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Römerscheid M, Paschke A, Schüürmann G. Survey of Appearance and temporal concentrations of polar organic pollutants in Saxon waters. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23378. [PMID: 38192827 PMCID: PMC10772579 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrative passive samplers such as the Chemcatcher are often proposed as alternatives for conventional grab sampling of surface waters. So far, their routine application for regulatory monitoring is hampered (among others) by the fact that TWA concentrations may depend significantly on the design and specifics of the samplers employed. The presented study addresses this issue, focusing on the uptake of polar organic pollutants in three different Chemcatcher configurations and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheets in the field. Covering waste water treatment plant effluents, creeks, and rivers, samplers were deployed for periods of 14-21 days in eight trials over the course of one year. 33 organic pesticides, 14 transformation products and 31 pharmaceuticals could be detected at least once in TWA concentrations ranging from 0.03 ng/L to 16.5 μg/L. We show that through employing generic, i.e. sampler specific, rather than compound specific sampling rates, the variation among results from three integrative passive sampler designs yields linear correlations with an offset of less than 0.1 and correlation coefficients r2 > 0.8. In this way, TWA concentrations enable the identification of low-concentration xenobiotics of concern, which may support regulatory monitoring correspondingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Römerscheid
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Allinson M, Cassidy M, Kadokami K, Besley CH. In situ calibration of passive sampling methods for urban micropollutants using targeted multiresidue GC and LC screening systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136997. [PMID: 36309053 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ChemcatcherTM (CC) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) passive samplers were chosen to investigate trace organic chemical residues in urban streams of the megacity of Sydney, Australia. In situ calibration with these passive samplers investigated 1392 organic chemicals. Six sets of CC passive samplers fitted with SDB-XC or SDB-RPS disks and six POCIS containing Oasis HLB sorbent were deployed at three sites. Every week for six weeks across three deployments, composite water samples were retrieved from autosamplers, along with one set of CC/POCIS passive samplers. Samples were analysed by Automated Identification and Quantification System (AIQS) GC/MS or LC/QTOF-MS database methods with 254 chemicals detected. The most frequently detected compounds under GC/MS analysis were aliphatic, pesticides, phenols, PAHs, sterols and fatty acid methyl esters while from LC/QTOF-MS analysis these were pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. Sampling rates (Rs) ranged between <0.001 - 0.132 L day-1 (CC SDB-XC, 18 chemicals), <0.001 - 0.291 L day-1 (CC SDB-RPS, 28 chemicals), and <0.001 - 0.576 L day-1 (POCIS Oasis HLB, 30 chemicals). Assessment of deployment duration indicated that about half of the chemicals that were continuously detected across all deployment weeks had maximal simple linear regression R2 values at four weeks for CC SDB-RPS (seven of 13 chemicals) and at three weeks for POCIS Oasis HLB (seven of 14 chemicals). Where ranges of Rs recorded from the estuarine site were able to be compared to ranges of Rs from one or both freshwater sites, only tributyl phosphate had a higher range of Rs out of 21 possible chemical comparisons, and suggested salinity was an unlikely influence on Rs. Whereas relatively higher rainfall of the third round of deployment aligned with higher Rs across the estuarine and freshwater sites for CC SDB-RPS and POCIS for nearly all possible comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Allinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Cassidy
- Wastewater Product, Sydney Water, 1 Smith Street, Parramatta, NSW, 2150, Australia
| | - K Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - C H Besley
- Monitoring, Design and Reporting, Sydney Water, 1 Smith Street, Parramatta, NSW, 2150, Australia.
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Rosen G, Lotufo GR, Belden JB, George RD. Environmental Characterization of Underwater Munitions Constituents at a Former Military Training Range. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:275-286. [PMID: 33978266 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As a result of military activities, unexploded ordnance and discarded military munitions are present in underwater environments, which has resulted in the release of munitions constituents including the high explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), along with their primary degradation products, to the water column and adjacent sediments. The present study focused on the characterization of underwater exposure and concentrations of energetics such as TNT and RDX at the former Vieques Naval Training Range at Bahia Salina del Sur (Vieques, Puerto Rico, USA), a bay with documented high incidence of munitions. In situ passive sampling using polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) was used for the detection and quantification of constituents in water at target locations approximately 15 to 30 cm from 15 individual potentially leaking munitions, and also at 15 unbiased locations approximately evenly spaced across the Bay. For comparison with POCIS-derived concentrations, grab samples were taken at the POCIS target locations. The POCIS-derived and averaged grab samples agreed within a factor of 3. When detected, munitions constituent concentrations (primarily TNT and RDX) were observed at ultratrace concentrations (as low as 4 ng/L for RDX), except 30 cm from one General Purpose bomb where the TNT concentration was 5.3 µg/L, indicating that low-level contamination exists at Bahia Salina del Sur on a very localized scale despite the relatively high density of munitions, similar to previously reported results for other munitions sites around the world. Sediment and porewater sampled at 4 stations where munitions constituents were detected in the water column had concentrations below detection (approximately 5 µg/kg and 5 ng/L, respectively), suggesting that the sediment was not a sink for these constituents at those locations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:275-286. © 2021 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Rosen
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jason B Belden
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Robert D George
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
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Bernard M, Boutry S, Tapie N, Budzinski H, Mazzella N. Lab-scale investigation of the ability of Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler to catch short pesticide contamination peaks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:40-50. [PMID: 30350144 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this lab-scale study, the POCIS capacity to integrate short contamination peaks of variable intensity and duration was evaluated. POCIS were immersed for 14 days in tanks filled with tap water and spiked at different concentrations with 12 pesticides of various polarities (log Kow = 1.1-4.7) and classes (herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides). Concentrations were kept relatively constant at 1 μg L-1 and 5 μg L-1, respectively, in two "background" exposure tanks. Three contamination peaks of increasing intensity and decreasing duration were simulated (10 μg L-1 for 24 h, 40 μg L-1 for 6 h, and 60 μg L-1 for 1 h). This lab-scale study demonstrated that ten moderately polar compounds (2 < log Kow < 4) showed a linear uptake, as observed in previous studies, while a non-linear model fits the data of the two most polar pesticides (log Kow < 2). Depending on chemical polarity, some compounds exhibited a "burst effect" or "lag effect" during the first 3 days of exposure. After 14 days of exposure, contamination peaks appeared integrated for seven compounds, showing the ability of POCIS to catch very short pollution events and to provide acceptable time-weighted average concentration estimates under laboratory-controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Bernard
- Irstea, UR EABX, 50 Avenue de Verdun, 33612, Cestas, France.
