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Chen Y, Ren L, Li X, Zhou JL. Competitive adsorption and bioaccumulation of sulfamethoxazole and roxithromycin by sediment and zebrafish (Danio rerio) during individual and combined exposure in water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132894. [PMID: 37952337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are extensively used for health protection and food production, causing antibiotic pollution in the aquatic environment. This study aims to determine the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of typical antibiotics sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and roxithromycin (RTM) in zebrafish under environmentally realistic conditions. Four different microcosms, i.e. water, water-sediment, water-zebrafish, and water-sediment-zebrafish were constructed, with three replicates in parallel. The concentrations of SMX and RTM in water, sediment and zebrafish were extracted and analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to assess their kinetic behavior and bioavailability. In the water-sediment system, the dissolved concentration of both SMX and RTM decreased with time following the first-order kinetic while their adsorption by sediment increased with time. In the water-zebrafish system, SMX and RTM bioaccumulation was increasing with time following the pseudo second-order kinetics. RTM bioaccumulation in zebrafish (up to 16.4 ng/g) was an order of magnitude higher than SMX (up to 5.2 ng/g), likely due to RTM being more hydrophobic than SMX. In addition, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) value of SMX in zebrafish was greater than its sediment partition coefficient, while the opposite trend was observed for RTM, demonstrating the importance of antibiotics properties in affecting their bioavailability. Furthermore, increasing dissolved organic carbon concentration in water reduced SMX bioaccumulation, but increased RTM bioaccumulation at the same time. The findings are important in future studies of environmental fate and bioavailability of toxic chemicals with different pollution sources and physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Lei Ren
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - John L Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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2
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Shen M, Hu Y, Zhao K, Li C, Liu B, Li M, Lyu C, Sun L, Zhong S. Occurrence, Bioaccumulation, Metabolism and Ecotoxicity of Fluoroquinolones in the Aquatic Environment: A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:966. [PMID: 38133367 PMCID: PMC10747319 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing concern about antibiotic contamination in water bodies, particularly the widespread presence of fluoroquinolones (FQs), which pose a serious threat to ecosystems due to their extensive use and the phenomenon of "pseudo-persistence". This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on FQs in water bodies, summarizing and analyzing contamination levels of FQs in global surface water over the past three years, as well as the bioaccumulation and metabolism patterns of FQs in aquatic organisms, their ecological toxicity, and the influencing factors. The results show that FQs contamination is widespread in surface water across the surveyed 32 countries, with ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin being the most heavy contaminants. Furthermore, contamination levels are generally higher in developing and developed countries. It has been observed that compound types, species, and environmental factors influence the bioaccumulation, metabolism, and toxicity of FQs in aquatic organisms. FQs tend to accumulate more in organisms with higher lipid content, and toxicity experiments have shown that FQs exhibit the highest toxicity to bacteria and the weakest toxicity to mollusk. This article summarizes and analyzes the current research status and shortcomings of FQs, providing guidance and theoretical support for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Binshuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chen Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.); (Y.H.); (K.Z.); (C.L.); (B.L.); (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Lei Sun
- Liaoning Provincial Mineral Exploration Institute Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Shuang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Xu S, Liu Y, Zhang J. Transcriptomic mechanisms for the promotion of cyanobacterial growth against eukaryotic microalgae by a ternary antibiotic mixture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58881-58891. [PMID: 35377122 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the responses of a mixed culture of two cyanobacterial species (Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechocystis sp.) and two eukaryotic microalgal species (Raphidocelis subcapitata and Tetradesmus obliquus) to a mixture of three frequently detected antibiotics (tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole) at environmentally relevant exposure doses of 60-300 ng/L. Mixed antibiotics selectively stimulated (p < 0.05) the growth and photosynthetic activity as well as generated transcriptomic responses in cyanobacteria without disrupting co-existing eukaryotic microalgae. Mixed antibiotics stimulated the growth of M. aeruginosa through the regulation of genes related to ribosome, photosynthesis, redox homeostasis, quorum sensing and nutrient metabolism. The proportion of M. aeruginosa among the four phytoplankton species in the mixed-culture system was increased from 33% to 38-44% under antibiotic exposure, which promoted the dominance of M. aeruginosa. Up-regulation of carbon catabolism-related genes contributed to the increased growth of Synechocystis sp. under antibiotic exposure. Since the antibiotic-stimulated growth rate of Synechocystis sp. was still lower than that of M. aeruginosa, the proportion of Synechocystis sp. in the mixed-culture system remained stable. Synechocystis sp. was less adaptive to antibiotic exposure than M. aeruginosa, due to a lower number of up-regulated ribosomal genes and photosynthesis-related genes. Antibiotic exposure reduced the proportions of two eukaryotic microalgal species in the mixed-culture system through a selective promotion of cyanobacterial competitiveness against eukaryotic microalgae, which may facilitate the formation of cyanobacteria bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
