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Zhang SN, Zhou YT, Xia J, Wang YM, Ma JW, Wang LK, Hayat K, Bai SS, Li CH, Qian MR, Lin H. Combined effects of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole on Eisenia fetida: Insights into accumulation, subcellular partitioning, biomarkers and toxicological responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173303. [PMID: 38761948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) frequently coexist in farmlands, yet their synergistic toxicological impacts on terrestrial invertebrates remain unexplored. In this study, earthworms were exposed to artificial soils percolated with Cd (5 mg/kg), SMX (5 mg/kg) or combination of them for 7 days, followed by a 12-day elimination phase in uncontaminated soil. The uptake of Cd and SMX by the earthworms, along with their subcellular distribution, was meticulously analyzed. Additionally, a suite of biomarkers-including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and weight loss-were evaluated to assess the health status of the earthworms and the toxicological effects of the Cd and SMX mixture. Notably, the cotreatment with Cd and SMX resulted in a significantly higher weight loss in Eisenia fetida (41.25 %) compared to exposure to Cd alone (26.84 %). Moreover, the cotreatment group exhibited substantially higher concentrations of Cd in the total internal body, fraction C (cytosol), and fraction E (tissue fragments and cell membranes) in Eisenia fetida compared to Cd alone counterparts. The combined exposure also significantly elevated the SMX levels in the total body and fraction C compared with the SMX-only treated earthworms. Additionally, Eisenia fetida subjected to the combined treatment showed markedly increased activities of SOD, CAT, and MDA compared to those treated with Cd alone. The effect addition indices (EAIs), ranging from 1.00 to 2.23, unequivocally demonstrated a synergistic effect of the combined treatments. Interestingly, relocating the earthworms to clean soil did not mitigate the observed adverse effects. These findings underscore the increased risk posed by the Cd-SMX complex to terrestrial invertebrates in agricultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yi-Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yu-Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Jun-Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Li-Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Kashif Hayat
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Shan-Shan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Cheng-Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Ming-Rong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Machikhin A, Guryleva A, Chakraborty A, Khokhlov D, Selyukov A, Shuman L, Bukova V, Efremova E, Rudenko E, Burlakov A. Microscopic photoplethysmography-based evaluation of cardiotoxicity in whitefish larvae induced by acute exposure to cadmium and phenol. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024:e202400111. [PMID: 39031962 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Toxic environmental pollutants pose a health risk for both humans and animals. Accumulation of industrial contaminants in freshwater fish may become a significant threat to biodiversity. Comprehensive monitoring of the impact of environmental stressors on fish functional systems is important and use of non-invasive tools that can detect the presence of these toxicants in vivo is desirable. The blood circulatory system, by virtue of its sensitivity to the external stimuli, could be an informative indicator of chemical exposure. In this study, microscopic photoplethysmography-based approach was used to investigate the cardiac activity in broad whitefish larvae (Coregonus nasus) under acute exposure to cadmium and phenol. We identified contamination-induced abnormalities in the rhythms of the ventricle and atrium. Our results allow introducing additional endpoints to evaluate the cardiac dysfunction in fish larvae and contribute to the non-invasive evaluation of the toxic effects of industrial pollutants on bioaccumulation and aquatic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Machikhin
- Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Guryleva
- Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Cancer, Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Demid Khokhlov
- Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Leonid Shuman
- Tyumen State University, Laboratory AquaBioSafe, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Valeriya Bukova
- Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alexander Burlakov
- Scientific and Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Ichthyology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Yoon Y, Cho M. Detrimental impacts and QSAR baseline toxicity assessment of Japanese medaka embryos exposed to methylparaben and its halogenated byproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171448. [PMID: 38453088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite the theoretical risk of forming halogenated methylparabens (halo-MePs) during water chlorination in the absence or presence of bromide ions, there remains a lack of in vivo toxicological assessments on vertebrate organisms for halo-MePs. This research addresses these gaps by investigating the lethal (assessed by embryo coagulation) or sub-lethal (assessed by hatching success/heartbeat rate) toxicity and teratogenicity (assessed by deformity rate) of MeP and its mono- and di-halogen derivatives (Cl- or Br-) using Japanese medaka embryos. In assessing selected apical endpoints to discern patterns in physiological or biochemical alterations, heightened toxic impacts were observed for halo-MePs compared to MeP. These include a higher incidence of embryo coagulation (4-36 fold), heartbeat rate decrement (11-36 fold), deformity rate increment (32-223 fold), hatching success decrement (11-59 fold), and an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) level (1.2-7.4 fold)/Catalase (CAT) activity (1.7-2.8 fold). Experimentally determined LC50 values are correlated and predicted using a Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) based on the speciation-corrected liposome-water distribution ratio (Dlipw, pH 7.5). The QSAR baseline toxicity aligns well with (sub)lethal toxicity and teratogenicity, as evidenced by toxic ratio (TR) analysis showing TR < 10 for MeP exposure in all cases, while significant specific or reactive toxicity was found for halo-MeP exposure, with TR > 10 observed (excepting three values). Our extensive findings contribute novel insights into the intricate interplay of embryonic toxicity during the early-life-stage of Japanese medaka, with a specific focus on highlighting the potential hazards associated with halo-MePs compared to the parent compound MeP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggun Yoon
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Gyeongsangnam-do, 52834, South Korea; Division of Biotechnology, SELS Center, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea.
