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Molé RA, Velosa AC, Carey GR, Liu X, Li G, Fan D, Danko A, Lowry GV. Groundwater solutes influence the adsorption of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) to colloidal activated carbon and impact performance for in situ groundwater remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134746. [PMID: 38850952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Subsurface injection of colloidal activated carbon (CAC) is an in situ remediation strategy for perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA), but the influence of groundwater solutes on longevity is uncertain, particularly for short-chain PFAA. We quantify the impact of inorganic anions, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and stabilizing polymer on PFAA adsorption to a commercial CAC. Surface characterization supported PFAA chain-length dependent adsorption results and mechanisms are provided. Inorganic anions decreased adsorption for short-chain PFAA (<7 perfluorinated carbons) due to competitive effects, while long-chain PFAA (≥ 7 perfluorinated carbons) were less impacted. DOM decreased adsorption of all PFAA in a chain-length dependent manner. High DOM concentrations (10 mg/L, ∼5 mg OC/L) decreased PFOA adsorption by a factor of 2, PFPeA by one order of magnitude, and completely hindered PFBA adsorption. High MW DOM has less impact on short-chain PFAA than low MW DOM, possibly due to differences in the ability to access CAC micropores. Low DOM concentrations (1 mg/L, ∼0.5 mg OC/L) did not impact adsorption. CMC (90 kDa average MW) had negligible impact on PFAA adsorption likely due to minimal CAC surface coverage. Longevity modeling demonstrated that groundwater solutes limit the capacity for PFAA in a CAC barrier, particularly for short-chain PFAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Molé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Adriana C Velosa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Grant R Carey
- Porewater Solutions, 2958 Barlow Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario K0A 1T0, Canada
| | - Xitong Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Guangbin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Dimin Fan
- Geosyntec Consultants, 65 North Raymond Ave. Suite 200, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
| | - Anthony Danko
- Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command, Engineering and Expeditionary Warfare Center, Port Hueneme, CA, 93043, USA
| | - Gregory V Lowry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Shen N, Tang J, Chen J, Sheng C, Han T, He X, Liu C, Han C, Li X. Occurrence and prevalence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the sediment pore water of mariculture sites: Novel findings of PFASs from the Bohai and Yellow Seas using a newly established analytical method. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134256. [PMID: 38640673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
A new method for the determination of 26 legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in marine sediment pore water was developed using online solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed method requires only about 1 mL of pore water samples. Satisfactory recoveries of most target PFASs (83.55-125.30 %) were achieved, with good precision (RSD of 1.09-16.53 %), linearity (R2 ≥ 0.990), and sensitivity (MDLs: 0.05 ng/L-5.00 ng/L for most PFASs). Subsequently, the method was applied to determine PFASs in the sediment pore water of five mariculture bays in the Bohai and Yellow Seas of China for the first time. Fifteen PFASs were detected with total concentrations ranging from 150.23 ng/L to 1838.48 ng/L (mean = 636.80 ng/L). The ∑PFASs and PFOA concentrations in sediment pore water were remarkably higher than those in surface seawater (tens of ng/L), indicating that the potential toxic effect of PFASs on benthic organisms may be underestimated. PFPeA was mainly distributed in pore water, and the partition of PFHpA (50.99 %) and PFOA (49.01 %) was almost equal in the solid and liquid phases. The proportions of all other PFASs partitioned in marine sediments were significantly higher than those in pore water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shen
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiale Tang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Cancan Sheng
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Tongzhu Han
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiuping He
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Chenguang Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Offshore Eco-Environment Conservation, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chao Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Hamid N, Junaid M, Sultan M, Yoganandham ST, Chuan OM. The untold story of PFAS alternatives: Insights into the occurrence, ecotoxicological impacts, and removal strategies in the aquatic environment. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121044. [PMID: 38154338 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Due to increasing regulations on the production and consumption of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the global use of PFAS substitutes increased tremendously, posing serious environmental risks owing to their bioaccumulation, toxicity, and lack of removal strategies. This review summarized the spatial distribution of alternative PFAS and their ecological risks in global freshwater and marine ecosystems. Further, toxicological effects of novel PFAS in various freshwater and marine species were highlighted. Moreover, degradation mechanisms for alternative PFAS removal from aquatic environments were compared and discussed. The spatial distribution showed that 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 CI-PFAES, also known as F-53B) was the most dominant emerging PFAS found in freshwater. Additionally, the highest levels of PFBS and PFBA were observed in marine waters (West Pacific Ocean). Moreover, short-chain PFAS exhibited higher concentrations than long-chain congeners. The ecological risk quotients (RQs) for phytoplankton were relatively higher >1 than invertebrates, indicating a higher risk for freshwater phytoplankton species. Similarly, in marine water, the majority of PFAS substitutes exhibited negligible risk for invertebrates and fish, and posed elevated risks for phytoplanktons. Reviewed studies showed that alternative PFAS undergo bioaccumulation and cause deleterious effects such as oxidative stress, hepatoxicity, neurotoxicity, histopathological alterations, behavioral and growth abnormalities, reproductive toxicity and metabolism defects in freshwater and marine species. Regarding PFAS treatment methods, photodegradation, photocatalysis, and adsorption showed promising degradation approaches with efficiencies as high as 90%. Finally, research gaps and future perspectives for alternative PFAS toxicological implications and their removal were offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Hamid