| | | | - Nathalie Tapie
- Bordeaux University, EPOC-LPTC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Héléne Budzinski
- Bordeaux University, EPOC-LPTC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
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Grodtke M, Paschke A, Harzdorf J, Krauss M, Schüürmann G. Calibration and field application of the Atlantic HLB Disk containing Chemcatcher® passive sampler - Quantitative monitoring of herbicides, other pesticides, and transformation products in German streams. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124538. [PMID: 33610392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Chemcatcher® (CC) passive sampler containing an Atlantic HLB-L Disk (AD) was calibrated in a laboratory-based flow-through tank over 21 days under stirring for 38 polar organic pesticides with log Kow ranging from -1.7 to 3.8. The resultant sampling rates Rs range from 0.025 to 0.068 L/d. In 2018, field trials were conducted in the German rivers Mulde and Havel, as well as in 7 agricultural streams in Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. For 36 detected pesticides, the overall low concentrations were 0.2 to 49.4 ng/L. The determined pesticide profiles reflect agricultural use and were dominated by triazine herbicides including transformation products, by neonicotinoid insecticides, and by the herbicide mecoprop. Additional single hot spots were provided by the herbicides metamitron, isoproturon, and MCPA (showing the overall largest value of 49.4 ng/L). Notably, the detected waterborne pesticides include banned herbicides and associated transformation products in concentration ratios suggesting also recent input. This concerns in particular atrazine and its transformation products 2-OH-atrazine, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine. An extended target screening of AD-CC extracts from the river Havel revealed the additional presence of other organic micropollutants including biocides, surfactants and industrial chemicals, and demonstrated the AD-CC applicability up to log Kow of 4.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Grodtke
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Harzdorf
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Mutzner L, Vermeirssen ELM, Ort C. Passive samplers in sewers and rivers with highly fluctuating micropollutant concentrations - Better than we thought. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 361:312-320. [PMID: 30241059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Considerable pollutant loads can enter surface waters during rain events. Three factors challenge quantification of these pollutant fluxes using traditional sampling methods: (i) concentration fluctuations; (ii) unknown event duration; and (iii) placement, operation, and maintenance of equipment. Passive samplers offer the advantage of sampling in a continuous mode without power supply. However, variable uptake rates due to environmental factors and desorption in the case of fluctuating concentrations can affect the accuracy of time-weighted average (TWA) concentration estimates. While uncertainties related to environmental factors could be accounted for with additional effort, we can neither control nor quantify the concentration variability. We present measured and modelled concentration profiles at high temporal resolution and provide a systematic approach to assessing deviations from true TWA concentration due to fluctuating concentration profiles. We evaluate sampling of sewer overflows (0.3-14 h) with Chemcatcher and 1-week sampling in rivers. The uncertainty due to fluctuating concentrations is small, and other factors such as chemical analyses and sampler calibration have a similar or higher impact. The uncertainty due to fluctuations clearly increases with the sampling duration, particularly when exceeding the half-life of equilibrium. We conclude that passive sampling can also be used in wastewater systems with potentially high concentration variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Mutzner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Etiënne L M Vermeirssen
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Castle GD, Mills GA, Bakir A, Gravell A, Schumacher M, Snow K, Fones GR. Measuring metaldehyde in surface waters in the UK using two monitoring approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1180-1190. [PMID: 30062348 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00180d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Metaldehyde is a molluscicide and the active ingredient in formulated slug pellets used for the protection of crops. Due to its mobility in the environment it is frequently found in river catchments, often at concentrations exceeding the EU Drinking Water Directive limit of 100 ng L-1 for a single pesticide. This presents a major problem for water companies in the UK where such waters are abstracted for production of potable drinking water supplies. Therefore, it is important to understand the sources, transport and fate of this emerging pollutant of concern in the aquatic environment. We monitored metaldehyde in two contrasting river catchments (River Dee (8 sites) and River Thames (6 sites)) over a twelve month period that coincided with the agricultural application period of the molluscicide. Spot samples of water were collected typically weekly or fortnightly. Chemcatcher® passive samplers were deployed consecutively every two weeks. At the River Dee, there was little variability in the concentrations of metaldehyde (<10-110 ng L-1) measured in the spot samples of water. The Chemcatcher® gave similar time-weighted average concentrations which were higher following increased rain fall events. At the River Thames, concentrations of metaldehyde varied more widely (<9-4200 ng L-1) with several samples exceeding 100 ng L-1. Generally these concentrations were reflected in the time-weighted average concentrations obtained using the Chemcatcher®. Both monitoring techniques gave complementary data for identifying input sources, and in the development of catchment management plans and environmental remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn D Castle
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK.
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Calibration and field evaluation of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler for monitoring metaldehyde in surface water. Talanta 2018; 179:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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