi
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, QLD, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang X, Banks APW, He C, Drage DS, Gallen CL, Li Y, Li Q, Thai PK, Mueller JF. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and legacy and current pesticides in indoor environment in Australia - occurrence, sources and exposure risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133588. [PMID: 31376762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Paired indoor air and floor dust samples were collected from residential houses and offices (n = 28) in two Australian cities in 2015. For the air samples, a modified passive air sampler (PAS) was used to collect semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in gaseous phase and airborne particles simultaneously. Sampling rates (R) of the PAS for gaseous SVOCs ranged from 0.69 to 3.4 m3 sampler-1 day-1. Out of the 33 analytes, 22, 14 and 17 compounds were detected (above the method detection limit) in over 50% of air, airborne particles and floor dust samples respectively. The highest median level in air, airborne particles and floor dust was observed for phenanthrene (2.0 ng m-3), permethrin (8800 ng g-1) and permethrin (5100 ng g-1) respectively. Among polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, with few exceptions, the largest contribution was from 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11) for both indoor air and floor dust samples. In these houses and offices, the indoor level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was mainly influenced by ambient (outdoor) air. Primary sources of PCBs were from within indoor environments and generally older houses have higher concentrations in air. Among pesticides, hexachlorobenzene in indoor environments appeared to be due to transfer from outdoor sources whereas chlordanes and pyrethroids were associated with past and current household application respectively. Compared to data from other countries/regions, concentrations of chlordanes, chlorpyrifos and pyrethroids in indoor air and dust samples from Australia were among the highest whereas PCB and PAH levels were among the lowest. The sum of estimated daily intakes (EDIs) via inhalation and dust contact and ingestion were calculated. The highest median value of EDI was observed for permethrin at 2.8 (for adults) and 74 ng kg-1 day-1 (for toddlers), which are <0.15% of the U.S. EPA reference dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Andrew P W Banks
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Daniel S Drage
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christie L Gallen
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Yan Li
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Qingbo Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Phong K Thai
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vijayasarathy S, Baduel C, Hof C, Bell I, Del Mar Gómez Ramos M, Ramos MJG, Kock M, Gaus C. Multi-residue screening of non-polar hazardous chemicals in green turtle blood from different foraging regions of the Great Barrier Reef. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:862-868. [PMID: 30380492 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Green turtles spend a large part of their lifecycle foraging in nearshore seagrass habitats, which are often in close proximity to sources of anthropogenic contaminants. As most biomonitoring studies focus on a limited number of targeted chemical groups, this study was designed to screen for a wider range of hazardous chemicals that may not have been considered in prior studies. Whole blood of sub-adult green turtles (Chelonia mydas) were sampled from three different locations, a remote, offshore 'control' site; and two coastal 'case' sites influenced by urban and agricultural activities on the Great Barrier Reef in North Queensland, Australia. In order to screen blood samples for chemicals across a wide range of KOW's, a modified QuEChER's extraction method was used. The samples were analysed using a multi-residue gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry system (GC-MS/MS method that allowed simultaneous quantification of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDES), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). While PBDEs, PCBs and OCPS were below the limits of quantification, PAHs were detected in all turtle blood samples. However, PAH levels were relatively low (maximum ΣPAH = 13 ng/mL ww) and comparable to or less than those reported from other green turtles globally. The present study provides the first baseline PAH levels in blood samples from green turtles from nearshore and offshore locations in the Southern Hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumini Vijayasarathy
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Christine Baduel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Hof
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Species Conservation and Indigenous Partnerships Unit, World Wildlife Fund for Nature-Australia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ian Bell
- Aquatic Species Program, Department of Environment and Science, Townsville, Australia
| | - María Del Mar Gómez Ramos
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María José Gómez Ramos
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Marjolijn Kock
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Caroline Gaus
