Significant land cover change in China during 2001-2019: Implications for direct and indirect effects on surface ozone concentration

Unraveling the enigma of NPP variation in Chinese vegetation ecosystems: The interplay of climate change and land use change

Global carbon emissions have exacerbated the greenhouse effect, exerting a profound impact on ecosystems worldwide. Gaining an understanding of the fluctuations in vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) is pivotal in the assessment of environmental quality, estimation of carbon source/sink potential, and facilitation of ecological restoration. Employing MODIS and meteorological data, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of NPP evolution in Chinese vegetation ecosystems (VESs), employing Theil-Sen median trend analysis and the Mann-Kendall test. Furthermore, utilizing scenario-based analysis, we quantitatively determined the respective contributions of climate change and land use change to NPP variations across various scales. The overall NPP exhibited a discernible upward trend from 2000 to 2020, with a growth rate of 5.83 gC·m-2·year-1. Forestland ecosystem (FES) displayed the highest rate of increase (9.40 gC·m-2·year-1), followed by cropland ecosystem (CES) (4.00 gC·m-2·year-1) and grassland ecosystem (GES) (3.40 gC·m-2·year-1). Geographically, NPP exhibited a spatial pattern characterized by elevated values in the southeast and diminished values in the northwest. In addition, climate change had elevated 76.39 % of CES NPP, 90.62 % of FES NPP, and 71.78 % of GES NPP. At the national level, climate change accounted for 83.14 % of the NPP changes, while land use change contributed 14.14 %. Notably, climate change emerged as the primary driving force behind NPP variations across all VEGs, with land use change exerting the most pronounced influence on CES. At the grid scale (2 km × 2 km), land use change played a substantial role in all VEGs, contributing 60.01 % in CES, 54.20 % in FES, and 55.61 % in GES of the NPP variations.