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Tian X, Tan H, Xie J, Xia Z, Liu Y. Design and simulation of a cross-regional collaborative recycling system for secondary resources: A case of lead-acid batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119181. [PMID: 37879172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
In emerging economies, a significant amount of secondary resources are recycled by the informal sector, which can seriously harm the environment. However, some previous studies of industry management policy design ignored geographical factors. This paper introduces Geographic Information Systems into an agent-based cross-regional recycling model, and employs lead-acid batteries as an example. The model quantitatively displays the evolution of recycling markets in 31 provinces in Mainland China. Results show that: (1) High subsidies can significantly increase the number of formal enterprises in the short term, but their effectiveness decreases when the proportion of government funds in subsidies is above 80% in the long run; (2) The number of illegal recycling enterprises increases by 294% in eight inland provinces (e.g., Ningxia, Xinjiang) when all funds are invested in supervision, but this number is quite small in subsidy policy scenarios; (3) In four eastern regions, including Beijing and Tianjin, the number of illegal recycling enterprises decreases by 84% if supervision is more favored than subsidy; (4) In the optimal case where spatiotemporal factors are considered in all 31 regions, illegal recycling enterprises and waste lead emissions can be reduced by 95.59% and 45.85% nationwide. Our proposed recycling model offers a detailed simulation of multiple regions and diverse stakeholders, and serves as a useful reference for targeted recovery policies. Governments in inland regions like Ningxia and Xinjiang should implement subsidy policies, while supervision policies should be implemented in developed regions like Beijing and Tianjin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tian
- Research Center for Central China Economic and Social Development, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; Jiangxi Ecological Civilization Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Hongbin Tan
- School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
| | - Jinliang Xie
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Ziqian Xia
- School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yaobin Liu
- Research Center for Central China Economic and Social Development, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China.
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Redmon JH, Kondash AJ, Norman E, Johnson J, Levine K, McWilliams A, Napier M, Weber F, Stella L, Wood E, Jackson CLP, Mulhern R. Lead Levels in Tap Water at Licensed North Carolina Child Care Facilities, 2020-2021. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:S695-S705. [PMID: 36179303 PMCID: PMC9528649 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.307003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To evaluate lead levels in tap water at licensed North Carolina child care facilities. Methods. Between July 2020 and October 2021, we enrolled 4005 facilities in a grant-funded, participatory science testing program. We identified risk factors associated with elevated first-draw lead levels using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results. By sample (n = 22 943), 3% of tap water sources exceeded the 10 parts per billion (ppb) North Carolina hazard level, whereas 25% of tap water sources exceeded 1 ppb, the American Academy of Pediatrics' reference level. By facility, at least 1 tap water source exceeded 1 ppb and 10 ppb at 56% and 12% of facilities, respectively. Well water reliance was the largest risk factor, followed by participation in Head Start programs and building age. We observed large variability between tap water sources within the same facility. Conclusions. Tap water in child care facilities is a potential lead exposure source for children. Given variability among tap water sources, it is imperative to test every source used for drinking and cooking so appropriate action can be taken to protect children's health. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S7):S695-S705. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - A J Kondash
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Ed Norman
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Joseph Johnson
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Keith Levine
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Andrea McWilliams
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Melanie Napier
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Frank Weber
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Laurie Stella
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Erica Wood
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Crystal Lee Pow Jackson
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
| | - Riley Mulhern
- Jennifer Hoponick Redmon, A. J. Kondash, Joseph Johnson, Keith Levine, Andrea McWilliams, Frank Weber, Laurie Stella, Erica Wood, Crystal Lee Pow Jackson, and Riley Mulhern are with RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC. Ed Norman and Melanie Napier are with the Environmental Health Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh
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