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Yang S, Hou LJ, Dong HP, Zhang JW, Gao DZ, Li XF, Zheng YL, Liang X, Liu M. Natural chalcopyrite mitigates nitrous oxide emissions in sediment from coastal wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168766. [PMID: 38008310 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Coastal wetlands are one of the most important natural sources of nitrous oxide (N2O). Previous studies have shown that copper-containing chemicals are able to reduce N2O emissions from these ecosystems. However, these chemicals may harm organisms present in coastal waters and sediment, and disturb the ecological balance of these areas. Here, we first investigated the physiological characteristics and genetic potential of denitrifying bacteria isolated from coastal wetlands. Based on an isolated denitrifier carrying a complete denitrification pathway, we tested the effect of the natural mineral chalcopyrite on N2O production by the bacteria. The results demonstrated that chalcopyrite addition lowers N2O emissions from the bacteria while increasing its N2 production rate. Among the four denitrification genes of the isolate, only nosZ gene expression was significantly upregulated following the addition of 2 mg L-1 chalcopyrite. Furthermore, chalcopyrite was applied to coastal wetland sediments. The N2O flux was significantly reduced in 50-100 mg L-1 chalcopyrite-amended sets relative to the controls. Notably, the dissolved Cu concentration in chalcopyrite-amended sediment remained within the limit set by the National Sewage Treatment Discharge Standard. qPCR and metagenomic analysis revealed that the abundance of N2O-reducing bacteria with the nosZ or nirK + nosZ genotype increased significantly in the chalcopyrite-amended groups relative to the controls, suggesting their active involvement in the reduction of N2O emissions. Our findings offer valuable insights for the use of natural chalcopyrite in large-scale field applications to reduce N2O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Li-Jun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Hong-Po Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jia-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Deng-Zhou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Gong JC, Li BH, Hu JW, Li PF, Liu Q, Yang GP, Liu CY. Driving force of tidal pulses on denitrifiers-dominated nitrogen oxide emissions from intertidal wetland sediments. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120770. [PMID: 37897991 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal wetland sediments are an important source of atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NOx), but their contribution to the global NOx budget remains unclear. In this work, we conducted year-round and diurnal observations in the intertidal wetland of Jiaozhou Bay to explore their regional source-sink patterns and influence factors on NOx emissions (initially in the form of nitric oxide) and used a dynamic soil reactor to further extend the mechanisms underlying the tidal pulse of nitric oxide (NO) observed in our investigations. The annual fluxes of NOx in the vegetated wetland were significantly higher than those in the wetland without vegetation. Their annual variations could be attributed to changes in temperature and the amount of organic carbon in the sediment, which was derived from vegetated plants and promoted the carbon-nitrogen cycle. Anaerobic denitrifiers had advantages in the intertidal wetland sediment and accounted for the major NO production (63.8 %) but were still limited by nitrite and nitrate concentrations in the sediment. Moreover, the tidal pulse was likely a primary driver of NOx emissions from intertidal wetlands over short periods, which was not considered in previous investigations. The annual NO exchange flux considering the tide pulse contribution (8.93 ± 1.72 × 10-2 kg N ha-1 yr-1) was significantly higher than that of the non-pulse period (4.14 ± 1.13 × 10-2 kg N ha-1 yr-1) in our modeling result for the fluxes over the last decade. Therefore, the current measurement of NOx fluxes underestimated the actual gas emission without considering the tidal pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Chen Gong
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bing-Han Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jing-Wen Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Chun-Ying Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Ho L, Barthel M, Panique-Casso D, Vermeulen K, Bruneel S, Liu X, Bodé S, Six J, Boeckx P, Goethals P. Impact of salinity gradient, water pollution and land use types on greenhouse gas emissions from an urbanized estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122500. [PMID: 37669700 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries have been recognized as one of the major sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in aquatic systems; yet we still lack insights into the impact of both anthropogenic and natural factors on the dynamics of GHG emissions. Here, we assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics and underlying drivers of the GHG emissions from the Scheldt Estuary with a focus on the effects of salinity gradient, water pollution, and land use types, together with their interaction. Overall, we found a negative impact of salinity on carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions which can be due to the decrease of both salinity and water quality when moving upstream. Stronger impact of water pollution on the GHG emissions was found at the freshwater sites upstream compared to saline sites downstream. In particular, when water quality of the sites reduced from good, mainly located in the mouth and surrounded by arable sites, to polluted, mainly located in the upstream and surrounded by urban sites, CO2 emissions from the sites doubled while N2O emissions tripled. Similarly, the effects of water pollution on methane (CH4) emissions became much stronger in the freshwater sites compared to the saline sites. These decreasing effects from upstream to the mouth were associated with the increase in urbanization as sites surrounded by urban areas released on average almost two times more CO2 and N2O than sites surrounded by nature and industry areas. Applied machine learning methods also revealed that, in addition to salinity effects, nutrient and organic enrichment stimulated the GHG emissions from the Scheldt Estuary. These findings highlight the importance of the interaction between salinity, water pollution, and land use in order to understand their influences on GHG emissions from dynamic estuarine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ho