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gaga EO, Arı A, Akyol N, Üzmez ÖÖ, Kara M, Chow JC, Watson JG, Özel E, Döğeroğlu T, Odabasi M. Determination of real-world emission factors of trace metals, EC, OC, BTEX, and semivolatile organic compounds (PAHs, PCBs and PCNs) in a rural tunnel in Bilecik, Turkey. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:1285-1296. [PMID: 30189545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A field study was performed in a rural tunnel to determine pollutant concentrations, sources and on road vehicle emission factors (EFs) of particulate matter, trace metals, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes (BTEX), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Emission factors (EFs) for polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were also determined. A 12-day extensive sampling campaign during morning and afternoon periods at inlet and exit stations of the tunnel was conducted. Morphology of the particles was also investigated by Scanning Electron Microcopy (SEM). Correlation analysis, factor analysis and diagnostic PAH ratios were utilized to identify emission sources of trace metals. Identified sources include brake wear (33%), resuspension of road dust (15%), tyre wear (12%), exhaust emissions (10%), and lubricants (9%). Based on the PAH diagnostic ratios, major sources of PAHs were estimated as diesel emissions. EFs were comparable with the literature and varied from 31.5 to 295.4 mg vehicle-1 km-1 with an average of 129.2 ± 80 mg vehicle-1 km-1 for PM2.5. PM2.5-10 EFs varied between 15.9 and 236.1 mg vehicle-1 km-1 with an average of 96 ± 30 mg vehicle-1 km-1. Average EC EFs were 40.3 ± 9.8 mg vehicle-1 km-1 for PM2.5 samples and 19.5 ± 0.5 mg vehicle-1 km-1 for PM2.5-10 samples while OC EFs were 33.7 ± 18 and 15.5 ± 8.4 mg vehicle-1 km-1 for fine and coarse particles, respectively. EFs of elements were generally 2 (Al) to 59 (Mg) times higher than those previously reported in the literature. Compared to literature, relatively higher EFs for Σ13PAHs (range: 48.1-168 μg vehicle-1 km-1, average: 84.3 ± 46.4 μg vehicle-1 km-1) were obtained. BTEX emission factors were in the range of 4.2 ± 4.7 mg vehicle-1 km-1 (m + p-xylene) and 16.7 ± 10.5 mg vehicle-1 km-1 (toluene). Average EFs for ΣPCBs and ΣPCNs were 12.06 ± 5.3 μg vehicle-1 km-1 and 88.9 ± 70.4 ng vehicle-1 km-1, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eftade O Gaga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Anadolu University, İki Eylül Campus, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Akif Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Anadolu University, İki Eylül Campus, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Nesimi Akyol
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Anadolu University, İki Eylül Campus, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özden Üzmez
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Anadolu University, İki Eylül Campus, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Melik Kara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Judith C Chow
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - John G Watson
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Emel Özel
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Anadolu University, İki Eylül Campus, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Döğeroğlu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Anadolu University, İki Eylül Campus, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, İzmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rovira J, Domínguez-Morueco N, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. Temporal trend in the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted in a big tire landfill fire in Spain: Risk assessment for human health. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:222-229. [PMID: 29111871 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1387023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In May 2016, a big fire occurred in an illegal landfill placed in Seseña (Toledo, Spain), where between 70,000 and 90,000 tons of tires had been accumulated during years. Just after the fire, and because of the increase of airborne PAHs, we found that cancer risks for the population living in the neighborhood of the landfill were 3-5 times higher than for the rest of inhabitants of Seseña. Some months after our initial (June 2016) study, two sampling campaigns (December 2016 and May 2017) were performed to assess the temporal trends of the environmental levels of PAHs, as well as to reassure that these chemicals did not pose any risk for the human health of Seseña inhabitants. In soils, the total concentrations of the 16 PAHs (December 2016), as well as the sum of the seven carcinogenic PAHs, showed values between 8.5 and 94.7 ng g-1 and between 1.0 and 42.3 ng g-1, respectively. In May 2017, a significant decrease (between 4 and 38 times) in the levels of PAHs in air was observed, with total concentrations ranging between 3.49 and 5.06 ng m-3. One year after the fire, the cancer risk at different zones of Seseña was similar, being lower than that found in June 2016, and negligible according to national and international agencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Rovira
- a Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus , Catalonia , Spain
- b Departament d'Enginyeria Química , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Tarragona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Noelia Domínguez-Morueco
