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Rebryk A, Kozyatnyk I, Njenga M. Emission of volatile organic compounds during open fire cooking with wood biomass: Traditional three-stone open fire vs. gasifier cooking stove in rural Kenya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173183. [PMID: 38777046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Cooking with wood biomass fuels releases hazardous air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that often disproportionally affect women and children. This study, conducted in Kwale and Siaya counties in Kenya, employed thermal desorption gas chromatography - mass spectrometry to analyse VOC emissions from cooking with a wood biomass three-stone open fire vs. top-lit updraft gasifier stove. In kitchens with adequate ventilation, total VOC levels increased from 35-252 μg∙m-3 before cooking to 2235-5371 μg∙m-3 during open fire cooking, whereas use of a gasifier stove resulted in reduced emissions from cooking by 48-77 % (506-2778 μg∙m-3). However, in kitchens with poor ventilation, there was only a moderate difference in total VOC levels between the two methods of cooking (9034-9378 μg∙m-3 vs. 6727-8201 μg∙m-3 for the three-stone open fire vs. gasifier stove, respectively). Using a non-target screening approach revealed significantly increased levels of VOCs, particularly benzenoids, oxygenated and heterocyclic compounds, when cooking with the traditional open fire, especially in closed kitchens, highlighting the effects of poor ventilation. Key hazardous VOCs included benzene, naphthalene, phenols and furans, suggesting potential health risks from cooking. In kitchens with good ventilation, use of the gasifier stove markedly reduced emissions of these priority toxic VOCs compared to cooking with an open fire. Thus, substituting open fires with gasifier stoves could help to improve household air quality and alleviate health risks. The study revealed that VOCs were present prior to cooking, possibly originating from previously cooked food (buildup) or the outside environment. VOC emissions were also exacerbated by reduced air flow in high humidity during rainfall, suggesting an area for further research. The findings underscore the importance of adopting cleaner cooking technologies and enhancing kitchen ventilation to mitigate the impacts of VOCs in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Rebryk
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre (KBC), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ivan Kozyatnyk
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Mary Njenga
- Centre for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), 30677-00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 2905-0065, Nairobi, Kenya
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Zhang C, Cai Y, Yao Q, Liu X, Song L, Li J, Deng S, Wang H, Wang B. Emission characteristics of carbonyl compounds from open burning of typical subtropical biomass in South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:140979. [PMID: 38141673 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Open biomass burning (OBB) is one of the largest primary emission sources for atmospheric carbonyl compounds, key precursors for ozone and secondary organic aerosol pollution. To clarify the carbonyl emissions, the comprehensive characteristics of C1-C10 carbonyl compounds from open burning of seven typical subtropical biomass in China were investigated in this study, which included subtropical plants and agricultural residues. Total 27 carbonyl compounds were detected. The total EFs were 2824 mg kg-1 with 95% confidence interval (CI) [2418, 3322] for burning subtropical plants and 4080 mg kg-1 with 95% CI [3446, 4724] for burning agriculture residues, respectively. The EFs were 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than previous values in China. Aliphatic aldehydes were the largest group of carbonyl groups, with acetaldehyde, as the most abundant carbonyl species (about 30% contribution). Formaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, butanone, isovaleraldehyde, and m-tolualdehyde were also found to be abundant and varying with the types of biomass burnt. Formaldehyde emission ratios to acetonitrile and CO were lower than those in previous studies both for burning plants and agricultural residues. There were significant variabilities in the emission ratios and factors among different types of OBBs. Strong positive correlations were found between carbonyl emissions and CO emissions and water content in biomass; furthermore, total carbonyl concentrations measured in the flaming stage were higher than those in the smoldering one. This study provides important fundamental measurement data on carbonyl emissions from burning typical subtropical plants and agricultural residues, which will help improve the quality of emission inventories and better understand the potential impacts of OBB on regional air quality in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Yiting Cai
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Qian Yao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510535, China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lin Song
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Jiangyong Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Shuo Deng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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Zhu Z, Ma Y, Tigabu M, Wang G, Yi Z, Guo F. Effects of forest fire smoke deposition on soil physico-chemical properties and bacterial community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168592. [PMID: 37972773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The number of forest fires has increased globally, together with considerable smoke emission that significantly impacts the atmospheric environment and associated ecosystems. Most current studies have focused on the in situ effects of fire on the forest ecosystem. However, the mechanisms by which smoke particles affect adjacent ecosystems are largely unexplored. In this study, a simulated forest fire combustion system was developed to evaluate the effect of different smoke concentrations (control, low and high) on soil physico-chemical properties of adjacent farmland at two soil depths. The abundance and diversity of bacterial community were also determined. The results showed that smoke deposition increased the contents of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in the 0-10 cm soil layer; however, no significant changes in soil water content (SWC) and pH values was observed. The ACE(Abundance Coverage-based Fastimator) and Chao1 diversity indices of bacterial community generally showed a downward trend whereas the PD_whole_ tree diversity index increased after 180 d of smoke deposition. