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Fatema-Tuj-Zohra, Swarna MA, Mobin E. Performance evaluation of facile synthesized CA-PVA-GO composite for the mitigation of Cr(Ⅲ) and C.I. acid violet 54 dye from tannery wastewater. SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT 2024; 6:100092. [PMID: 38947873 PMCID: PMC11212447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Untreated tannery wastewater contains a large amount of toxic metals, dyes, and other pollutants, which pose adverse effects on the ecosystem and public health. In this work, a calcium alginate-poly vinyl alcohol-graphene oxide (CA-PVA-GO) composite was prepared to remove metals and dyes, particularly Cr(Ⅲ) and CI acid violet 54 (AV54) dye, from tannery wastewater. FESEM, FTIR, and XRD analyses were applied to characterize the GO and CA-PVA-GO. Different operational variables, viz. pH (3.0-5.5 for Cr(III) and 2-7 for dye), dosage (0.164-2.46 g/L), contact time (10-60 min), initial concentration (39, 65, 98, and 201 ppm for Cr(III) and 21.5, 38.5, 54.5, and 61.75 ppm for dye), and temperature (298, 308, 318, and 328 K) were studied to evaluate the efficiency of the CA-PVA-GO composite. The optimum conditions for Cr(Ⅲ) and AV54 dye adsorption were found to be pH (5.0 and 3.0), dosage (0.82 g/L for both), and time (45 and 60 min), respectively, with 35.35 ± 1.43% and 84.63 ± 2.54% removal efficiency. The experimental data was analyzed through the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was observed at 173.01 and 74.68 mg/g for Cr(Ⅲ) and AV54 dye, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was fitted better (R2 = 0.981, 0.995, 0.92, and 0.995) than first-order for AV54 dye adsorption. Thermodynamic analyses revealed that the Cr(Ⅲ) and AV54 dye adsorption processes were spontaneous and exothermic. The value of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for Cr(III) adsorption was obtained at -7.433, -4.508, -2.626, and -1.311 kJ/mol, whereas it was -5.178, -4.867, -4.628, and -4.555 kJ/mol for dye. The values of ΔH and ΔS were -67.257 and -0.198 kJ/mol for Cr(III) and -10.852 and -0.019 kJ/mol for the dye removal. The regenerated CA-PVA-GO composite was reused successfully. Different physicochemical parameters, viz., concentration, pH, TDS, EC, BOD5, and COD of chrome tanning and dyeing effluents, were analyzed before and after the adsorption. The results of chromium and dye removal from tannery wastewater were 53.18% and 93.91%, revealing that the developed eco-friendly CA-PVA-GO composite could be an operative adsorbent for tannery wastewater treatment and possibly scaled up to an industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monira Akter Swarna
- Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Emamul Mobin
- Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh
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Gber TE, Louis H, Ngana OC, Amodu IO, Ekereke EE, Benjamin I, Adalikwu SA, Adeyinka A. Yttrium- and zirconium-decorated Mg 12O 12-X (X = Y, Zr) nanoclusters as sensors for diazomethane (CH 2N 2) gas. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25391-25407. [PMID: 37636506 PMCID: PMC10448449 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02939e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diazomethane (CH2N2) presents a notable hazard as a respiratory irritant, resulting in various adverse effects upon exposure. Consequently, there has been increasing concern in the field of environmental research to develop a sensor material that exhibits heightened sensitivity and conductivity for the detection and adsorption of this gas. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the geometric structure of three systems: CH2N2@MgO (C1), CH2N2@YMgO (CY1), and CH2N2@ZrMgO (CZ1), in addition to pristine MgO nanocages. The investigation involves a theoretical analysis employing the DFT/ωB97XD method at the GenECP/6-311++G(d,p)/SDD level of theory. Notably, the examination of bond lengths within the MgO cage yielded specific values, including Mg15-O4 (1.896 Å), Mg19-O4 (1.952 Å), and Mg23-O4 (1.952 Å), thereby offering valuable insights into the structural properties and interactions with CH2N2 gas. Intriguingly, after the interaction, bond length variations were observed, with CH2N2@MgO exhibiting shorter bonds and CH2N2@YMgO showcasing longer bonds. Meanwhile, CH2N2@ZrMgO displayed shorter bonds, except for a longer bond in Mg19-O4, suggesting increased stability due to shorter bond distances. The study further investigated the electronic properties, revealing changes in the energy gap that influenced electrical conductivity and sensitivity. The energy gap increased for Zr@MgO, CH2N2@MgO, CH2N2@YMgO, and CH2N2@ZrMgO, indicating weak interactions on the MgO surface. Conversely, Y@MgO showed a decrease in energy, suggesting a strong interaction. The pure MgO surface exhibited the ability to donate and accept electrons, resulting in an energy gap of 4.799 eV. Surfaces decorated with yttrium and zirconium exhibited decreased energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), as well as decreased energy gap, indicating increased conductivity and sensitivity. Notably, Zr@MgO had the highest energy gap before CH2N2 adsorption, but C1 exhibited a significantly higher energy gap after adsorption, implying increased conductivity and sensitivity. The study also examined the density of states, demonstrating significant variations in the electronic properties of MgO and its decorated surfaces due to CH2N2 adsorption. Moreover, various analysis techniques were employed, including natural bond orbital (NBO), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), and noncovalent interaction (NCI) analysis, which provided insights into bonding, charge density, and intermolecular interactions. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the sensing mechanisms of CH2N2 gas on nanocage surfaces, shedding light on adsorption energy, conductivity, and recovery time. These results hold significance for gas-sensing applications and provide a basis for further exploration and development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terkumbur E Gber
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education Kelambakkam-603103 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Obinna C Ngana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University of Wukari Wukari Taraba State Nigeria