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Kucharski D, Nałęcz-Jawecki G, Drzewicz P, Skowronek A, Mianowicz K, Strzelecka A, Giebułtowicz J. The assessment of environmental risk related to the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in bottom sediments of the Odra River estuary (SW Baltic Sea). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154446. [PMID: 35283119 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 130 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in sediments collected from 70 sampling sites in the Odra River estuary (SW Baltic Sea) was investigated. The highest concentration levels of the compounds were found in the vicinity of effluent discharge from two main Szczecin wastewater treatment plants: "Pomorzany" and "Zdroje", and nearby the seaport and shipyard. The highest environmental risks (RQ > 1) were observed for pseudoephedrine (RQ = 14.0), clindamycin (RQ = 7.3), nalidixic acid (RQ = 3.8), carbamazepine (RQ = 1.8), fexofenadine (RQ = 1.4), propranolol (RQ = 1.1), and thiabendazole (RQ = 1.1). RQ for each compound varied depending on the sampling sites. High environmental risk was observed in 30 sampling sites for clindamycin, 22 sampling sites for pseudoephedrine, 19 sampling sites for nalidixic acid, 4 sampling sites for carbamazepine, and 3 sampling sites for fexofenadine. The medium environmental risk (0.1 < RQ < 1) was observed for 16 compounds: amisulpride, amitriptyline, amlodipine, atropine, bisoprolol, chlorpromazine, lincomycin, metoprolol, mirtazapine, moclobemide, ofloxacin, oxazepam, tiapride, tolperisone, verapamil, and xylometazoline. Due to the scarcity of toxicological data related to benthic organisms, only an approximate assessment of the environmental risk of PhACs is possible. Nevertheless, the compounds with medium and high risk should be considered as pollutants of high environmental concern whose occurrence in the environment should remain under close scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Kucharski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Drzewicz
- Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Skowronek
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16a, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kamila Mianowicz
- Interoceanmetal Joint Organization, Cyryla i Metodego 9, 71-541 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16a, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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Oruganti RK, Katam K, Show PL, Gadhamshetty V, Upadhyayula VKK, Bhattacharyya D. A comprehensive review on the use of algal-bacterial systems for wastewater treatment with emphasis on nutrient and micropollutant removal. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10412-10453. [PMID: 35441582 PMCID: PMC9161886 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2056823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The scarcity of water resources and environmental pollution have highlighted the need for sustainable wastewater treatment. Existing conventional treatment systems are energy-intensive and not always able to meet stringent disposal standards. Recently, algal-bacterial systems have emerged as environmentally friendly sustainable processes for wastewater treatment and resource recovery. The algal-bacterial systems work on the principle of the symbiotic relationship between algae and bacteria. This paper comprehensively discusses the most recent studies on algal-bacterial systems for wastewater treatment, factors affecting the treatment, and aspects of resource recovery from the biomass. The algal-bacterial interaction includes cell-to-cell communication, substrate exchange, and horizontal gene transfer. The quorum sensing (QS) molecules and their effects on algal-bacterial interactions are briefly discussed. The effect of the factors such as pH, temperature, C/N/P ratio, light intensity, and external aeration on the algal-bacterial systems have been discussed. An overview of the modeling aspects of algal-bacterial systems has been provided. The algal-bacterial systems have the potential for removing micropollutants because of the diverse possible interactions between algae-bacteria. The removal mechanisms of micropollutants - sorption, biodegradation, and photodegradation, have been reviewed. The harvesting methods and resource recovery aspects have been presented. The major challenges associated with algal-bacterial systems for real scale implementation and future perspectives have been discussed. Integrating wastewater treatment with the algal biorefinery concept reduces the overall waste component in a wastewater treatment system by converting the biomass into a useful product, resulting in a sustainable system that contributes to the circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Oruganti
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, India
| | - Keerthi Katam
- Department of Civil Engineering, École Centrale School of Engineering, Mahindra University, India
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia
| | - Venkataramana Gadhamshetty
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid, South Dakota, USA
| | | | - Debraj Bhattacharyya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, India
