Perspectives of ozone induced neuropathology and memory decline in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of preclinical evidences

Neurodegenerative pathways and metabolic changes in the hippocampus and cortex of mice exposed to urban particulate matter: Insights from an integrated interactome analysis

Recently, urban particulate matter (UPM) exposure has been associated with the development of brain disorders. This study uses bioinformatic analyses to elucidate the molecular unexplored mechanisms underlying the effects of UPM exposure on the brain. Mice are exposed to UPM (from 3 days to 20 weeks), and their behavioral patterns measured. We measure pathology and gene expression in the hippocampus and cortical regions of the brain. An integrated interactome of genes is established, which enriches information on metabolic processes. Using this network, we isolate the core genes that are differentially expressed in the samples. We observe cognitive loss and pathological changes in the brains of mice at 16 or 20 weeks of exposure. Through network analysis of core-differential genes and measurement of pathway activity, we identify differences in the response to UPM exposure between the hippocampus and cortex. However, neurodegenerative disease pathways are implicated in both tissues following short-term exposure to UPM. There were also significant changes in metabolic function in both tissues depending on UPM exposure time. Additionally, the cortex of UPM-exposed mice shows more similarities with psychiatric disorders than with neurodegenerative diseases. The connectivity map database is used to isolate genes contributing to changes in expression due to UPM exposure. New approaches for inhibiting or preventing the brain damage caused by UPM exposure can be developed by targeting the functions and selected genes identified in this study.

Environmental Toxins and Alzheimer's Disease: a Comprehensive Analysis of Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Modulation

Alzheimer's disease is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Inorganic and organic hazards, susceptibility to harmful metals, pesticides, agrochemicals, and air pollution are major environmental concerns. As merely 5% of AD cases are directly inherited indicating that these environmental factors play a major role in disease development. Long-term exposure to environmental toxins is believed to progress neuropathology, which leads to the development of AD. Numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies have suggested the harmful impact of environmental toxins at cellular and molecular level. Common mechanisms involved in the toxicity of these environmental pollutants include oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal tau, and APP processing. Increased expression of GSK-3β, BACE-1, TNF-α, and pro-apoptotic molecules like caspases is observed upon exposure to these environmental toxins. In addition, the expression of neurotrophins like BDNF and GAP-43 have been found to be reduced as a result of toxicity. Further, modulation of signaling pathways involving PARP-1, PGC-1α, and MAPK/ERK induced by toxins have been reported to contribute in AD pathogenesis. These pathways are a promising target for developing novel AD therapeutics. Drugs like epigallocatechin-gallate, neflamapimod, salsalate, dexmedetomidine, and atabecestat are in different phases of clinical trials targeting the pathways for possible treatment of AD. This review aims to culminate the correlation between environmental toxicants and AD development. We emphasized upon the signaling pathways involved in the progression of the disease and the therapeutics under clinical trial targeting the altered pathways for possible treatment of AD.

Cyanidin improves spatial memory and cognition in bisphenol A-induced rat model of Alzheimer's-like neuropathology by restoring canonical Wnt signaling

INTRODUCTION

Research has unveiled the neurotoxicity of Bisphenol A (BPA) linked to neuropathological traits of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through varied mechanisms. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective properties of cyanidin, an anthocyanin, in an in vivo model of BPA-induced Alzheimer's-like neuropathology.

METHODS

Three-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: vehicle control, negative control (BPA exposure), low-dose cyanidin treatment (BPA + cyanidin 5 mg/kg), and high-dose cyanidin treatment (BPA + cyanidin 10 mg/kg). Spatial memory was assessed through behavioral tests, including the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze. After behavioral tests, animals were euthanized, and brain regions were examined for acetylcholinesterase inhibition, p-tau, Wnt3, GSK3β, and β-catenin levels, antioxidant activities, and histopathological changes.

RESULTS

BPA-exposed groups displayed memory impairments, while cyanidin-treated groups showed significant memory improvement (p < 0.0001). Cyanidin down regulated p-tau and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and restored Wnt3 and β-catenin levels (p < 0.0001). Moreover, cyanidin exhibited antioxidant properties, elevating catalase and superoxide dismutase levels. The intervention significantly reduced the concentrations of acetylcholinesterase in the cortex and hippocampus in comparison to the groups treated with BPA (p < 0.0001). Significant gender-based disparities were not observed.