| | - Min Cho
- Division of Biotechnology, SELS Center, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea.
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Guillén-Pacheco A, Ardila Y, Peñaranda PA, Bejarano M, Rivas R, Osma JF, Akle V. Low toxicity of magnetite-based modified bionanocomposites with potential application for wastewater treatment: Evaluation in a zebrafish animal model. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142081. [PMID: 38677608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the escalating concerns surrounding environmental pollution and the need for sustainable wastewater treatment solutions have underscored the significance of developing technologies that can efficiently treat wastewater while also reducing negative ecological effects. In this context, our study aims to contribute to the advancement of sustainable technologies for wastewater treatment, by investigating the effects that bare magnetite nanoparticles and those functionalized with the enzyme laccase could have in an aquatic animal, zebrafish, at various life cycle stages. Exposure to magnetite nanoparticles shows some effects on embryo hatching, survival rates, or larval behavior at higher concentrations. For both treatments, the hatching percentages were close to 80% compared to 93% for the control group. At the end of the observations in larvae, survival in all the evaluated groups was higher than 90%. Additionally, we evaluated the accumulation of nanoparticles in various stages of zebrafish. We found that, although there was accumulation during embryonic stages, it did not affect normal development or subsequent hatching. Iron levels in different organs such as gills, muscles, gastrointestinal tract, and brain were also evaluated in adults. Animals treated with a mix of food and nanoparticles at 10 μg/mL (Food group) presented a higher concentration of iron accumulation in muscle, gastrointestinal tract, and gills compared to the untreated control group. Although iron levels increased depending on the dose and exposure method applied, they were not statistically significant from the control groups. Our findings suggest that bionanocomposites evaluated here can be considered safe for removal of contaminants in wastewater without toxic effects or detrimental accumulation fish's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaimen Guillén-Pacheco
- CMUA. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia; Laboratory of Neuroscience and Circadian Rhythms. School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
| | - Yeferzon Ardila
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Circadian Rhythms. School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
| | - Paula Andrea Peñaranda
- CMUA. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
| | - Miranda Bejarano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Circadian Rhythms. School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
| | - Ricardo Rivas
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
| | - Johann F Osma
- CMUA. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
| | - Veronica Akle
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Circadian Rhythms. School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia.
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Guo Z, Wang M, Pan Y, Lu H, Pan S. Ecological assessment of stream water polluted by phosphorus chemical plant: Physiological, biochemical, and molecular effects on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118173. [PMID: 38224935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of the phosphorus chemical industry has caused serious pollution problems in the regional eco-environment. However, understanding of their ecotoxic effects remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the developmental toxicity of a stream polluted by a phosphorus chemical plant (PCP) on zebrafish embryos. For this, zebrafish embryos were exposed to stream water (0, 25, 50, and 100% v/v) for 96 h, and developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage were assessed. Stream water-treated embryos exhibited decreased hatching rates, heart rates, and body lengths, as well as increased mortality and malformation rates. The general morphology score system indicated that the swim bladder and pigmentation were the main abnormal morphological endpoints. Stream water promoted antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. It also triggered apoptosis in the embryos' heads, hearts, and spines by activating apoptotic enzymes (Caspase-3 and Caspase-9). Additionally, stream water influenced growth, oxidative stress, and apoptosis-related 19 gene expression. Notably, tyr, sod (Mn), and caspase9 were the most sensitive indicators of growth, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, respectively. The current trial concluded that PCP-polluted stream water exhibited significant developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos, which was regulated by the oxidative stress-mediated activation of endogenous apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Guo
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China.
| | - Min Wang
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China.
| | - Yuwei Pan
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Hongliang Lu
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China.
| | - Sha Pan
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China.