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Yuan Q, Sui M, Qin C, Zhang H, Sun Y, Luo S, Zhao J. Migration, Transformation and Removal of Macrolide Antibiotics in The Environment: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26045-26062. [PMID: 35067882 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics (MAs), as a typical emerging pollutant, are widely detected in environmental media. When entering the environment, MAs can interfere with the growth, development and reproduction of organisms, which has attracted extensive attention. However, there are few reviews on the occurrence characteristics, migration and transformation law, ecotoxicity and related removal technologies of MAs in the environment. In this work, combined with the existing relevant research, the migration and transformation law and ecotoxicity characteristics of MAs in the environment are summarized, and the removal mechanism of MAs is clarified. Currently, most studies on MAs are based on laboratory simulation experiments, and there are few studies on the migration and transformation mechanism between multiphase states. In addition, the cost of MAs removal technology is not satisfactory. Therefore, the following suggestions are put forward for the future research direction. The migration and transformation process of MAs between multiphase states (such as soil-water-sediment) should be focused on. Apart from exploring the new treatment technology of MAs, the upgrading and coupling of existing MAs removal technologies to meet emission standards and reduce costs should also be concerned. This review provides some theoretical basis and data support for understanding the occurrence characteristics, ecotoxicity and removal mechanism of MAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiang Yuan
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Meiping Sui
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Chengzhi Qin
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Siyi Luo
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China.
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7
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Kondor AC, Molnár É, Jakab G, Vancsik A, Filep T, Szeberényi J, Szabó L, Maász G, Pirger Z, Weiperth A, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Dobosy P, Horváthné Kiss K, Hatvani IG, Szalai Z. Pharmaceuticals in water and sediment of small streams under the pressure of urbanization: Concentrations, interactions, and risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152160. [PMID: 34864023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Small streams are crucial but vulnerable elements of ecological networks. To better understand the occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in streams, this study focused on the occurrence, distribution, and environmental risk of 111 PhACs and 7 trace elements based on a total of 141 water and sediment samples from small streams located in the urbanizing region of Budapest, Hungary. Eighty-one PhACs were detected in the aqueous phase, whereas sixty-two compounds were detected in the sediment. Carbamazepine (CBZ) was the most frequently identified PhAC in water, and was found in 91.5% of all samples. However, the highest concentrations were measured for lamotrigine (344.8 μg·L-1) and caffeine (221.4 μg·L-1). Lidocaine was the most frequently occurring PhAC in sediment (73.8%), but the maximum concentrations were detected for CBZ (395.9 ng·g-1) and tiapride (187.7 ng·g-1). In both water and sediment, more PhACs were found downstream of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) than in the samples not affected by treated wastewater, even though no relationship was observed between the total amount of treated wastewater and the number of detected PhACs. The PhAC concentrations were also independent of the distance from the WWTP effluents. PhAC-polluted samples were detected upstream of the WWTPs, thereby suggesting the relevance of diffuse emissions in addition to WWTP outlets. The most frequently detected PhACs in the sediment were usually also present in the water samples collected at the same place and time. The varying concentrations of PhACs and the fluctuating water-sediment properties resulted in a lack of correlation between the general chemical properties and the concentrations of PhACs, which makes it difficult to predict PhAC contamination and risks in urbanized small streams. The environmental risk assessment indicated that diclofenac had the highest risk in the sampling area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Csaba Kondor
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary
| | - Éva Molnár
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, Tihany H-8237, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jakab
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Institute of Geography and Geoinformatics, University of Miskolc, Egyetemváros, Miskolc H-3515, Hungary.
| | - Anna Vancsik
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary
| | - Tibor Filep
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary
| | - József Szeberényi
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary
| | - Lili Szabó
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Maász
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, Tihany H-8237, Hungary; Soós Ernő Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, Zrínyi Miklós Str. 18, Nagykanizsa H-8800, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, Tihany H-8237, Hungary
| | - András Weiperth
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1, Gödöllő H-2100, Hungary
| | - Árpád Ferincz
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1, Gödöllő H-2100, Hungary
| | - Ádám Staszny
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1, Gödöllő H-2100, Hungary
| | - Péter Dobosy
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, Budapest H-1113, Hungary
| | | | - István Gábor Hatvani
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szalai
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre for Excellence, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest H-1112, Hungary; Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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