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Madsen AM, Thomassen MR, Frederiksen MW, Hollund BE, Nordhammer ABO, Smedbold HT, Bang B. Airborne bacterial and fungal species in workstations of salmon processing plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175471. [PMID: 39137839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Significant quantities of salmon are processed daily in the industry's indoor facilities. Occupational exposure contributes to an individual's exposome. The aim of this study is to obtain knowledge about potential exposure to viable airborne species of bacteria and fungi as related to workstations in the salmon processing industry. The study was conducted in nine salmon plants along the Norwegian coast over one or two days with a one-year interval. The MAS100 was used for sampling and MALDI-TOF MS for species identification. The geometric mean concentrations of bacteria and fungi were 200 CFU/m3 and 50 CFU/m3, respectively, with the highest concentrations of bacteria found in slaughtering areas and fungi in trimming of fillets. In total 125 gram-negative and 90 gram-positive bacterial and 32 different fungal species were identified. Some genera were represented by several species e.g. Chryseobacterium (15 species), Flavobacterium (13 species), Microbacterium (12 species), Pseudomonas (37 species), and Psychrobacter (13 species). Risk class 2 (RC2, human pathogens) were found in all types of workstations and plants. Seventeen bacterial species belong to RC2, some were fish pathogens, food spoilage bacteria, or species causing foodborne disease. Among fungi, Aspergillus nidulans was frequently detected across different workstations and plants. In conclusion, bacterial and fungal concentrations were low. Fish and sea-related bacteria were found along the salmon processing line. Bacterial concentrations and species compositions differ between workstations. No particular bacterial or fungal species constituted a large fraction of all airborne species. Based on the presence of human pathogens, using protective gloves is important for the workers. The presence of human and fish pathogens and food spoilage bacteria reveals air as a transmission route for bacteria, potentially affecting workers, consumers, fish, and hygiene of processing equipment. To limit the spread of these bacteria an interdisciplinary cooperation with a One Health perspective may be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mette Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Marte Renate Thomassen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Margit W Frederiksen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Bjørg Eli Hollund
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna B O Nordhammer
- Department of Occupational Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans T Smedbold
- Department of Occupational Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Bang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Davis CM, Gupta RS, Aktas ON, Diaz V, Kamath SD, Lopata AL. Clinical Management of Seafood Allergy. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 8:37-44. [PMID: 31950908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Seafood plays an important role in human nutrition and health. A good patient workup and sensitive diagnostic analysis of IgE antibody reactivity can distinguish between a true seafood allergy and other adverse reactions generated by toxins or parasites contaminating ingested seafood. The 2 most important seafood groupings include the fish and shellfish. Shellfish, in the context of seafood consumption, constitutes a diverse group of species subdivided into crustaceans and mollusks. The prevalence of shellfish allergy seems to be higher than that of fish allergy, with an estimate of up to 3% in the adult population and fin fish allergy prevalence of approximately 1%. Clinical evaluation of the seafood-allergic patient involves obtaining a detailed history and obtaining in vivo and/or in vitro testing with careful interpretation of results with consideration of cross-reactivity features of the major allergens. Oral food challenge is useful not only for the diagnosis but also for avoiding unnecessary dietary restrictions. In this review, we highlight some of the recent reports to provide solid clinical and laboratory tools for the differentiation of fish allergy from shellfish allergy, enabling best treatment and management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Davis
- Texas Children's Hospital Food Allergy Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.