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Zhang T, Yuan J, Guo Y, Wang X, Li QX, Zhang J, Xie J, Miao W, Fan Y. Combined toxicity of trifloxystrobin and fluopyram to zebrafish embryos and the effect on bone development. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 268:106834. [PMID: 38281391 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Trifloxystrobin (TRI) is a methacrylate fungicide, and fluopyram (FLU) is a new pyridylethylbenzamide fungicide and nematicide. Both are often detected in water bodies and may be highly toxic to many aquatic organisms. Unfortunately, the aquatic biological risks of single FLU or a mixture of trifloxystrobin and fluopyram have not been reported. In this study, zebrafish was selected as the test organism to investigate the combined toxicity of trifloxystrobin and fluopyram to zebrafish. After zebrafish embryos exposed to three pesticide solutions, Alcian-blue staining, Alizarin-red staining and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were performed. The results indicated that 96h-LC50 of TRI was 0.159 mg·L-1 to zebrafish embryo, which was highly toxic. The 96h-LC50 of FLU to zebrafish embryos was 4.375 mg·L-1, being moderately toxic. The joint toxicity to zebrafish embryos(FLU at 96h-LC50 and TRI at 96h-LC50 in a 1:1 weight ratio to form a series of concentration treatment groups) was antagonistic. Both trifloxystrobin and fluopyram also inhibited the skeletal development of zebrafish and showed to be antagonistic. The results of qPCR indicated upregulations of different genes upon three different treatments. TRI mainly induced Smads up-expression, which may affect the BMP-smads pathway. FLU mainly induced an up-expression of extracellular BMP ligands and type I receptor (Bmpr-1a), which may affect the BMP ligand receptor pathway. The 1:1 mixture (weight ratio) of trifloxystrobin and fluopyram induced a reduction of the genes of extracellular BMP ligand (Smads) and type I receptor (Bmpr1ba), which may down-regulate BMP signaling and thus attenuating cartilage hyperproliferation, hypertrophy and mineralization. The results warren an interest in further studying the effect of the two fungicides in a mixture on zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuzhao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yongmei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China, Haikou 570228, China.
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Lu H, Fu Z, Tong Y, Xiang S, Sun Y, Wu F. Combined pollution characteristics and ecological risks of multi-pollutants in Poyang Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123116. [PMID: 38072022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, faced severe ecological degradation in the past decade. Combined pollution of multi-pollutants may be one of the contributing factors. However, the characteristics of combined pollution and the ecological risks are still not clear. In this study, we used Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS), In Situ Bioassay Passive Sampling Device (ISBPSD) and conventional sampling methods, to study the toxic pollutants levels and the combined biological toxicity effects. The results showed that high levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, averaged 162 ng/g) and polycyclic musk (PCM, averaged 53.6 ng/g) residues, as well as some metals such as nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) concentrations exceeded the relevant standard level in the sediment. The risk of combined pollution in the water was relatively low, but high risk was found in the sediments. According to the ISBPSD studies, the survival rates of species in the water and sediments were only 10.0-45.0% and 1.67-11.7% respectively, which was much lower than that reported in other typical basins of China. OCPs, PCMs, and certain metals such as Pb and Ni may be the key toxic pollutants causing biological toxicity effects in Poyang Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhiyou Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yujun Tong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Shuo Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yuwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Hema T, Poopal RK, Ramesh M, Ren Z, Li B. Developmental toxicity of the emerging contaminant cyclophosphamide and the integrated biomarker response (IBRv2) in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1391-1406. [PMID: 37539704 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The safety of cyclophosphamide (CP) in the early developmental stages is not studied yet; it is important to study the responses at these stages because they might have relevance to CP-administered humans. We studied the developmental toxicity of CP by analysing physiological, morphological, and oxidative stress, neurotransmission enzymes, gene expression and histological endpoints in zebrafish embryos/larvae. The study lasted for 120 hpf at environmentally relevant concentrations of CP. No visible alterations were noticed in the control group. Delayed hatching, slow heart rate, yolk sac oedema, pericardial oedema, morphological deformities, the incompetence of oxidative stress biomarkers, excessive generation of ROS, apoptosis, inhibition of neurotransmitters and histopathological anomalies were observed in CP-treated groups. These alterations were found to be concentration- and duration-dependent effects for physiological and morphological endpoints, whereas concentration-dependent effects were antioxidants, ROS, apoptosis and histological endpoints. Biomarkers and gene expression were standardised using the integrated biomarker response-IBRv2 index. The IBRv2 index showed a concentration-dependent behaviour. A non-lethal developmental and teratogenic effect was observed in CP-treated zebrafish embryos/larvae at the studied concentrations. The studied biomarkers are sensitive, and the responses are interrelated; thus, their responses are useful to assess veiled and unseen hazards of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilselvan Hema
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Rama-Krishnan Poopal
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, People's Republic of China.
