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Liang H, Wang H, Wang A, Cheng R, Jing S, Chen F, Kannan P, Balkourani G, Tsiakaras P. Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production over S-scheme In 2S 3/molten salt modified C 3N 5 heterojunction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 669:506-517. [PMID: 38723539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic phase carbon nitride (g-C3N5), as a novel n-type metal-free material, is employed as a visible light-receptive catalyst because of its narrow band gap and abundant nitrogen. To overcome the low carrier mobility efficiency of g-C3N5, its modification by K ions was adopted. In addition, In2S3 was selected to couple with modified g-C3N5 to overcome the recombination of photogenerated e-/h+. As a novel photocatalytic material, it was proven to possess a high visible light absorption capacity and a strong H2O2 production ability (up to 3.89 mmol⋅L-1 in 2 h). Moreover, a S-scheme heterojunction structure was successfully constructed between the two materials, which was tested and confirmed to be successful in raising the photogenerated e-/h+ separation efficiency. Ultimately, the primary processes of photocatalytic H2O2 production were summarized by superoxide radical and rotating disc electron measurements. This research provides a fresh perspective for the synthesis of C3N5-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for producing H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huagen Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, Carbon Neutrality Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China; School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Anhu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, Carbon Neutrality Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China; School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China
| | - Ruolin Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, Carbon Neutrality Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China
| | - Shengyu Jing
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos 38834, Greece
| | - Fu Chen
- School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Palanisamy Kannan
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Georgia Balkourani
- Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos 38834, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsiakaras
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Devices based on Solid Oxide Proton Electrolytes, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry (RAS), Yekaterinburg 620990, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos 38834, Greece.
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2
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Hu J, Li J, Pu Z, Xiao W, Yu H, Zhang Z, Yu F, Liu C, Zhang Q. S-scheme NiO/C 3N 5 heterojunctions with enhanced interfacial electric field for boosting photothermal-assisted photocatalytic H 2 and H 2O 2 production. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:780-792. [PMID: 38554468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Heterostructured visible-light-responsive photocatalysts represent a prospective approach to achieve efficient solar-to-chemical energy conversion. Herein, we propose a facile self-assembly technique to synthesize NiO nanoparticles/C3N5 nanosheets (NOCN) heterojunctions for hydrogen (H2) evolution catalysis and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production under visible light. In this regard, the black NiO nanoparticles (NPs) were tightly anchored on the surface of C3N5 nanosheets (CNNS) to construct S-scheme NOCN heterojunction, enabling efficient charge separation and high redox capability. Obtained results elucidated that the incorporated NiO NPs significantly promote light-harvesting efficiency and photo-to-thermal capacity over the NOCN composites. The enhanced photothermal effect facilitates the charge carrier transfer rate across the heterojunction and boosts the surface reaction kinetics. Accordingly, the photocatalytic performances of CNNS for H2 release and H2O2 production can be manipulated by introducing NiO NPs. The modified photocatalytic properties of NOCN composites are ascribed to the synergistic effects of all integrated components and the S-scheme heterojunction formation. Impressively, the high H2 evolution photocatalysis efficiency of NOCN nano-catalysts in seawater certifies their potential environmental applicability. Among all, the 12-NOCN nano-catalyst exhibits a higher photocatalytic efficiency for H2 release (112.2 μmol∙g-1∙h-1) and H2O2 production (91.2 μmol∙L-1∙h-1). Besides, the 12-NOCN nano-catalyst reveals excellent recyclability and structural stability. Additionally, the possible mechanism for photothermal-assisted photocatalysis is proposed. This work affords a feasible pathway to design photothermal-assisted S-scheme heterojunctions for diverse photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Zhongyi Pu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Fang Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Materials, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China.
| | - Qinfang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China.