| | - Ismail O Amodu
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Ernest E Ekereke
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Innocent Benjamin
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Stephen A Adalikwu
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Adedapo Adeyinka
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg South Africa
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Obayomi KS, Lau SY, Danquah MK, Zhang J, Chiong T, Takeo M, Jeevanandam J. Novel Concepts for Graphene-Based Nanomaterials Synthesis for Phenol Removal from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4379. [PMID: 37374562 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the global population has increased significantly, resulting in elevated levels of pollution in waterways. Organic pollutants are a major source of water pollution in various parts of the world, with phenolic compounds being the most common hazardous pollutant. These compounds are released from industrial effluents, such as palm oil milling effluent (POME), and cause several environmental issues. Adsorption is known to be an efficient method for mitigating water contaminants, with the ability to eliminate phenolic contaminants even at low concentrations. Carbon-based materials have been reported to be effective composite adsorbents for phenol removal due to their excellent surface features and impressive sorption capability. However, the development of novel sorbents with higher specific sorption capabilities and faster contaminant removal rates is necessary. Graphene possesses exceptionally attractive chemical, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties, including higher chemical stability, thermal conductivity, current density, optical transmittance, and surface area. The unique features of graphene and its derivatives have gained significant attention in the application of sorbents for water decontamination. Recently, the emergence of graphene-based adsorbents with large surface areas and active surfaces has been proposed as a potential alternative to conventional sorbents. The aim of this article is to discuss novel synthesis approaches for producing graphene-based nanomaterials for the adsorptive uptake of organic pollutants from water, with a special focus on phenols associated with POME. Furthermore, this article explores adsorptive properties, experimental parameters for nanomaterial synthesis, isotherms and kinetic models, mechanisms of nanomaterial formation, and the ability of graphene-based materials as adsorbents of specific contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Shola Obayomi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, CDT 250, Miri 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Sie Yon Lau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, CDT 250, Miri 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Tung Chiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, CDT 250, Miri 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Masahiro Takeo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji 671-2280, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
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Farhan A, Zahid M, Tahir N, Mansha A, Yaseen M, Mustafa G, Alamir MA, Alarifi IM, Shahid I. Investigation of boron-doped graphene oxide anchored with copper sulphide flowers as visible light active photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9497. [PMID: 37308524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-biodegradable nature of waste emitted from the agriculture and industrial sector contaminates freshwater reserves. Fabrication of highly effective and low-cost heterogeneous photocatalysts is crucial for sustainable wastewater treatment. The present research study aims to construct a novel photocatalyst using a facile ultrasonication-assisted hydrothermal method. Metal sulphides and doped carbon support materials work well to fabricate hybrid sunlight active systems that efficiently harness green energy and are eco-friendly. Boron-doped graphene oxide-supported copper sulphide nanocomposite was synthesized hydrothermally and was assessed for sunlight-assisted photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. BGO/CuS was characterized through various techniques such as SEM-EDS, XRD, XPS, FTIR, BET, PL, and UV-Vis DRS spectroscopy. The bandgap of BGO-CuS was found to be 2.51 eV as evaluated through the tauc plot method. The enhanced dye degradation was obtained at optimum conditions of pH = 8, catalyst concentration (20 mg/100 mL for BGO-CuS), oxidant dose (10 mM for BGO-CuS), and optimum time of irradiation was 60 min. The novel boron-doped nanocomposite effectively degraded methylene blue up to 95% under sunlight. Holes and hydroxyl radicals were the key reactive species. Response surface methodology was used to analyze the interaction among several interacting parameters to remove dye methylene blue effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Farhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Noor Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Asim Mansha
- Department of Chemistry, G. C. University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yaseen
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed A Alamir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M Alarifi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Riyadh, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Shahid