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, People's Republic of China.
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Zongming Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, People's Republic of China.
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Passos LS, Jacinavicius FR, Geraldes V, Nunes de Freitas PN, Helena da Silva G, Costa de Almeida É, Priscila do Carmo Alves A, Orlando TM, da Silva Cerozi B, Teodoro Martinez DS, Pinto E. Ecotoxicological assessment of guanitoxin-producing cyanobacteria in Danio rerio and Daphnia similis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138846. [PMID: 37146772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activity has dramatically deteriorated aquatic ecosystems in recent years. Such environmental alterations could change the primary producers' composition, exacerbating the proliferation of harmful microorganisms such as cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria can produce several secondary metabolites, including guanitoxin, a potent neurotoxin and the only naturally occurring anticholinesterase organophosphate ever reported in the literature. Therefore, this study investigated the acute toxicity of guanitoxin-producing cyanobacteria Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae (ITEP-024 strain) aqueous and 50% methanolic extracts in zebrafish (Danio rerio) hepatocytes (ZF-L cell line), zebrafish embryos (fish embryo toxicity - FET) and specimens of the microcrustacean Daphnia similis. For this, hepatocytes were exposed to 1-500 mg/L of the ITEP-024 extracts for 24 h, the embryos to 31.25-500 mg/L for 96 h, and D. similis to 10-3000 mg/L for 48 h. Non-target metabolomics was also performed to analyze secondary metabolites produced by the ITEP-024 using LC-MS/MS. Metabolomics indicated the guanitoxin presence just in the aqueous extract of the ITEP-024 and the presence of the cyanopeptides namalides, spumigins, and anabaenopeptins in the methanolic extract. The aqueous extract decreased the viability of zebrafish hepatocytes (EC(I)50(24h) = 366.46 mg/L), and the methanolic extract was not toxic. FET showed that the aqueous extract (LC50(96) = 353.55 mg/L) was more toxic than the methanolic extract (LC50(96) = 617.91 mg/L). However, the methanolic extract had more sublethal effects, such as abdominal and cardiac (cardiotoxicity) edema and deformation (spinal curvature of the larvae). Both extracts immobilized daphnids at the highest concentration analyzed. However, the aqueous extract was nine times more lethal (EC(I)50(48h) = 108.2 mg/L) than the methanolic extract (EC(I)50(48h) = 980.65 mg/L). Our results showed an imminent biological risk for aquatic fauna living in an ecosystem surrounded by ITEP-024 metabolites. Our findings thus highlight the urgency of understanding the effects of guanitoxin and cyanopeptides in aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Souza Passos
- Laboratory of Environmental Biogeochemistry, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxins and Natural Algae Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rios Jacinavicius
- Laboratory of Toxins and Natural Algae Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Geraldes
- Laboratory of Environmental Biogeochemistry, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxins and Natural Algae Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paloma Nathane Nunes de Freitas
- Laboratory of Environmental Biogeochemistry, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Helena da Silva
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Éryka Costa de Almeida
- Laboratory of Toxins and Natural Algae Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tamira Maria Orlando
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Brunno da Silva Cerozi
- Department of Animal Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Ernani Pinto
- Laboratory of Environmental Biogeochemistry, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxins and Natural Algae Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC - CEPID), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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