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Li L, Liu G, Dong J, Zhang Y, Cao S, Wang K, Wang B, She Y, Xia J, Li H. In Situ Construction of CuTCPP/Bi 4O 5Br 2 Hybrids for Improved Photocatalytic CO 2 and Cr(VI) Reduction. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9753-9762. [PMID: 38743025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Global warming and heavy metal pollution pose tremendous challenges to human development, and photocatalysis is considered to be an effective strategy to solve these problems. Herein, copper(II) tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (CuTCPP) molecules were successfully in situ loaded onto Bi4O5Br2 by a hydrothermal approach. A series of experimental results show that the light absorption capacity and photogenerated carrier separation efficiency were synchronously enhanced after the construction of CuTCPP/Bi4O5Br2 composites. Hence, the as-prepared composites possess significantly improved photocatalytic ability for both CO2 and Cr(VI) reduction. Specifically, CuTCPP/Bi4O5Br2-2 achieves a CO generation rate of 17.14 μmol g-1 under 5 h irradiation, which is twice as high as that of Bi4O5Br2 (8.57 μmol g-1). Besides, the optimized CuTCPP/Bi4O5Br2-2 also exhibits a removal rate of 61.87% for Cr(VI) within 100 min under irradiation. Furthermore, the mechanism of CO2 and Cr(VI) photoreduction was explored by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and capture experiments, respectively. This work can be a reference toward the construction of photocatalysts with high activity for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Gaopeng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jintao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shengqun Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Keke Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuanbin She
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiexiang Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huaming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Yan H, Li W, Yang H, Yu Y, Lv C, Hou L, Zhang W, Lin D, Jiao S. Construction of Ni 3S 4@ZIS@C 3N 5 photocatalyst with type II and Z-type heterojunctions by self-assembly for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118302. [PMID: 38278508 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
A novel ternary photocatalyst Ni3S4@ZIS@C3N5 with type II and Z-type heterojunctions was synthesized for the first time by hydrothermal and electrostatic self-assembly methods, effectively avoiding the thermal decomposition of C3N5 during the synthesis of the complex. The best ternary catalyst Ni3S4@ZIS@C3N5 is capable of achieving an optimal hydrogen evolution rate of 9750 mmol g-1 h-1, which is approximately 10.89 times as high as that of C3N5, indicating that the complex effectively enhanced the photocatalytic properties of the monomer. The coexistence of two types of heterojunctions in the complex effectively enhances photocatalytic performance, in which the monomer ZIS constructs type II scheme with Ni3S4 and Z-type scheme with C3N5, respectively. The two heterojunctions complement each other and jointly promote the rapid electron transfer from Ni3S4 and C3N5 to the ZIS surface. In conclusion, the cooperation of the two heterojunctions efficiently facilitates the migration of photogenerated carriers, thus enhancing the photocatalytic hydrogen generation performance of Ni3S4@ZIS@C3N5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiang Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environmental Protection Materials, School of Physics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environmental Protection Materials, School of Physics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Huixing Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environmental Protection Materials, School of Physics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yongzhuo Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environmental Protection Materials, School of Physics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chaoyu Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environmental Protection Materials, School of Physics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Linlin Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environmental Protection Materials, School of Physics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wenxu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environmental Protection Materials, School of Physics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Di Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environmental Protection Materials, School of Physics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shichao Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Green Energy and Environmental Protection Materials, School of Physics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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Zhu B, Sun J, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Yu J. Construction of 2D S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310600. [PMID: 37988721 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor photocatalytic technology holds immense promise for converting sustainable solar energy into chemically storable energy, with significant applications in the realms of energy and the environment. However, the inherent issue of rapid recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes hinders the performance of single photocatalysts. To overcome this challenge, the construction of 2D S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts emerges as an effective strategy. The deliberate design of dimensionality ensures a substantial interfacial area; while, the S-scheme charge transfer mechanism facilitates efficient charge separation and maximizes redox capabilities. This review commences with a fresh perspective on the charge transfer mechanism in S-scheme heterojunctions, followed by a comprehensive exploration of preparation methods and characterization techniques. Subsequently, the recent advancements in 2D S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts are summarized. Notably, the mechanism behind activity enhancement is elucidated. Finally, the prospects for the development of 2D S-scheme photocatalysts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Zhu