- Environmental Science Centre (ESC), Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Costa IGF, Ribeiro SRFL, Nascimento LL, Patrocinio AOT, Cardoso VL, Batista FRX, Reis MHM. Well-dispersed titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles on external and internal surfaces of asymmetric alumina hollow fibers for enhanced chromium (VI) photoreductions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:62508-62521. [PMID: 36944834 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogenous photocatalysis is a suitable alternative for wastewater treatment. The supporting of the solid catalyst in a porous material is suggested to facilitate catalyst recovery and reuse. Here we propose for the first time the evaluation of supporting silver (Ag)-decorated titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalysts on internal and external surfaces of alumina hollow fibers with asymmetric pore size distribution. The produced catalysts were considered for Cr(VI) photoreductions. The ultrasound-assisted process potentialized the distribution of Ag nanoparticles on the TiO2 surface. The loading of Ag nanoparticles at concentrations greater than 5 wt% was necessary to improve the TiO2 activity for Cr(VI) photoreduction. The loading of Ag nanoparticles at 30 wt% improved the Cr(VI) photoreduction of the single TiO2 catalyst from 40.49 ± 0.98 to 55.00 ± 0.83% after 180 min of reaction. Suspended and supported Ag-decorated TiO2 catalysts achieved total Cr(VI) photoreduction after 21 h of reaction. The adjusted reaction rate constant with the externally supported Ag-TiO2 catalyst was 3.57 × 10-3 ± 0.18 × 10-3 min-1. Similar reaction rate constants were achieved with suspended and internally supported catalysts (approximately 2.70 × 10-3 min-1). After 10 sequential reuses, all catalysts presented similar Cr(VI) photoreductions of approximately 66%. Nevertheless, the use of the externally supported catalyst is suggested for Cr(VI) photoreductions due to its superior catalyst activity at least in the first reuse cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor G F Costa
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Stella R F L Ribeiro
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Lucas L Nascimento
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science (LAFOT-CM), Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Antonio Otavio T Patrocinio
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science (LAFOT-CM), Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Vicelma L Cardoso
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Fabiana R X Batista
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Miria H M Reis
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Santa Mônica, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.
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Hu SZ, Deng YF, Li L, Zhang N, Huang T, Lei YZ, Wang Y. Biomimetic Polylactic Acid Electrospun Fibers Grafted with Polyethyleneimine for Highly Efficient Methyl Orange and Cr(VI) Removal. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3770-3783. [PMID: 36856335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of industrialization has resulted in the release of large quantities of pollutants into the environment, especially dyes and heavy metals, which are environmentally hazardous for humans and animals. It is considered as the most promising and environmentally friendly route to develop green materials by using the green modification method, which has no negative impact on the environment. In this work, the green material of polylactic acid (PLA) was used as the substrate material, and a novel modification method of polydopamine (PDA)-assisted polyethyleneimine (PEI) grafting was developed. The electrospun PLA fibers are mainly composed of stereocomplex crystallites, which were achieved via the electrospinning of poly(l-lactic acid) and poly(d-lactic acid). The water-soluble PEI was grafted onto the PDA-modified PLA fibers through the glutaraldehyde-assisted cross-linking reaction. The prepared composite fibers can be degraded, which is environmentally friendly and meets the requirements of sustainable development. The potential application of such PLA composite fibers in wastewater treatment was intensively evaluated. The results show that at appropriate fabrication conditions (PDA concentration of 3 g·L-1 and a PEI molecular weight of 70,000 g·mol-1), the composite fibers exhibit the maximum adsorption capacities of 612 and 398.41 mg·g-1 for methyl orange (MO) and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], respectively. Simultaneously, about 64.79% of Cr(VI) adsorbed on the composite fibers was reduced to Cr(III). The above results show that the PLA composite fibers have a good development prospect in the field of wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Zhong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yu-Fan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yan-Zhou Lei
- Analytical and Testing Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Gber TE, Louis H, Owen AE, Etinwa BE, Benjamin I, Asogwa FC, Orosun MM, Eno EA. Heteroatoms (Si, B, N, and P) doped 2D monolayer MoS 2 for NH 3 gas detection. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25992-26010. [PMID: 36199611 PMCID: PMC9468912 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2D transition metal dichalcogenide MoS2 monolayer quantum dots (MoS2-QD) and their doped boron (B@MoS2-QD), nitrogen (N@MoS2-QD), phosphorus (P@MoS2-QD), and silicon (Si@MoS2-QD) surfaces have been theoretically investigated using density functional theory (DFT) computation to understand their mechanistic sensing ability, such as conductivity, selectivity, and sensitivity toward NH3 gas. The results from electronic properties showed that P@MoS2-QD had the lowest energy gap, which indicated an increase in electrical conductivity and better adsorption behavior. By carrying out comparative adsorption studies using m062-X, ωB97XD, B3LYP, and PBE0 methods at the 6-311G++(d,p) level of theory, the most negative values were observed from ωB97XD for the P@MoS2-QD surface, signifying the preferred chemisorption surface for NH3 detection. The mechanistic studies provided in this study also indicate that the P@MoS2-QD dopant is a promising sensing material for monitoring ammonia gas in the real world. We hope this research work will provide informative knowledge for experimental researchers to realize the potential of MoS2 dopants, specifically the P@MoS2-QD surface, as a promising candidate for sensors to detect gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terkumbur E Gber
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Akwa-Ibom State University Uyo Nigeria
| | - Aniekan E Owen
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Akwa-Ibom State University Uyo Nigeria
| | - Benjamin E Etinwa
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Innocent Benjamin
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | - Fredrick C Asogwa
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
| | | | - Ededet A Eno
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria
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