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Matti Barthel
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diego Panique-Casso
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kaat Vermeulen
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Bruneel
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Xingzhen Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Samuel Bodé
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Six
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Goethals
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Xiang H, Hong Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Ye F, Ye J, Lu J, Long A. Denitrification contributes to N 2O emission in paddy soils. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1218207. [PMID: 37396352 PMCID: PMC10313071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1218207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Denitrification is vital to nitrogen removal and N2O release in ecosystems; in this regard, paddy soils exhibit strong denitrifying ability. However, the underlying mechanism of N2O emission from denitrification in paddy soils is yet to be elucidated. In this study, the potential N2O emission rate, enzymatic activity for N2O production and reduction, gene abundance, and community composition during denitrification were investigated using the 15N isotope tracer technique combined with slurry incubation, enzymatic activity detection, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and metagenomic sequencing. Results of incubation experiments showed that the average potential N2O emission rates were 0.51 ± 0.20 μmol⋅N⋅kg-1⋅h-1, which constituted 2.16 ± 0.85% of the denitrification end-products. The enzymatic activity for N2O production was 2.77-8.94 times than that for N2O reduction, indicating an imbalance between N2O production and reduction. The gene abundance ratio of nir to nosZ from qPCR results further supported the imbalance. Results of metagenomic analysis showed that, although Proteobacteria was the common phylum for denitrification genes, other dominant community compositions varied for different denitrification genes. Gammaproteobacteria and other phyla containing the norB gene without nosZ genes, including Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Desulfobacterota, Cyanobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Myxococcus, may contribute to N2O emission from paddy soils. Our results suggest that denitrification is highly modular, with different microbial communities collaborating to complete the denitrification process, thus resulting in an emission estimation of 13.67 ± 5.44 g N2O⋅m-2⋅yr-1 in surface paddy soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography (LTO), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiapeng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Ye
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Long
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography (LTO), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Xiang H, Hong Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Ye F, Hu Z, Qu Z, Long A. NosZ-II-type N 2O-reducing bacteria play dominant roles in determining the release potential of N 2O from sediments in the Pearl River Estuary, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121732. [PMID: 37116571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The microbial reduction of N2O serves as a "gatekeeper" for N2O emissions, determining the flux of N2O release into the atmosphere. Estuaries are active regions for N2O emissions, but the microbial functions of N2O-reducing bacteria in estuarine ecosystems are not well understood. In this study, the 15N isotope tracer method, qPCR, and high-throughput sequencing were used to analyze N2O production, reduction, and emission processes in surface sediments of the Pearl River Estuary. The 15N isotope tracer experiment showed that the N2O production rates declined and the N2O reduction potential (Rr, the ratio of N2O reduction rates to N2O production rates) increased from upstream to downstream of the Pearl River Estuary, leading to a corresponding decrease of the N2O emission rates from upstream to downstream. The gene abundance ratio of nosZ/nir gradually increased from upstream to downstream and was negatively correlated with the water N2O saturation. The gene abundance of nosZ II was significantly higher than that of nosZ I in the estuary, and the nosZ II/nosZ I abundance ratio was positively correlated with N2O reduction potential. Furthermore, the community composition of NosZ-I- and NosZ-II-type N2O-reducing bacteria shifted from upstream to downstream. NosZ-II-type N2O-reducing bacteria, especially Myxococcales, Thiotrichales, and Gemmatimonadetes species, contributed to the high N2O reduction potential in the downstream. Our results suggest that NosZ-II-type N2O-reducing bacteria play a dominant role in determining the release potential of N2O from sediments in the Pearl River Estuary. This study provides a new insight into the function of microbial N2O reduction in estuarine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 10006, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography (LTO), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 10006, PR China.