- a Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus , Catalonia , Spain
- b Departament d'Enginyeria Química , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Tarragona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- a Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- a Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus , Catalonia , Spain
- b Departament d'Enginyeria Química , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Tarragona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- a Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus , Catalonia , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dat ND, Chang MB. Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:682-693. [PMID: 28763665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds composed of multiple aromatic rings. PAHs are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants which are well-recognized as carcinogenic, teratogenic and genotoxic compounds. PAHs are released from incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of materials containing carbon and hydrogen, such as coal, oil, wood and petroleum products. Understanding the characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, source profiles and technologies available for controlling PAHs emission is essential to reduce the impacts of PAHs. This paper offers an overview on concentration and distribution of atmospheric PAHs, emission factors and distribution of PAHs in different sources, and available control technologies. Characteristics of atmospheric PAHs vary with meteorological conditions and emission sources, while characteristics of PAHs emission depend on burned material and combustion condition. Combination of some technologies may be necessary for effective removal of both low-ring and high-ring PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Duy Dat
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Moo Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Harvey PJ, Rouillon M, Dong C, Ettler V, Handley HK, Taylor MP, Tyson E, Tennant P, Telfer V, Trinh R. Geochemical sources, forms and phases of soil contamination in an industrial city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:505-514. [PMID: 28129903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examines current soil contamination in an Australian industrial city, Newcastle. Public (roadside verges and parks) and private (homes) surface soils (n=170) contained metal(loid)s elevated above their respective Australian Health Investigation Levels (HIL). Lead (Pb), the most common contaminant in the city, exceeds the HIL for residential soils (HIL-A, 300mg/kg) in 88% of private soils (median: 1140mg/kg). In-vitro Pb bio-accessibility analysis of selected soils (n=11) using simulated gastric fluid showed a high affinity for Pb solubilisation (maximum Pb concentration: 5190mg/kg, equating to 45% Pb bio-accessibility). Highly soluble Pb-laden Fe- and Mn-oxides likely contribute to the bio-accessibility of the Pb. Public and private space surface soils contain substantially less radiogenic Pb (range: 208Pb/207Pb: 2.345-2.411, 206Pb/207Pb: 1.068-1.312) than local background soil (208Pb/207Pb: 2.489, 206Pb/207Pb: 1.198), indicating anthropogenic contamination from the less radiogenic Broken Hill type Pb ores (208Pb/207Pb: 2.319, 206Pb/207Pb: 1.044). Source apportionment using Pb isotopic ratio quantification and soil mineralogy indicate the city's historic copper and steel industries contributed the majority of the soil contaminants through atmospheric deposition and use of slag waste as fill material. High-temperature silicates and oxides combined with rounded particles in the soil are characteristic of smelter dust emissions. Additionally, a preliminary investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils, sometimes associated with ferrous metal smelting, coal processing or burning of fossil fuels, shows that these too pose a health exposure risk (calculated in comparison to benzo(a)pyrene: n=12, max: 13.5mg/kg, HIL: 3mg/kg).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Harvey
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - M Rouillon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - C Dong
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - V Ettler
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - H K Handley
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - M P Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - E Tyson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - P Tennant
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - V Telfer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - R Trinh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Praipipat P, Meng Q, Miskewitz RJ, Rodenburg LA. Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls in New Jersey 1997-2011. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1195-1202. [PMID: 28051297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Delaware River currently exceed the Water Quality Criteria of 16 pg/L for the sum of PCBs due in part to atmospheric deposition. The purpose of this work was to use a source apportionment tool called Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) to identify the sources of PCBs to the atmosphere in this area and determine whether their concentrations are declining over time. The data set was compiled by the Delaware Atmospheric Deposition Network (DADN) from samples taken in Camden, NJ from 1999 to 2011 and New Brunswick, NJ from 1997 to 2011. The PMF analysis revealed four resolved factors at each site. The factors that dominate the PCB burden in the atmosphere at both Camden and New Brunswick resemble Aroclor 1242. These factors declined in concentration during some portions of the monitoring period, but this decline slowed or stopped during 2003-2011. None of the factors displayed consistent declines in concentration throughout the monitoring periods, and some factors actually increased in concentration during some periods. This suggests natural attenuation alone will not control atmospheric PCB concentrations, and additional efforts are needed to control PCB atmospheric emissions as well as the numerous other sources of PCBs to the estuary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pornsawai Praipipat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Qingyu Meng
