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Feng J, Li H, Lu Y, Li R, Cavaco-Paulo A, Fu J. Non-ionic surfactant PEG: Enhanced cutinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133049. [PMID: 38857727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
To enhance the enzymatic digestibility of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is highly oriented and crystallized, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) surfactant of varying molecular weights was utilized to improve the stability of mutant cutinase from Humicola insolens (HiC) and to increase the accessibility of the enzyme to the substrate. Leveraging the optimal conditions for HiC hydrolysis of PET, the introduction of 1 % w/v PEG significantly increased the yield of PET hydrolysis products. PEG600 was particularly effective, increasing the yield by 64.58 % compared to using HiC alone. Moreover, the mechanisms by which PEG600 and PEG6000 enhance enzyme digestion were extensively examined using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results from CD and fluorescence analyses indicated that PEG alters the protein conformation, thereby affecting the catalytic effect of the enzyme. Moreover, PEG improved the affinity between HiC and PET by lowering the surface tension of the solution, substantially enhancing PET hydrolysis. This study suggests that PEG holds considerable promise as an enzyme protector, significantly aiding in the hydrophilic modification and degradation of PET in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundan Feng
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Textiles, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Textiles, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuzheng Lu
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Textiles, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China; Mechanical Engineering College, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rong Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Textiles, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
| | | | - Jiajia Fu
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Textiles, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China.
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2
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Chen N, Chang B, Shi N, Lu F, Liu F. Robust and recyclable cross-linked enzyme aggregates of sucrose isomerase for isomaltulose production. Food Chem 2023; 399:134000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Surfactants, Biosurfactants, and Non-Catalytic Proteins as Key Molecules to Enhance Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238180. [PMID: 36500273 PMCID: PMC9739445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has remained a latent alternative resource to be the main substitute for oil and its derivatives in a biorefinery concept. However, its complex structure and the underdeveloped technologies for its large-scale processing keep it in a state of constant study trying to establish a consolidated process. In intensive processes, enzymes have been shown to be important molecules for the fractionation and conversion of LCB into biofuels and high-value-added molecules. However, operational challenges must be overcome before enzyme technology can be the main resource for obtaining second-generation sugars. The use of additives is shown to be a suitable strategy to improve the saccharification process. This review describes the mechanisms, roles, and effects of using additives, such as surfactants, biosurfactants, and non-catalytic proteins, separately and integrated into the enzymatic hydrolysis process of lignocellulosic biomass. In doing so, it provides a technical background in which operational biomass processing hurdles such as solids and enzymatic loadings, pretreatment burdens, and the unproductive adsorption phenomenon can be addressed.
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4
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Exploring the promoting mechanisms of bovine serum albumin, lignosulfonate, and polyethylene glycol for lignocellulose saccharification from perspective of molecular interactions with cellulose. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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5
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Egbune EO, Avwioroko OJ, Anigboro AA, Aganbi E, Amata AI, Tonukari NJ. Characterization of a surfactant-stable α-amylase produced by solid-state fermentation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers using Rhizopus oligosporus: Kinetics, thermal inactivation thermodynamics and potential application in laundry industries. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Effect of additives on the enzymatic hydrolysis of pre-treated wheat straw. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Jang WJ, Lee GH, Lee JM, Kim TY, Jeon MH, Kim YH, Lee EW. Improving enzyme activity, thermostability and storage stability of β-1,3-1,4-glucanase with poly-γ-glutamic acid produced by Bacillus sp. SJ-10. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 143:109703. [PMID: 33375971 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
β-1,3-1,4-glucanase (BG) is an industrially important enzyme owing to its stringent specificity for β-glucan cleavage. In this study, poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) was added to BG to investigate its effect on improving the activity and stability of the enzyme. The effect of γ-PGA was investigated by analyzing kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. Compared to control, significant differences (P < .05) in enzyme activity were observed when 1.0 %, 1.5 %, and 2.0 % γ-PGA was added, and the activities were increased 1.23 ± 0.05, 1.23 ± 0.07, and 1.31 ± 0.07-fold, respectively. Regarding thermostability, residual BG activity after a 1 h incubation at 60 °C was 12.53 ± 0.06 % without γ-PGA and 79.02 ± 5.76 % with 1% γ-PGA. The storage stability at 25 °C and 50 °C also increased when γ-PGA was present. The kinetics and thermodynamic investigations indicated that the increased activity and stability of BG when γ-PGA was added were due to increased values of the Vmax, Kcat, and activation energy for denaturation. The findings of this study suggest that adding γ-PGA to BG increases the application value of this enzyme in the food and feed industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Je Jang
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Hye Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Lee
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Jeon
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Ho Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea.