| | - Jiapeng Wu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 10006, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 10006, PR China
| | - Fei Ye
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 10006, PR China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 10006, PR China
| | - Zhiming Qu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 10006, PR China
| | - Aimin Long
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography (LTO), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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Lin Y, Hu HW, Deng M, Yang P, Ye G. Microorganisms carrying nosZ I and nosZ II share similar ecological niches in a subtropical coastal wetland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:162008. [PMID: 36739025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) reducers are the only known sink for N2O and pivotal contributors to N2O mitigation in terrestrial and water ecosystems. However, the niche preference of nosZ I and nosZ II carrying microorganisms, two divergent clades of N2O reducers in coastal wetlands, is not yet well documented. In this study, we investigated the abundance, community structure and co-occurrence network of nosZ I and nosZ II carrying microorganisms and their driving factors at three depths in a subtropical coastal wetland with five plant species and a bare tidal flat. The taxonomic identities differed between nosZ I and nosZ II carrying microorganisms, with nosZ I sequences affiliated with Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria while nosZ II sequences with Gemmatimonadetes, Verrucomicrobia, Gammaproteobacteria, and Chloroflexi. The abundances of nosZ I and nosZ II decreased with increasing soil depths, and were positively associated with salinity, total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN). Random forest analysis showed that salinity was the strongest predictor for the abundances of nosZ I and nosZ II. Salinity, TC and TN were the major driving forces for the community structure of nosZ I and nosZ II carrying microorganisms. Moreover, co-occurrence analysis showed that 92.2 % of the links between nosZ I and nosZ II were positive, indicating that nosZ I and nosZ II carrying microorganisms likely shared similar ecological niches. Taken together, we provided new evidence that nosZ I and nosZ II carrying microorganisms shared similar ecological niches in a subtropical estuarine wetland, and identified salinity, TC and TN serving as the most important environmental driving forces. This study advances our understanding of the environmental adaptation and niche preference of nosZ I and nosZ II carrying microorganisms in coastal wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Hang-Wei Hu
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Milin Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Ping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Guiping Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Liang X, Wang B, Gao D, Han P, Zheng Y, Yin G, Dong H, Tang Y, Hou L. Nitrification Regulates the Spatiotemporal Variability of N 2O Emissions in a Eutrophic Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17430-17442. [PMID: 36347244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from lakes exhibit significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, and quantitative identification of the different N2O production processes is greatly limited, causing the role of nitrification to be undervalued or ignored in models of a lake's N2O emissions. Here, the contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O production were quantitatively assessed in the eutrophic Lake Taihu using molecular biology and isotope mapping techniques. The N2O fluxes ranged from -41.48 to 28.84 μmol m-2 d-1 in the lake, with lower N2O concentrations being observed in spring and summer and significantly higher N2O emissions being observed in autumn and winter. The 15N site preference and relevant isotopic evidence demonstrated that denitrification contributed approximately 90% of the lake's gross N2O production during summer and autumn, 27-83% of which was simultaneously eliminated via N2O reduction. Surprisingly, nitrification seemed to act as a key process promoting N2O production and contributing to the lake as a source of N2O emissions. A combination of N2O isotopocule-based approaches and molecular techniques can be used to determine the precise characteristics of microbial N2O production and consumption in eutrophic lakes. The results of this study provide a basis for accurately assessing N2O emissions from lakes at the regional and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoli Wang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengzhou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, People's Republic of China
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, People's Republic of China
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, People's Republic of China
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongpo Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Tang
- Engineering Research Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai200241, People's Republic of China
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