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Robert J Miskewitz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang X, Thai PK, Mallet M, Desservettaz M, Hawker DW, Keywood M, Miljevic B, Paton-Walsh C, Gallen M, Mueller JF. Emissions of Selected Semivolatile Organic Chemicals from Forest and Savannah Fires. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1293-1302. [PMID: 28019099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The emission factors (EFs) for a broad range of semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) from subtropical eucalypt forest and tropical savannah fires were determined for the first time from in situ investigations. Significantly higher (t test, P < 0.01) EFs (μg kg-1 dry fuel, gas + particle-associated) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑13 PAHs) were determined from the subtropical forest fire (7,000 ± 170) compared to the tropical savannah fires (1,600 ± 110), due to the approximately 60-fold higher EFs for 3-ring PAHs from the former. EF data for many PAHs from the eucalypt forest fire were comparable with those previously reported from pine and fir forest combustion events. EFs for other SVOCs including polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners as well as some pesticides (e.g., permethrin) were determined from the subtropical eucalypt forest fire. The highest concentrations of total suspended particles, PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, and PBDEs, were typically observed in the flaming phase of combustion. However, concentrations of levoglucosan and some pesticides such as permethrin peaked during the smoldering phase. Along a transect (10-150-350 m) from the forest fire, concentration decrease for PCBs during flaming was faster compared to PAHs, while levoglucosan concentrations increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Streeet, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Marc Mallet
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Streeet, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Maximilien Desservettaz
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong , Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale Laboratories, 107-121 Station Street, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - Darryl W Hawker
- Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University , 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Melita Keywood
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale Laboratories, 107-121 Station Street, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - Branka Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Streeet, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Clare Paton-Walsh
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong , Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Michael Gallen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Y, Wu X, Hou M, Zhao H, Chen R, Luo C, Zhang G. Factors influencing the atmospheric concentrations of PCBs at an abandoned e-waste recycling site in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:34-39. [PMID: 27838054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The diurnal atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated at an abandoned e-waste recycling site in South China during winter and summer. Total PCB concentrations during winter and summer were 27.6-212 and 368-1704pg/m3 in the particulate phase and 270-697 and 3000-15,500pg/m3 in the gaseous phase, respectively. Both gaseous and particulate PCB concentrations and compositions exhibited significant difference between winter and summer samples, but no diurnal variations during the measurement period. The correlation analysis between PCB concentrations and meteorological conditions, including atmospheric temperature, humidity, and mixing layer height, suggested that the seasonal variability of atmospheric PCB concentrations was strongly temperature-dependent, while the diurnal variability was probably source-dependent. The temperature-driven variations can also be proved by the significant linear correlation between ln P and 1/T in the Clausius-Clapeyron plot. Although government has implemented controls to reduce e-waste pollution, both the relatively high concentrations of PCBs and the diurnal variation in the air suggested that emissions from occasional e-waste recycling activities may still exist in this recycling area. These results underline the importance of continuing e-waste recycling site management long after abandonment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Minmin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruize Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|