CONCLUSION

Cyanidin demonstrated potent neuroprotection against BPA-induced Alzheimer's-like neuropathology by enhancing antioxidant defenses, modulating tau phosphorylation by restoring the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and ameliorating spatial memory deficits. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of cyanidin in countering neurotoxicity linked to BPA exposure.

Unleashing light's healing power: an overview of photobiomodulation for Alzheimer's treatment

Aim: Photobiomodulation involves the use of low-level light therapy or near-infrared light therapy found to be useful in the treatment of a wide range of neurological diseases. Objective: The aim is to review the mechanism and clinical applications of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in managing Alzheimer's disease. Methods: To ensure that the consensus statement accurately reflects both the experts' viewpoint and the most recent developments in the field, the expert opinions were recorded and thoroughly reviewed. Results: PBMT elicits reduction of beta-amyloid plaque, restoration of mitochondrial function, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with a stimulation in ATP synthesis. Conclusion: The PBMT could be helpful in patients non-responsive to traditional pharmacological therapy providing significant aid in the management of Alzheimer's disease when introduced into the medical field.

A role of NLRP3 and MMP9 in migraine progression: a systematic review of translational study

Background

Migraines affect one billion individuals globally, with a higher occurrence among young adults and women. A significant survey in the United States indicated that 17.1% of women and 5.6% of men suffer from migraines. This study seeks to investigate the potential connection between NLRP3 and MMP9 in migraine pathology.

Methods

The research involved searching databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Proquest, with the search concluding on March 31, 2024. Following PRISMA guidelines, PICO data were collected, focusing exclusively on animal models induced by Nitroglycerine (10 mg/kg), while excluding clinical studies.

Results

The study, originally registered in Prospero Reg. No. CRD42022355893, conducted bias analysis using SYRCLE's RoB tool and evaluated author consensus using GraphPad v9.5.1. Out of 7,359 search results, 22 papers met the inclusion criteria. Inter-rater reliability among reviewers was assessed using Cohen's kappa statistics.

Conclusion

This review summarizes 22 preclinical studies on Nitroglycerin (NTG), NLRP3, MMP9, and related biomarkers in migraine. They reveal that NTG, especially at 10 mg/kg, consistently induces migraine-like symptoms in rodents by activating NLRP3 inflammasome and stimulating proinflammatory molecule production.

Systematic Review Registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, CRD42022355893.

Navigating neurological disorders: harnessing the power of natural compounds for innovative therapeutic breakthroughs

Novel treatments are needed as neurological issues become more frequent worldwide. According to the report, plants, oceans, microorganisms, and animals contain interesting drug discovery compounds. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and stroke reviews emphasize neurological disorders' complexity and natural substances' safety. Learn about marine-derived and herbal substances' neuroprotective characteristics and applications. Molecular pathways show these substances' neurological healing effects. This article discusses clinical usage of Bryostatin-1, Fucoidan, Icariin, Salvianolic acid, Curcumin, Resveratrol, etc. Their potential benefits for asthma and Alzheimer's disease are complex. Although limited, the study promotes rigorous scientific research and collaboration between traditional and alternative medical practitioners. Unexplored natural compounds, quality control, well-structured clinical trials, and interdisciplinary collaboration should guide future study. Developing and employing natural chemicals to treat neurological illnesses requires ethical sourcing, sustainability, and public awareness. This detailed analysis covers natural chemicals' current state, challenges, and opportunities in neurological disorder treatment. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).

Cyanidin Ameliorates Bisphenol A-Induced Alzheimer's Disease Pathology by Restoring Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Cascade: an In Vitro Study

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing memory loss and cognitive decline, linked to amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau protein accumulation in the brain. Environmental pollutant bisphenol A (BPA) has been implicated in AD pathology due to its neurotoxic effects. This study aims to evaluate cyanidin from flower bracts of Musa acuminata Colla (red variety; AAA group) for its neuroprotective properties against BPA-induced AD pathology. The extraction of cyanidin was optimized using 70% ethanol in acidified water, showing promising anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. Cyanidin was effectively purified from the resultant extract and characterized using spectroscopic techniques. Two gradient doses of cyanidin (90 and 10 µg/ml) were determined based on cell viability assay. The role of cyanidin in promoting nerve growth and differentiation was assessed in PC12 cells for up to 72 h. A discernible and statistically significant difference was assessed in neurite extension at both doses at 72 h, followed by pre-treatment with cyanidin. BPA stimulation significantly increased the p-tau expression compared to the control (p < 0.0001). Pre-treatment with cyanidin reduced the tau expression; however, a significant difference was observed compared to control cells (p = 0.0003). Cyanidin significantly enhanced the mRNA expression of Wnt3a (p < 0.0001), β-catenin (p = 0.0004), and NeuroD1 (p = 0.0289), and decreased the expression of WIF1(p = 0.0040) and DKK1 (p < 0.0001), which are Wnt antagonist when compared to cells stimulated with BPA. Conclusively, our finding suggests that cyanidin could agonize nerve growth factor and promote neuronal differentiation, reduce tau-hyperphosphorylation by restoring the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade, and thereby render its neuroprotective potential against BPA-induced AD pathology.