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Marriya Sultan
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Suman Thodhal Yoganandham
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Ong Meng Chuan
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
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Niarchos G, Georgii L, Ahrens L, Kleja DB, Fagerlund F. A systematic study of the competitive sorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on colloidal activated carbon. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115408. [PMID: 37666203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of environmental media contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is crucial to mitigate mounting health risks associated with exposure. Colloidal activated carbon (CAC) has shown promise in treating contaminated soils, but understanding the interaction among PFAS during sorption is necessary for optimal remediation. This study investigated the extent to which PFAS of varying chain lengths and functional groups compete for sorption to CAC. Batch tests were conducted with natural soil and spiked water, using CAC at 0.2% w/w to remove seven PFAS with individual starting concentrations up to 0.05 mmol L-1. PFAS sorption to CAC was evaluated in three systems: a composite mixture of all studied compounds, a binary-solute system, and a single-solute system. The sorption experiments exhibited strong PFAS affinity to CAC, with removal rates between 41% and 100%, and solid/liquid partition coefficients (Kd) between 10 and 104 L kg-1. Differences were noticed among the various spiking mixtures, based on perfluorocarbon chain length, functional group, and the starting PFAS concentrations. Competition effects were detected when PFAS were in a multi-solute system, with an average 10% drop in removal, which can evidently become more relevant at higher concentrations, due to the observed non-linearity of the sorption process. The PFAS most vulnerable to competition effects in multi-solute systems were the short-chain perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), with an up to 25% reduction in removal. In bi-solute systems, perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) dominated over its ionisable counterparts, i.e. perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), indicating the importance of hydrophobic effects or layer formation in the sorption process. These results underscore the importance of considering competition in PFAS sorption processes when designing and implementing remediation techniques for PFAS-contaminated media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Niarchos
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 256, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Linnea Georgii
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 256, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Berggren Kleja
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7090, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fritjof Fagerlund
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 256, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
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Bierbaum T, Klaas N, Braun J, Nürenberg G, Lange FT, Haslauer C. Immobilization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Comparison of leaching behavior by three different leaching tests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162588. [PMID: 36871732 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of PFAS immobilization performance in laboratory experiments, especially the long-term stability, is a challenge. To contribute to the development of adequate experimental procedures, the impact of experimental conditions on the leaching behavior was studied. Three experiments on different scales were compared: batch, saturated column, and variably saturated laboratory lysimeter experiments. The Infinite Sink (IS) test - a batch test with repeated sampling - was applied for PFAS for the first time. Soil from an agricultural field amended with paper-fiber biosolids polluted with various perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs; 655 μg/kg ∑18PFAAs) and polyfluorinated precursors (1.4 mg/kg ∑18precursors) was used as the primary material (N-1). Two types of PFAS immobilization agents were tested: treatment with activated carbon-based additives (soil mixtures: R-1 and R-2), and solidification with cement and bentonite (R-3). In all experiments, a chain-length dependent immobilization efficacy is observed. In R-3, the leaching of short-chain PFAAs was enhanced relative to N-1. In column and lysimeter experiments with R-1 and R-2, delayed breakthrough of short-chain PFAAs (C4) occurred (> 90 days; in column experiments at liquid-to-solid ratio (LS) > 30 L/kg) with similar temporal leaching rates suggesting that leaching in these cases was a kinetically controlled process. Observed differences between column and lysimeter experiments may be attributed to varying saturation conditions. In IS experiments, PFAS desorption from N-1, R-1, and R-2 is higher than in the column experiments (N-1: +44 %; R-1: +280 %; R-2: +162 %), desorption of short-chain PFAS occurred predominantly in the initial phase (< 14 days). Our findings demonstrate that sufficient operating times are essential in percolation experiments, e.g., in column experiments >100 days and LS > 30 L/kg. IS experiments may provide a faster estimate for nonpermanent immobilization. The comparison of experimental data from various experiments is beneficial to evaluate PFAS immobilization and to interpret leaching characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bierbaum
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems (IWS), Research Facility for Subsurface Remediation (VEGAS), Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70597 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Norbert Klaas
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems (IWS), Research Facility for Subsurface Remediation (VEGAS), Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70597 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Braun
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems (IWS), Research Facility for Subsurface Remediation (VEGAS), Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70597 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gudrun Nürenberg
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Thomas Lange
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claus Haslauer
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems (IWS), Research Facility for Subsurface Remediation (VEGAS), Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70597 Stuttgart, Germany
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