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Ren Y, Li Y, Gao X. An MRS-YOLO Model for High-Precision Waste Detection and Classification. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4339. [PMID: 39001117 PMCID: PMC11244501 DOI: 10.3390/s24134339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
With the advancement in living standards, there has been a significant surge in the quantity and diversity of household waste. To safeguard the environment and optimize resource utilization, there is an urgent demand for effective and cost-efficient intelligent waste classification methodologies. This study presents MRS-YOLO (Multi-Resolution Strategy-YOLO), a waste detection and classification model. The paper introduces the SlideLoss_IOU technique for detecting small objects, integrates RepViT of the Transformer mechanism, and devises a novel feature extraction strategy by amalgamating multi-dimensional and dynamic convolution mechanisms. These enhancements not only elevate the detection accuracy and speed but also bolster the robustness of the current YOLO model. Validation conducted on a dataset comprising 12,072 samples across 10 categories, including recyclable metal and paper, reveals a 3.6% enhancement in mAP50% accuracy compared to YOLOv8, coupled with a 15.09% reduction in volume. Furthermore, the model demonstrates improved accuracy in detecting small targets and exhibits comprehensive detection capabilities across diverse scenarios. For transparency and to facilitate further research, the source code and related datasets used in this study have been made publicly available at GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinya Gao
- College of Science, Qingdao University of Technology, 777 Jialingjiang East Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao 266520, China; (Y.R.); (Y.L.)
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Madsen AM, Rasmussen PU, Frederiksen MW. Fungal and bacterial species on biowaste workers' hands and inhalation zone, and potential airway deposition. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 183:290-301. [PMID: 38788497 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the microbiological working environment of biowaste workers, focusing on airborne fungal and bacterial species exposure, size distribution, and species on workers' hands. The research, conducted across six plants with 45 personal exposure assessments, revealed a total of 150 bacterial species and 47 fungal species on workers' hands, including 19 and 9 species classified in risk class 2 (RC2), respectively. Workers' exposure analysis identified 172 bacterial and 32 fungal species, with several in RC2. In work areas, 55 anaerobic bacterial species belonging to RC2 were found. Different species compositions were observed in various particle size fractions, with the highest species richness for anaerobic bacteria in the fraction potentially depositing in the secondary bronchi and for fungi in the pharynx fraction. The geometric mean aerodynamic diameter (DG) of RC2 anaerobic bacteria was 3.9 µm, <1.6 µm for Streptomyces, 3.4 µm for Aspergillus, and 2.0 µm for Penicillium. Overlapping species were identified on workers' hands, in their exposure, and in work areas, with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus casseliflavus, and Aspergillus niger consistently present. While the majority of RC2 bacterial species lacked documented associations with occupational health problems, certain bacteria and fungi, including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumonia, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Lichtheimia corymbifera, Lichtheimia ramosa, and Paecilomyces variotii, have previously been linked to occupational health issues. In conclusion, biowaste workers were exposed to a wide range of microorganisms including RC2 species which would deposit in different parts of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mette Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Pil Uthaug Rasmussen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Margit W Frederiksen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Viegas C, Eriksen E, Gomes B, Dias M, Cervantes R, Pena P, Carolino E, Twarużek M, Caetano LA, Viegas S, Graff P, Afanou AK, Straumfors A. Comprehensive assessment of occupational exposure to microbial contamination in waste sorting facilities from Norway. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1297725. [PMID: 38179569 PMCID: PMC10766354 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1297725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is of upmost importance to contribute to fill the knowledge gap concerning the characterization of the occupational exposure to microbial agents in the waste sorting setting (automated and manual sorting). Methods This study intends to apply a comprehensive field sampling and laboratory protocol (culture based-methods and molecular tools), assess fungal azole resistance, as well as to elucidate on potential exposure related health effects (cytotoxicity analyses). Skin-biota samples (eSwabs) were performed on workers and controls to identify other exposure routes. Results In personal filter samples the guidelines in one automated industry surpassed the guidelines for fungi. Seasonal influence on viable microbial contamination including fungi with reduced susceptibility to the tested azoles was observed, besides the observed reduced susceptibility of pathogens of critical priority (Mucorales and Fusarium sp.). Aspergillus sections with potential toxigenic effect and with clinical relevance were also detected in all the sampling methods. Discussion The results regarding skin-biota in both controls´ and workers´ hands claim attention for the possible exposure due to hand to face/mouth contact. This study allowed concluding that working in automated and manual waste sorting plants imply high exposure to microbial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Viegas
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elke Eriksen
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Bianca Gomes
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- CE3C – Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Dias
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Renata Cervantes
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pena
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Carolino
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Chodkiewicza, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Liliana Aranha Caetano
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.uLisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Viegas
- H&TRC – Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL – Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pål Graff
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anne Straumfors
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), Oslo, Norway