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria remained stable, while abundance of Firmicutes in soil decreased after 180 d of smoke deposition. Smoke deposition slightly affected the physical and chemical properties of the 10-20 cm soil, but the range of variation of the relative abundance and diversity dominant bacteria exceeded that of the 0-10 cm soil. A significant positive correlation was found between the soil properties and the alpha diversity indices during the first 30 d after smoke deposition; the correlation then decreased gradually. Redundancy analysis revealed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were generally positively correlated with TC, TN, and SWC. As a whole, the study reveals that the effects of smoke deposition on soil physico-chemical properties and bacterial community depends on smoke concentration where relatively low concentration appears to be beneficial to soil bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongpan Zhu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation of Red Soil Region in Southern China, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuanfan Ma
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation of Red Soil Region in Southern China, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mulualem Tigabu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guangyu Wang
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Zhigang Yi
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Futao Guo
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation of Red Soil Region in Southern China, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Sun Y, Zhang Q, Li K, Huo Y, Zhang Y. Trace gas emissions from laboratory combustion of leaves typically consumed in forest fires in Southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157282. [PMID: 35835195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forest fires are becoming increasingly severe and frequent due to global climate change. Trace gases emitted from forest fires significantly affect atmospheric chemistry and climate change on a regional and global scale. Forest fires occur frequently in Southwest China, but systematic studies on trace gas emissions from forest fires in Southwest China are rare. Leaves of seven typical vegetation fuels based on their prominence in forest fires consumption in Southwest China were burned in a self-designed combustion device and the emission factors of eighteen trace gases (greenhouse gases, non-methane organic gases, nitrogenous gases, hydrogen chloride, and sulfur dioxide) at specific combustion stages (flaming and smoldering) were determined by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The emission factors data presented were compared with previous studies and can aid in the construction of an emission inventory. Pine needle combustion released a greater amount of methane in the smoldering stage than other broadleaf combustion. Peak values of emission factors for methane and non-methane organic gas are emitted by the smoldering of vegetation (Pinus kesiya and Pinus yunnanensis), which is endemic to forest fires in Southwest China. The emission factor for oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in the smoldering stage is greater than the flaming stage. This work established the relationship between modified combustion efficiency (MCE) with emission factors of hydrocarbons (except acetylene) and OVOCs. The results show that exponential fitting is more suitable than linear fitting for the seven leaf fuels (four broadleaf and three coniferous). However, the emission factors from the combustion of three coniferous fuels relative to all fuels are linear with MCE. Findings demonstrated that different combustion stages and fuel types have significant impacts on the emission factors, which also highlighted the importance of studying regional emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Kaili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yinuo Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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Experimental Characterization of Particulate and Gaseous Emissions from Biomass Burning of Six Mediterranean Species and Litter. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires across the Mediterranean ecosystems are associated with safety concerns due to their emissions. The type of biomass determines the composition of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous compounds emitted during the fire event. This study investigated simulated fire events and analysed biomass samples of six Mediterranean species and litter in a combustion chamber. The main aims are the characterization of PM realized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), the quantification of gaseous emissions through gas chromatography (GC-MS) and, consequently, identification of the species that are potentially more dangerous. For PM, three size fractions were considered (PM10, 2.5 and 1), and their chemical composition was used for particle source-apportionment. For gaseous components, the CO, CO2, benzene, toluene and xylene (BTXs) emitted were quantified. All samples were described and compared based on their peculiar particulate and gaseous emissions. The primary results show that (a) Acacia saligna was noticeable for the highest number of particles emitted and remarkable values of KCl; (b) tree species were related to the fine windblown particles as canopies intercept PM10 and reemit it during burning; (c) shrub species were related to the particles resuspended from soil; and (d) benzene and toluene were the dominant aromatic compounds emitted. Finally, the most dangerous species identified during burning were Acacia saligna, for the highest number of particles emitted, and Pistacia lentiscus for its high density of particles, the presence of anthropogenic markers, and the highest emissions of all gaseous compounds.
