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Patnaik R, Kumar Bagchi S, Rawat I, Bux F. Nanotechnology for the enhancement of algal cultivation and bioprocessing: Bridging gaps and unlocking potential. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 406:131025. [PMID: 38914236 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Algae cultivation and bioprocessing are important due to algae's potential to effectively tackle crucial environmental challenges like climate change, soil and water pollution, energy security, and food scarcity. To realize these benefits high algal biomass production and valuable compound extraction are necessary. Nanotechnology can significantly improve algal cultivation through enhanced nutrient uptake, catalysis, CO2 utilization, real-time monitoring, cost-effective harvesting, etc. Synthetic nanoparticles are extensively used due to ease of manufacturing and targeted application. Nonetheless, there is a growing interest in transitioning to environmentally friendly options like natural and 'green' nanoparticles which are produced from renewable/biological sources by using eco-friendly solvents. Presently, natural, and 'green' nanoparticles are predominantly utilized in algal harvesting, with limited application in other areas, the reasons for which remain unclear. This review aims to critically evaluate research on nanotechnology-based algae system enhancement, identify research gaps and propose solutions using natural and 'green' nanoparticles for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeza Patnaik
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sourav Kumar Bagchi
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ismail Rawat
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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Campos F, Silva PV, Soares AMVM, Martins R, Loureiro S. Harmonizing nanomaterial exposure methodologies in ecotoxicology: the effects of two innovative nanoclays in the freshwater microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. Nanotoxicology 2023; 17:401-419. [PMID: 37452626 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2231071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are innovative nanomaterials (NMs) with a typical nanoclay structure (height <40 nm) consisting of layers of metallic cations and hydroxides stabilized by anions and water molecules. Upon specific triggers, anions can exchange by others in the surrounding environment. Due to this stimuli-responsive behavior, LDHs are used as carriers of active ingredients in the industrial or pharmaceutical sectors. Available technical guidelines to evaluate the ecotoxicity of conventional substances do not account for the specificities of NMs, leading to inaccuracies and uncertainty. The present study aimed to assess two different exposure methodologies (serial dilutions of the stock dispersion vs. direct addition of NM powder to each concentration) on the ecotoxicological profile of different powder grain sizes of Zn-Al LDH-NO3 and Cu-Al LDH-NO3 (bulk, <25, 25-63, 63-125, 125-250, and >250 µm) in the growth of the freshwater microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. Results revealed that the serial dilutions methodology was preferable for Zn-Al LDH-NO3, whereas for Cu-Al LDH-NO3 both methodologies were suitable. Thus, the serial dilutions methodology was selected to assess the ecotoxicity of different grain sizes for both LDHs. All Zn-Al LDH-NO3 grain sizes yielded similar toxicity, while Cu-Al LDH-NO3 powders with smaller grain sizes caused a higher effect on microalgae growth; thus, grain size separation might be advantageous for future applications of Cu-Al LDH-NO3s. Considering the differences between exposure methodologies for the Zn-Al LDH-NO3, further research involving other NMs and species must be carried out to achieve harmonization and validation for inter-laboratory comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Campos
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia V Silva
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Roberto Martins
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Ferreira V, Figueiredo J, Martins R, Sushkova A, Maia F, Calado R, Tedim J, Loureiro S. Characterization and Behaviour of Silica Engineered Nanocontainers in Low and High Ionic Strength Media. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111738. [PMID: 37299641 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica engineered nanomaterials are of interest to the industry due to their drug-carrier ability. Advances in coating technology include using mesoporous silica nanocontainers (SiNC) loaded with organic molecules as additives in protective coatings. The SiNC loaded with the biocide 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT), i.e., SiNC-DCOIT, is proposed as an additive for antifouling marine paints. As the instability of nanomaterials in ionic-rich media has been reported and related to shifting key properties and its environmental fate, this study aims at understanding the behaviour of SiNC and SiNC-DCOIT in aqueous media with distinct ionic strengths. Both nanomaterials were dispersed in (i) low- (ultrapure water-UP) and (ii) high- ionic strength media-artificial seawater (ASW) and f/2 medium enriched in ASW (f/2 medium). The morphology, size and zeta potential (ζP) of both engineering nanomaterials were evaluated at different timepoints and concentrations. Results showed that both nanomaterials were unstable in aqueous suspensions, with the initial ζP values in UP below -30 mV and the particle size varying from 148 to 235 nm and 153 to 173 nm for SiNC and SiNC-DCOIT, respectively. In UP, aggregation occurs over time, regardless of the concentration. Additionally, the formation of larger complexes was associated with modifications in the ζP values towards the threshold of stable nanoparticles. In ASW, SiNC and SiNC-DCOIT formed aggregates (<300 nm) independently of the time or concentration, while larger and heterogeneous nanostructures (>300 nm) were detected in the f/2 medium. The pattern of aggregation detected may increase engineering nanomaterial sedimentation rates and enhance the risks towards dwelling organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Ferreira
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Figueiredo
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Roberto Martins
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alesia Sushkova
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials & Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Frederico Maia
- Smallmatek-Small Materials and Technologies, Lda., Rua Canhas, 3810-075 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Tedim
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials & Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Carneiro D, Damasceno ÉP, Ferreira V, Charlie-Silva I, Tedim J, Maia F, Loureiro S, Martins R, Pavlaki MD. Zn-Al layered double hydroxides induce embryo malformations and impair locomotion behavior in Danio rerio. NANOIMPACT 2023; 30:100457. [PMID: 36828229 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are stimuli-responsive anionic nanoclays. The vast possibilities of using LDHs can lead to their existence in the ecosystem, raising a question of potential ecological concern. However, little is known about the effect of these nanomaterials on freshwater organisms. The present study aimed to assess the ecotoxicological effects of Zinc-Aluminium LDH-nitrate (ZnAl LDH-NO3) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. The endpoints measured were mortality, malformations and hatching rate after exposure of D. rerio embryos and larvae to ZnAl LDH-NO3 following the OECD 236 guideline. The behavioral, biochemical (markers of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity), and molecular (at DNA level) alterations were also assessed using sub-lethal concentrations. No observable acute effects were detected up to 415.2 mg LDH/L while the 96 h-LC50 was estimated as 559.9 mg/L. Tested LDH caused malformations in D. rerio embryos, such as pericardial edema, incomplete yolk sac absorption and tail deformities (96 h-EC50 = 172.4 mg/L). During the dark periods, the locomotor behavior in zebrafish larvae was affected upon ZnAl LDH-NO3 exposure. However, no significant biochemical and molecular changes were recorded. The present findings suggest that ZnAl LDH-NO3 can be regarded as a non-toxic nanomaterial towards D. rerio (E/LC50 > > 100 mg/L) although impairment of the locomotion behavior on zebrafish embryos can be expected at concentrations below 100 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carneiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Évila Pinheiro Damasceno
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Violeta Ferreira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Ives Charlie-Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Tedim
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Frederico Maia
- Smallmatek - Small Materials and Technologies, Lda, Aveiro 3810-075, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Roberto Martins
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Maria D Pavlaki
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
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