| | - Ruchi S Gupta
- Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Ozge N Aktas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Veronica Diaz
- Texas Children's Hospital Food Allergy Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sandip D Kamath
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas L Lopata
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Dahlman-Höglund A, Andersson E. Work-related Symptoms and Asthma among Fish Processing Workers. J Agromedicine 2020; 27:98-105. [PMID: 33091328 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2020.1834481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
After observing several clinical patients with respiratory symptoms, we initiated a questionnaire survey to assess prevalence of and predictors for asthma and work-related symptoms among workers in fish processing plants. A questionnaire with items on work conditions, work-related symptoms, and respiratory symptoms/diseases was sent to 916 fish processing workers, the 1836 licenced fishermen in Sweden, and 1965 controls; of those, 43%, 57%, and 53%, respectively, responded. Risks, hazard ratios (HRs), and prevalence ratios (PRs) were calculated with Cox regression, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. The risk of asthma among fish filleting workers was increased during the years working in the fish processing industry when compared to the other fish processing workers and controls (HR 3.6, 95% CI 1.6-8.1, adjusted for atopy, gender, and ever smoking). The filleters had an increased PR for most of the work-related respiratory symptoms investigated. All fish processing workers had a higher PR for flu-like symptoms. Use of a pressure sprayer was identified as a risk for asthma and respiratory symptoms among both fish processing workers and controls. Filleters had changed work tasks because of respiratory symptoms more often (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.02) than other fish processing workers. In conclusion the fish filleters and pressure sprayer users reported more adult asthma and cough with phlegm compared to the other fish processing workers and controls. The use of pressure sprayers must be reduced and machinery should be completely encased to reduce workers' exposure to bioaerosols and its effects on the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dahlman-Höglund
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Andersson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Petnak T, Moua T. Exposure assessment in hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a comprehensive review and proposed screening questionnaire. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6:00230-2020. [PMID: 33015147 PMCID: PMC7520171 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00230-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an immune-mediated inflammatory lung disease characterised by the inhalation of environmental antigens leading to acute and chronic lung injury. Along with suggestive clinical and radiological findings, history and timing of suspected antigen exposure are important elements for diagnostic confidence. Unfortunately, many diagnoses remain tentative and based on vague and imprecise environmental or material exposure histories. To date, there has not been a comprehensive report highlighting the frequency and type of environmental exposure that might lead to or support a more systematic approach to antigen identification. We performed a comprehensive literature review to identify and classify causative antigens and their associated environmental contexts or source materials, with emphasis on the extent of the supportive literature for each exposure type. Eligible publications were those that reported unique inciting antigens and their respective environments or contexts. A clinical questionnaire was then proposed based on this review to better support diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis when antigen testing or other clinical and radiological variables are inconclusive or incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tananchai Petnak
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teng Moua
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Liebers V, Brüning T, Raulf M. Occupational endotoxin exposure and health effects. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3629-3644. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Jantzen da Silva Lucas A, Menegon de Oliveira L, da Rocha M, Prentice C. Edible insects: An alternative of nutritional, functional and bioactive compounds. Food Chem 2020; 311:126022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Greenberger PA. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: A fibrosing alveolitis produced by inhalation of diverse antigens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1295-1301. [PMID: 30448501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a TH1 lymphocyte-biased fibrosing alveolitis caused by antigens ranging from avian excreta, fungi, thermophilic bacteria, and protozoa to reactive chemicals found in the workplace. Mimicking a viral syndrome, acute exposures to inciting antigens cause abrupt onset of nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and chills with arthralgias or malaise usually from 4 to 8 hours later so that the temporal relationship between antigen exposure and symptoms might be unsuspected. The histology of HP reveals prominent lymphocyte infiltrates that thicken the alveolar septa with poorly formed granulomas or giant cells. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid demonstrates greater than 20% lymphocytes in nearly all patients. Abnormalities on high-resolution computed tomographic examinations range from nodular centrilobular opacities in acute/subacute disease to increased reticular markings and honeycombing fibrosis, which typically are predominant in the upper lobes, in patients with advanced disease. Descriptors include "mosaic" attenuation and ground-glass opacities. Repeated episodes can result in nodular pulmonary infiltrates and suspected nonspecific interstitial pneumonia or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clinicians require a high level of suspicion to make an early diagnosis of HP before extensive pulmonary fibrosis or restrictive lung disease has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Greenberger
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
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