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Guo L, Ma Y, Tigabu M, Guo X, Zheng W, Guo F. Emission of atmospheric pollutants during forest fire in boreal region of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114709. [PMID: 32559862 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Data on emission of atmospheric pollutants at local scale is essential for accurately modelling forest fire emission at regional scale. In this study, we quantified emission factor (EF) of gaseous pollutants (CO, CO2, NOx, hydrocarbons, organic carbon, and inorganic elements), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), water soluble inorganic ions, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) from leaves, branches and barks of five dominant tree species in Chinese boreal region. Results demonstrate that the emission factors of different pollutants varied among tree species and fuel typology. The average total EF (leaves + branches + barks) of different species ranged from 922 ± 116 mg/g to 1383 ± 134 mg/g for CO2; 225 ± 109 mg/g to 277 ± 21 mg/g for CO; 0.6 ± 0.2 mg/g to 3 ± 0.7 mg/g for NOx; 32 ± 6 mg/g to 55 ± 7 mg/g for hydrocarbons; 3 ± 0.3 mg/g to 6 ± 0.7 mg/g for organic carbon; 0.6 ± 0.1 mg/g to 2 ± 0.1 mg/g for elemental carbon; and 4 ± 0.7 mg/g to 12 ± 1 mg/g for PM2.5. The total water soluble ions ranged from 5 ± 0.6 mg/kg to 12 ± 1.3 mg/g. For most of the pollutants, combustion of barks emitted more than that of leaves and branches. A total of 48 types of NMHCs (19 alkanes, 15 alkenes, and 14 aromatic compounds) were released during combustion of leaves, barks, and branches of tree species, with EF ranged from 982 mg/g to 1375 mg/g. Alkenes and i-butane, 1-butene, 1,3-butadiene, Isoprene, 4-Methyl-1-pentene, p-Xylene and benzene were the major ozone-forming compounds. Our results provide a comprehensive emission data by species and fuel typology that can be useful for modelling climate change, source apportionment and atmospheric photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Guo
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Yuanfan Ma
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Mulualem Tigabu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Southern Swedish Forest Research Center, Faculty of Forest Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 49, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Xinbin Guo
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Wenxia Zheng
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Futao Guo
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
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Nyashina GS, Kuznetsov GV, Strizhak PA. Effects of plant additives on the concentration of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the combustion products of coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113682. [PMID: 31812529 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The active use of solid fossil fuels (coal) in the production of heat and electricity has led to significant pollution, climate change, environmental degradation, and an increase in morbidity and mortality. Many countries (in particular, European ones, China, Japan, the USA, Canada, etc.) have launched programs for using plant and agricultural raw materials to produce heat and electricity by burning them instead of or together with traditional fuels. It is a promising solution to produce slurry fuels, based on a mixture of coal processing, oil refining and agricultural waste. This paper presents the results of experimental research into the formation and assessment of the most hazardous emissions (sulfur and nitrogen oxides) from the combustion of promising coal slurry fuels with straw, sunflower and algae additives, i.e. the most common agricultural waste. A comparative analysis has been carried out to identify the differences in the concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen oxides from the combustion of typical coal, coal processing waste, as well as fuel slurries with and without plant additives. It has been shown that the concentration of sulfur and nitrogen oxides can be reduced by 62-87% and 12-57%, respectively, when using small masses of plant additives (no more than 10 wt%) and maintaining high combustion heat of the slurry fuel. However, the use of algae and straw in the slurry composition can increase the HCl emissions, which requires extra measures to fight corrosion. A generalizing criterion of slurry fuel vs. coal efficiency has been formulated to illustrate significant benefits of adding plant solid waste to coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals. Straw and sunflower waste (10 wt%) were found to be the best additives to reduce the air pollutant emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Nyashina
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - G V Kuznetsov
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - P A Strizhak
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.