Elossaily G, Vellapandian C, Prajapati B. Investigating the Potential Impact of Air Pollution on Alzheimer's Disease and the Utility of Multidimensional Imaging for Early Detection

Pollution is ubiquitous, and much of it is anthropogenic in nature, which is a severe risk factor not only for respiratory infections or asthma sufferers but also for Alzheimer's disease, which has received a lot of attention recently. This Review aims to investigate the primary environmental risk factors and their profound impact on Alzheimer's disease. It underscores the pivotal role of multidimensional imaging in early disease identification and prevention. Conducting a comprehensive review, we delved into a plethora of literature sources available through esteemed databases, including Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane, and PubMed. Our search strategy incorporated keywords such as "Alzheimer Disease", "Alzheimer's", "Dementia", "Oxidative Stress", and "Phytotherapy" in conjunction with "Criteria Pollutants", "Imaging", "Pathology", and "Particulate Matter". Alzheimer's disease is not only a result of complex biological factors but is exacerbated by the infiltration of airborne particles and gases that surreptitiously breach the nasal defenses to traverse the brain, akin to a Trojan horse. Various imaging modalities and noninvasive techniques have been harnessed to identify disease progression in its incipient stages. However, each imaging approach possesses inherent limitations, prompting exploration of a unified technique under a single umbrella. Multidimensional imaging stands as the linchpin for detecting and forestalling the relentless march of Alzheimer's disease. Given the intricate etiology of the condition, identifying a prospective candidate for Alzheimer's disease may take decades, rendering the development of a multimodal imaging technique an imperative. This research underscores the pressing need to recognize the chronic ramifications of invisible particulate matter and to advance our understanding of the insidious environmental factors that contribute to Alzheimer's disease.

Restoring Impaired Neurogenesis and Alleviating Oxidative Stress by Cyanidin against Bisphenol A-induced Neurotoxicity: In Vivo and In Vitro Evidence

BACKGROUND

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a known neurotoxic compound with potentially harmful effects on the nervous system. Cyanidin (CYN) has shown promise as a neuroprotective agent.

OBJECTIVE

The current study aims to determine the efficacy of CYN against BPA-induced neuropathology.

METHODS

In vitro experiments utilized PC12 cells were pre-treated with gradient doses of CYN and further stimulated with 10ng/ml of BPA. DPPH radical scavenging activity, catalase activity, total ROS activity, and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity were done. In vivo assessments employed doublecortin immunohistochemistry of the brain in BPA-exposed Sprague-Dawley rats. Further, In silico molecular docking of CYN with all proteins involved in canonical Wnt signaling was performed using the Autodock v4.2 tool and BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer.

RESULTS

IC50 values of CYN and ascorbic acid were determined using dose-response curves, and it was found to be 24.68 ± 0.563 μg/ml and 20.69 ± 1.591μg/ml, respectively. BPA-stimulated cells pre-treated with CYN showed comparable catalase activity with cells pre-treated with ascorbic acid (p = 0.0287). The reactive species production by CYN-treated cells was significantly decreased compared to BPA-stimulated cells (p <0.0001). Moreover, CYN significantly inhibited nitric oxide production compared to BPA stimulated and the control cells (p < 0.0001). In vivo CYN positively affected immature neuron quantity, correlating with dosage. During molecular docking analysis, CYN exhibited a binding affinity > -7 Kcal/mol with all the key proteins associated with the Wnt/β- catenin signaling cascade.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, our finding suggests that CYN exhibited promise in counteracting BPAinduced oxidative stress, improving compromised neurogenesis in hippocampal and cortical regions, and displaying notable interactions with Wnt signaling proteins. Thereby, CYN could render its neuroprotective potential against BPA-induced neuropathology.