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Eriksen E, Afanou AK, Straumfors A, Graff P. Bioaerosol-induced in vitro activation of toll-like receptors and inflammatory biomarker expression in waste workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2023; 96:985-998. [PMID: 37243736 PMCID: PMC10361871 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-023-01984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Occupational exposure to bioaerosols during waste handling remains a health concern for exposed workers. However, exposure-related health effects and underlying immunological mechanisms are still poorly described. METHODS The present study assessed the inflammatory potential of work-air samples (n = 56) in vitro and investigated biomarker expression in exposed workers (n = 69) compared to unexposed controls (n = 25). These quantitative results were compared to self-reported health conditions. RESULTS Personal air samples provoked an activation of TLR2 and TLR4 HEK reporter cells in one-third of all samples, indicating that the work environment contained ligands capable of inducing an immune response in vitro. Monocyte levels, as well as plasma biomarker levels, such as IL-1Ra, IL-18 and TNFα were significantly higher in exposed workers, compared to the control group when confounding factors such as BMI, sex, age and smoking habits were accounted for. Furthermore, a significant exposure-related increase in midweek IL-8 levels was measured among exposed workers. Tendencies of increased prevalence of health effects of the respiratory tract were identified in exposed workers. CONCLUSION Inhalable dust provoked TLR activation in vitro, indicating that an exposure-related immune response may be expected in susceptible workers. However, despite significant differences in inflammatory plasma biomarker levels between exposed and unexposed workers, prevalence of self-reported health effects did not differ between the groups. This may be due to the healthy worker effect, or other factors such as adequate use of personal protective respiratory devices or adaptation to the work environment with reduced activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Eriksen
- STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas Vei 8, 0363, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anani Komlavi Afanou
- STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas Vei 8, 0363, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Straumfors
- STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas Vei 8, 0363, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Graff
- STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas Vei 8, 0363, Oslo, Norway
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Eriksen E, Madsen AM, Afanou AK, Straumfors A, Eiler A, Graff P. Occupational exposure to inhalable pathogenic microorganisms in waste sorting. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 253:114240. [PMID: 37633050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed microorganisms in personal inhalable work air samples aiming to identify potential human pathogens, and correlate exposure to adverse health outcomes in waste workers. Full-shift personal exposure was measured in six different waste sorting plants. Microbial concentrations in inhalable air samples were analysed using MALDI-TOF MS for cultivable, and next generation sequencing (NGS) for non-cultivable microorganisms. Concentrations of bacterial and fungal CFUs varied substantially within and between waste sorting plants, ranging from no identifiable organisms to a maximum concentration in the order of 105 CFU/m3. Bacillus and Staphylococcus were among the most abundant bacterial genera, whilst fungal genera were dominated by Aspergillus and Penicillium. Approximately 15% of all identified species were human pathogens classified in risk group 2, whereas 7% belonged to risk group 1. Furthermore, significant correlations between concentrations of fungi in risk group 1 and self-reported adverse symptoms, such as wheezing were identified in exposed workers. The combination of culture-based methods and NGS facilitated the investigation of infectious microbial species with potential pathophysiological properties as well as non-infectious biological agents in inhalable work air samples and thereby contributed to the risk assessment of occupational exposure in waste sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Eriksen
- STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas Vei 8, 0363, Oslo, Norway; Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Center for Work Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anani Komlavi Afanou
- STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas Vei 8, 0363, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Straumfors
- STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas Vei 8, 0363, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Eiler
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Graff
- STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas Vei 8, 0363, Oslo, Norway
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Rasmussen PU, Frederiksen MW, Carøe TK, Madsen AM. Health symptoms, inflammation, and bioaerosol exposure in workers at biowaste pretreatment plants. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 167:173-182. [PMID: 37269581 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biowaste pretreatment plants have been built within the last years in Denmark in order to recycle pre-sorted biowaste from houses, restaurants, and industry. We investigated the association between exposure and health at six biowaste pretreatment plants (visited twice) across Denmark. We measured the personal bioaerosol exposure, took blood samples, and administered a questionnaire. Thirty-one persons participated, 17 of them twice, resulting in 45 bioaerosol samples, 40 blood samples, and questionnaire answers from 21 persons. We measured exposure to bacteria, fungi, dust, and endotoxin, the total inflammatory potential of the exposures, and serum levels of the inflammatory markers serum amyloid A (SAA), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and human club cell protein (CC16). Higher exposures to fungi and endotoxin were found for workers with tasks inside the production area compared to workers with main tasks in the office area. A positive association was found between the concentration of anaerobic bacteria and hsCRP and SAA, whereas bacteria and endotoxin were inversely associated with hsCRP and SAA. A positive association between hsCRP and the fungal species Penicillium digitatum and P. camemberti were found, whereas an inverse association between hsCRP and Aspergillus niger and P. italicum were found. Staff with tasks inside the production area reported more symptoms of the nose than those working in the office area. To conclude, our results indicate that workers with tasks inside the production area are exposed to elevated levels of bioaerosols, and that this may affect workers' health negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Uthaug Rasmussen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Margit W Frederiksen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Tanja K Carøe
- Department of Occupational and Social Medicine, Holbæk Hospital, Smedelundsgade 60, 4300 Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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