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan, 430078, P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan, 430078, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan, 430078, P. R. China
| | - Liuyang Zhang
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan, 430078, P. R. China
| | - Jiaguo Yu
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan, 430078, P. R. China
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Ma Z, Guo W, Zhang K, Wang N, Li Z, Li J. Liquid exfoliation of bulk g-C 3N 5 to nanosheets for improved photocatalytic antibacterial activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:69486-69498. [PMID: 37140858 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid exfoliation of bulk g-C3N5 was applied to synthesize g-C3N5 nanosheets. In order to characterize the samples, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), UV-Vis absorption spectra (UV-Vis), and photoluminescence spectra (PL) were examined. g-C3N5 nanosheets exhibited enhanced performance in the inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) with visible light irradiation relative to bulk g-C3N5 and promoted complete inactivation of E. coli within 120 min. h+ and •O2- were the principal reactive species in the antibacterial process. In the early stages, SOD and CAT played a defensive role in resisting oxidative damage of active species. With the prolonged light exposure time, the antioxidant protection system was overwhelmed leading to the destruction of the cell membrane. The leakage of cell contents such as K+, protein, and DNA caused bacterial apoptosis ultimately. The enhanced photocatalytic antibacterial performance of g-C3N5 nanosheets is ascribed to the stronger redox property by the upward shift of CB and downward shift of VB compared with bulk g-C3N5. On the other hand, larger specific surface area and better separation efficiency of photoinduced carriers are helpful to the improved photocatalytic performance. This study systematically revealed the inactivation process toward E. coli and expanded the application range of g-C3N5-based materials with abundant solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqiang Ma
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyue Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyue Li
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People's Republic of China.
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Liu J, Wang S, Zhao C, Zheng J. Engineered g-C 3N 5-Based Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion and Environmental Remediation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:499. [PMID: 36770460 PMCID: PMC9921555 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis plays a vital role in sustainable energy conversion and environmental remediation because of its economic, eco-friendly, and effective characteristics. Nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N5) has received worldwide interest owing to its facile accessibility, metal-free nature, and appealing electronic band structure. This review summarizes the latest progress for g-C3N5-based photocatalysts in energy and environmental applications. It begins with the synthesis of pristine g-C3N5 materials with various topologies, followed by several engineering strategies for g-C3N5, such as elemental doping, defect engineering, and heterojunction creation. In addition, the applications in energy conversion (H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, and N2 fixation) and environmental remediation (NO purification and aqueous pollutant degradation) are discussed. Finally, a summary and some inspiring perspectives on the challenges and possibilities of g-C3N5-based materials are presented. It is believed that this review will promote the development of emerging g-C3N5-based photocatalysts for more efficiency in energy conversion and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Shuaijun Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chaocheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Jingtang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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Diethylenetriamine-CdS hybrid materials (CdS-DETA) loaded nitrogen-rich carbon nitride (g-C3N5) for enhanced hydrogen production and photocatalytic degradation: Enhancement based on band bending. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Direct Z-Scheme g-C3N5/Cu3TiO4 Heterojunction Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of Chromene-3-Carbonitriles Synthesis under Visible Light Irradiation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to make the synthesis of pharmaceutically active carbonitriles efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable, the method is regularly examined. Here, we introduce a brand-new, very effective Cu3TiO4/g-C3N5 photocatalyst for the production of compounds containing chromene-3-carbonitriles. The direct Z-Scheme photo-generated charge transfer mechanism used by the Cu3TiO4/g-C3N5 photocatalyst results in a suppressed rate of electron-hole pair recombination and an increase in photocatalytic activity. Experiments showed that the current method has some advantages, such as using an environmentally friendly and sustainable photocatalyst, having a simple procedure, quick reaction times, a good product yield (82–94%), and being able to reuse the photocatalyst multiple times in a row without noticeably decreasing its photocatalytic performance.
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