Alzheimer's disease: the role of extrinsic factors in its development, an investigation of the environmental enigma

In the realm of Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent form of dementia, the impact of environmental factors has ignited intense curiosity due to its substantial burden on global health. Recent investigations have unveiled these environmental factors as key contributors, shedding new light on their profound influence. Notably, emerging evidence highlights the detrimental role of various environmental contaminants in the incidence and progression of Alzheimer's disease. These contaminants encompass a broad spectrum, including air pollutants laden with ozone, neurotoxic metals like lead, aluminum, manganese, and cadmium, pesticides with their insidious effects, and the ubiquitous presence of plastics and microplastics. By meticulously delving into the intricate web connecting environmental pollutants and this devastating neurological disorder, this comprehensive chapter takes a deep dive into their involvement as significant risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, it explores the underlying molecular mechanisms through which these contaminants exert their influence, aiming to unravel the complex interactions that drive the pathogenesis of the disease. Additionally, this chapter proposes potential strategies to mitigate the detrimental effects of these environmental contaminants on brain health, with the ultimate goal of restoring and preserving typical cognitive function. Through this comprehensive exploration, we aim to enhance our understanding of the multifaceted relationship between neurotoxins and Alzheimer's disease, providing a solid foundation for developing innovative in-vivo models and advancing our knowledge of the intricate pathological processes underlying this debilitating condition.

Ozone-induced neurotoxicity: In vitro and in vivo evidence

Together with cities in higher-income nations, it is anticipated that the real global ozone is rising in densely populated areas of Asia and Africa. This review aims to discuss the possible neurotoxic pollutants and ozone-induced neurotoxicity: in vitro and in vivo, along with possible biomarkers to assess ozone-related oxidative stress. As a methodical and scientific strategy for hazard identification and risk characterization of human chemical exposures, toxicological risk assessment is increasingly being implemented. While traditional methods are followed by in vitro toxicology, cell culture techniques are being investigated in modern toxicology. In both human and rodent models, aging makes the olfactory circuitry vulnerable to spreading immunological responses from the periphery to the brain because it lacks the blood-brain barrier. The ozone toxicity is elusive as it shows ventral and dorsal root injury cases even in the milder dose. Its potential toxicity should be disclosed to understand further the clear mechanism insights of how it acts in cellular aspects. Human epidemiological research has confirmed the conclusions that prenatal and postnatal exposure to high levels of air pollution are linked to behavioral alterations in offspring. O3 also enhances blood circulation. It has antibacterial action, which may have an impact on the gut microbiota. It also activates immunological, anti-inflammatory, proteasome, and growth factor signaling Prolonged O3 exposure causes oxidative damage to plasma proteins and lipids and damages the structural and functional integrity of the mitochondria. Finally, various studies need to be conducted to identify the potential biomarkers associated with ozone and the brain.

Sleep matters: Neurodegeneration spectrum heterogeneity, combustion and friction ultrafine particles, industrial nanoparticle pollution, and sleep disorders-Denial is not an option

Sustained exposures to ubiquitous outdoor/indoor fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), including combustion and friction ultrafine PM (UFPM) and industrial nanoparticles (NPs) starting in utero, are linked to early pediatric and young adulthood aberrant neural protein accumulation, including hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), beta-amyloid (Aβ_{1 - 42}), α-synuclein (α syn) and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), hallmarks of Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). UFPM from anthropogenic and natural sources and NPs enter the brain through the nasal/olfactory pathway, lung, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, skin, and placental barriers. On a global scale, the most important sources of outdoor UFPM are motor traffic emissions. This study focuses on the neuropathology heterogeneity and overlap of AD, PD, FTLD, and ALS in older adults, their similarities with the neuropathology of young, highly exposed urbanites, and their strong link with sleep disorders. Critical information includes how this UFPM and NPs cross all biological barriers, interact with brain soluble proteins and key organelles, and result in the oxidative, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondrial stress, neuroinflammation, DNA damage, protein aggregation and misfolding, and faulty complex protein quality control. The brain toxicity of UFPM and NPs makes them powerful candidates for early development and progression of fatal common neurodegenerative diseases, all having sleep disturbances. A detailed residential history, proximity to high-traffic roads, occupational histories, exposures to high-emission sources (i.e., factories, burning pits, forest fires, and airports), indoor PM sources (tobacco, wood burning in winter, cooking fumes, and microplastics in house dust), and consumption of industrial NPs, along with neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric histories, are critical. Environmental pollution is a ubiquitous, early, and cumulative risk factor for neurodegeneration and sleep disorders. Prevention of deadly neurological diseases associated with air pollution should be a public health priority.