Efficient fungal and bacterial facilitated remediation of thiencarbazone methyl in the environment

Review on Performance of Aspergillus and Penicillium Species in Biodegradation of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticides

The use of pesticides in agricultural practices raises concerns considering the toxic effects they generate in the environment; thus, their sustainable application in crop production remains a challenge. One of the frequently addressed issues regarding their application includes the development of a sustainable and ecofriendly approach for their degradation. Since the filamentous fungi can bioremediate various xenobiotics owing to their efficient and versatile enzymatic machinery, this review has addressed their performance in the biodegradation of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides. It is focused particularly on fungal strains belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, since both are ubiquitous in the environment, and often abundant in soils contaminated with xenobiotics. Most of the recent reviews on microbial biodegradation of pesticides focus primarily on bacteria, and the soil filamentous fungi are mentioned only marginally there. Therefore, in this review, we have attempted to demonstrate and highlight the exceptional potential of aspergilli and penicillia in degrading the organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides (e.g., endosulfan, lindane, chlorpyrifos, and methyl parathion). These biologically active xenobiotics have been degraded by fungi into various metabolites efficaciously, or these are completely mineralized within a few days. Since they have demonstrated high rates of degradation activity, as well as high tolerance to pesticides, most of the Aspergillus and Penicillium species strains listed in this review are excellent candidates for the remediation of pesticide-contaminated soils.

Contributions of Beneficial Microorganisms in Soil Remediation and Quality Improvement of Medicinal Plants

Medicinal plants (MPs) are important resources widely used in the treatment and prevention of diseases and have attracted much attention owing to their significant antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other activities. However, soil degradation, caused by continuous cropping, excessive chemical fertilizers and pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination, seriously restricts the growth and quality formation of MPs. Microorganisms, as the major biota in soil, play a critical role in the restoration of the land ecosystem. Rhizosphere microecology directly or indirectly affects the growth and development, metabolic regulation and active ingredient accumulation of MPs. Microbial resources, with the advantages of economic efficiency, harmless to environment and non-toxic to organisms, have been recommended as a promising alternative to conventional fertilizers and pesticides. The introduction of beneficial microbes promotes the adaptability of MPs to adversity stress by enhancing soil fertility, inhibiting pathogens and inducing systemic resistance. On the other hand, it can improve the medicinal quality by removing soil pollutants, reducing the absorption and accumulation of harmful substances and regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The ecological and economic benefits of the soil microbiome in agricultural practices are increasingly recognized, but the current understanding of the interaction between soil conditions, root exudates and microbial communities and the mechanism of rhizosphere microecology affecting the secondary metabolism of MPs is still quite limited. More research is needed to investigate the effects of the microbiome on the growth and quality of different medicinal species. Therefore, the present review summarizes the main soil issues in medicinal plant cultivation, the functions of microbes in soil remediation and plant growth promotion and the potential mechanism to further guide the use of microbial resources to promote the ecological cultivation and sustainable development of MPs.

Fungal and bacterial assisted bioremediation of environmental toxicant (N-[2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] ethyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide) holding benzamidic genesis elucidating the eco-friendly strategy

Fluopyram (FLP) containing benzamidic genesis utilized for seed detoxification and as a foliar application is associated with low profound toxicity in mammals but long-term toxicology investigations have revealed that FLP can stimulate tumor growth. FLP attenuation has been the first time scrutinized employing microorganisms originally identified from soils. Biodegrative assays of four fungal strains; Aspergillus fumigatus (AFu), Aspergillus terreus (AT), Aspergillus flavus (AF), Aspergillus niger (AN), and three bacterial strains: Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) Streptococcus pyogenes (SPy), and Escherichia coli (EC), were employed. Ten milligrams per liter FLP concentration was made employing separately microbe and analyzed for 35 days. The analytical technique was inclusive of ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography procedure endeavored to test FLP biodegradation. SP and AT exhibited maximal potentiality to metabolize FLP. HPLC is indicative of several metabolites formations. FLP degradation by AFu, EC, SPy, AN, AF, AT, SP was observed to be 24.2%, 82.7%, 89.8%, 90.7%, 91.3%, 95.4%, and 99.3%, explicating the efficacy of all strains employed in FLP degradation. Current investigations are indicative of significant bioremediation strategies for xenobiotic mitigation. Furthermore, the current examinations are inclusive of the augmentation of biodegradative assays to be utilized on a large scale for efficient environmental management cost-effectively and sustainably.

A Path Forward: Promoting Microbial-Based Methods in the Control of Invasive Plant Species

In this review, we discuss the unrealized potential of incorporating plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions into invasive plant management strategies. While the development of this as a viable strategy is in its infancy, we argue that incorporation of microbial components into management plans should be a priority and has great potential for diversifying sustainable control options. We advocate for increased research into microbial-mediated phytochemical production, microbial controls to reduce the competitiveness of invasive plants, microbial-mediated increases of herbicidal tolerance of native plants, and to facilitate increased pathogenicity of plant pathogens of invasive plants.