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Hatch LE, Jen CN, Kreisberg NM, Selimovic V, Yokelson RJ, Stamatis C, York RA, Foster D, Stephens SL, Goldstein AH, Barsanti KC. Highly Speciated Measurements of Terpenoids Emitted from Laboratory and Mixed-Conifer Forest Prescribed Fires. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9418-9428. [PMID: 31318536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wildland fires in the western United States are projected to increase in frequency, duration, and size. Characterized by widespread and diverse conifer forests, burning within this region may lead to significant terpenoid emissions. Terpenoids constitute a major class of highly reactive secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors, with significant structure-dependent variability in reactivity and SOA-formation potential. In this study, highly speciated measurements of terpenoids emitted from laboratory and prescribed fires were achieved using two-dimensional gas chromatography. Nearly 100 terpenoids were measured in smoke samples from 71 fires, with high variability in the dominant compounds. Terpenoid emissions were dependent on plant species and tissues. Canopy/needle-derived emissions dominated in the laboratory fires, whereas woody-tissue-derived emissions dominated in the prescribed fires. Such differences likely have implications for terpenoid emissions from high vs low intensity fires and suggest that canopy-dominant laboratory fires may not accurately represent terpenoid emissions from prescribed fires or wildland fires that burn with low intensity. Predicted SOA formation was sensitive to the diversity of emitted terpenoids when compared to assuming a single terpene surrogate. Given the demonstrated linkages between fuel type, fire terpenoid emissions, and the subsequent implications for plume chemistry, speciated measurements of terpenoids in smoke derived from diverse ecosystems and fire regimes may improve air quality predictions downwind of wildland fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Hatch
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California-Riverside , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Coty N Jen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Nathan M Kreisberg
- Aerosol Dynamics, Incorporated , Berkeley , California 94710 , United States
| | - Vanessa Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry , University of Montana , Missoula , Montana 59812 , United States
| | - Robert J Yokelson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Montana , Missoula , Montana 59812 , United States
| | - Christos Stamatis
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California-Riverside , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Robert A York
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Daniel Foster
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Scott L Stephens
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Kelley C Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California-Riverside , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
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Amaral SS, Costa MAM, Soares Neto TG, Costa MP, Dias FF, Anselmo E, Santos JCD, Carvalho JAD. CO 2, CO, hydrocarbon gases and PM 2.5 emissions on dry season by deforestation fires in the Brazilian Amazonia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:311-320. [PMID: 30901645 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The rate of deforestation in Brazil increased by 29% between 2015 and 2016, resulting in an increase of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of 9%. Deforestation fires in the Amazonia are the main source of GHG in Brazil. In this work, amounts of CO2, CO, main hydrocarbon gases and PM2.5 emitted during deforestation fires, under real conditions directly in Brazilian Amazonia, were determined. A brief discussion of the relationship between the annual emission of CO2 equivalent (CO2,eq) and Paris Agreement was conducted. Experimental fires were carried out in Western Amazonia (Candeias do Jamari, Rio Branco and Cruzeiro do Sul) and results were compared with a previous fire carried out in Eastern Amazonia (Alta Floresta). The average total fresh biomass on the ground before burning and the total biomass consumption were estimated to be 591 ton ha-1 and 33%, respectively. CO2, CO, CH4, and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) average emission factors, for the four sites, were 1568, 140, 8, and 3 g kg-1 of burned dry biomass, respectively. PM2.5 showed large variation among the sites (0.9-16 g kg-1). Emissions per hectare of forest were estimated as 216,696 kg of CO2, 18,979 kg of CO, 1,058 kg of CH4, and 496 kg of NMHC. The average annual emission of equivalent CO2 was estimated as 301 ± 53 Mt year-1 for the Brazilian Amazonia forest. From 2013, the estimated CO2,eq showed a trend to increase in Amazon region. The present study is an alert and provides important information that can be used in the development of the public policies to control emissions and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Simões Amaral
- Department of Energy, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Campus of Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Turibio Gomes Soares Neto
- Combustion and Propulsion Associated Laboratory, INPE - National Institute for Space, Research, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Marillia Pereira Costa
- Combustion and Propulsion Associated Laboratory, INPE - National Institute for Space, Research, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Ferrari Dias
- Combustion and Propulsion Associated Laboratory, INPE - National Institute for Space, Research, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Anselmo
- Combustion and Propulsion Associated Laboratory, INPE - National Institute for Space, Research, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Dos Santos
- Combustion and Propulsion Associated Laboratory, INPE - National Institute for Space, Research, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil
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