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Yu F, Zhong Z, Wang Q, Liao S, Zhu M, Sha Q, Liu J, Zheng J. Characterizing the particle number emissions of light-duty gasoline vehicles under different engine technologies and driving conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113648. [PMID: 35688218 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle particle number (PN) emissions have attracted increasing public attention due to their severe influence on human health. In this study, we selected 35 light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) with gasoline direct injection (GDI) and multi-port fuel injection (MPFI) engines to elucidate the main factors influencing PN emissions. Via real driving emission (RDE) and chassis dynamometer tests, we quantified the impact of engine technology, emission standards, engine-start conditions and engine load on vehicle PN emissions. The RDE test results indicated that GDI vehicles generated higher PN emissions than those of MPFI vehicles under hot-running conditions. MPFI vehicle PN emissions were greatly affected by rapidly changing driving conditions, especially vehicles equipped with automatic start-stop systems. In regard to China 6 GDI vehicles equipped with a gasoline particle filter (GPF), their PN emissions were usually low, and peak PN emissions could mainly be attributed to GPF regeneration. Engine manufacturers should optimize GPF regeneration conditions to further reduce particulate emissions. Furthermore, the analysis results of PN emissions for different road types indicated that PN emissions were related to vehicle driving conditions. The vehicle specific power (VSP) could be used as an important explanatory variable to characterize the PN emission rate when distinguishing different engine technologies and emission standards. A real-world LDGV VSP-based PN emission rate was suggested based on the RDE test dataset. The VSP-based emission rate could be considered to more accurately quantify vehicle PN emissions and support the formulation of urban vehicle particle emission control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhuangmin Zhong
- Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, PR China
| | - Qun Wang
- College of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Songdi Liao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Manni Zhu
- Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qing'e Sha
- Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Tu R, Xu J, Wang A, Zhang M, Zhai Z, Hatzopoulou M. Real-world emissions and fuel consumption of gasoline and hybrid light duty vehicles under local and regulatory drive cycles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150407. [PMID: 34818772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, driving trajectory data from private vehicles were collected in Toronto, Canada to construct representative local drive cycles. In addition, real-driving emission testing for four conventional gasoline vehicles (ICEV) and one hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) was conducted in the same region using a Portable Emissions Measurement System. Instantaneous fuel consumption and emissions of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Particle Number (PN) were measured. The results for all vehicles indicate that the acceleration state tends to generate the highest emissions and fuel consumption with the largest variation due to higher power demand. When accelerating, the HEV was observed to generate four times more CO emissions than some ICEVs. Instantaneous fuel consumption and emissions were analyzed as a function of operating modes to estimate the fuel efficiency (FE) and emission factors (EF) associated with six representative local drive cycles and four regulatory drive cycles. With most regulatory drive cycles, vehicles can reach the labeled FE and EPA emission limits, except under the New York City Cycle with frequent stop-and-go conditions. In contrast, except for highway cycles, the FE of Toronto-specific drive cycles can hardly meet the labeled values. CO EFs of the HEV can be higher than ICEVs, while it is lower than the emission limit by 42% on average. ICEVs may exceed the CO limit by 131% under local highway cycles, while they can violate NOx and PN limits under local arterial cycles. The result of this study emphasizes the importance of local drive cycles and real driving emission tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tu
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Junshi Xu
- Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - An Wang
- Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Mingqian Zhang
- Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhai
- Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Revisiting Total Particle Number Measurements for Vehicle Exhaust Regulations. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Road transport significantly contributes to air pollution in cities. Emission regulations have led to significantly reduced emissions in modern vehicles. Particle emissions are controlled by a particulate matter (PM) mass and a solid particle number (SPN) limit. There are concerns that the SPN limit does not effectively control all relevant particulate species and there are instances of semi-volatile particle emissions that are order of magnitudes higher than the SPN emission levels. This overview discusses whether a new metric (total particles, i.e., solids and volatiles) should be introduced for the effective regulation of vehicle emissions. Initially, it summarizes recent findings on the contribution of road transport to particle number concentration levels in cities. Then, both solid and total particle emission levels from modern vehicles are presented and the adverse health effects of solid and volatile particles are briefly discussed. Finally, the open issues regarding an appropriate methodology (sampling and instrumentation) in order to achieve representative and reproducible results are summarized. The main finding of this overview is that, even though total particle sampling and quantification is feasible, details for its realization in a regulatory context are lacking. It is important to define the methodology details (sampling and dilution, measurement instrumentation, relevant sizes, etc.) and conduct inter-laboratory exercises to determine the reproducibility of a proposed method. It is also necessary to monitor the vehicle emissions according to the new method to understand current and possible future levels. With better understanding of the instances of formation of nucleation mode particles it will be possible to identify its culprits (e.g., fuel, lubricant, combustion, or aftertreatment operation). Then the appropriate solutions can be enforced and the right decisions can be taken on the need for new regulatory initiatives, for example the addition of total particles in the tailpipe, decrease of specific organic precursors, better control of inorganic precursors (e.g., NH3, SOx), or revision of fuel and lubricant specifications.
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