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Mo W, Ke K, Shen X, Li B. The influence of “thermal drying pretreatment” on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and xylan in poplar fibers with high lignin content. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 228:115400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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J. Thiele M, Davari MD, König M, Hofmann I, Junker NO, Mirzaei Garakani T, Vojcic L, Fitter J, Schwaneberg U. Enzyme–Polyelectrolyte Complexes Boost the Catalytic Performance of Enzymes. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Thiele
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Melanie König
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Isabell Hofmann
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Niklas O. Junker
- I. Physikalisches Institut (IA), AG Biophysik, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstrasse 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Ljubica Vojcic
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Codexis, Inc., 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Jörg Fitter
- I. Physikalisches Institut (IA), AG Biophysik, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstrasse 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-5): Molecular Biophysics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Reidenbach AG, Kemmerer ZA, Aydin D, Jochem A, McDevitt MT, Hutchins PD, Stark JL, Stefely JA, Reddy T, Hebert AS, Wilkerson EM, Johnson IE, Bingman CA, Markley JL, Coon JJ, Dal Peraro M, Pagliarini DJ. Conserved Lipid and Small-Molecule Modulation of COQ8 Reveals Regulation of the Ancient Kinase-like UbiB Family. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 25:154-165.e11. [PMID: 29198567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human COQ8A (ADCK3) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Coq8p (collectively COQ8) are UbiB family proteins essential for mitochondrial coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis. However, the biochemical activity of COQ8 and its direct role in CoQ production remain unclear, in part due to lack of known endogenous regulators of COQ8 function and of effective small molecules for probing its activity in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that COQ8 possesses evolutionarily conserved ATPase activity that is activated by binding to membranes containing cardiolipin and by phenolic compounds that resemble CoQ pathway intermediates. We further create an analog-sensitive version of Coq8p and reveal that acute chemical inhibition of its endogenous activity in yeast is sufficient to cause respiratory deficiency concomitant with CoQ depletion. Collectively, this work defines lipid and small-molecule modulators of an ancient family of atypical kinase-like proteins and establishes a chemical genetic system for further exploring the mechanistic role of COQ8 in CoQ biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Reidenbach
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zachary A Kemmerer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Deniz Aydin
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adam Jochem
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Molly T McDevitt
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Paul D Hutchins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jaime L Stark
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jonathan A Stefely
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thiru Reddy
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | - Emily M Wilkerson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Isabel E Johnson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Craig A Bingman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - John L Markley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Genome Center of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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11
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Rodriguez-Siordia I, Rojo-Arreola L, Navarrete Del Toro MDLA, García-Carreño F. American lobster Cathepsin D, an aspartic peptidase resistant to proteolysis and active in organic solvents, non-ionic detergents and salts. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:1501-1509. [PMID: 28987802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Suitable peptidases for biotechnological applications are those active at low temperature, in organic solvents, detergents or proteolytic additives. American lobster cathepsin D1 (CD1) is an enzyme highly efficient at 5-50°C and at pH 2.5-5.5. We assessed the effect of common industrial additives on CD1 activity. CD1 was isolated from lobster gastric fluid by chromatography. The proteolytic activity was measured using a fluorogenic specific substrate and the conformation by intrinsic fluorescence. Non-ionic detergents Tween-20 and Triton X-100 stabilize the peptidase activity. Ethanol, methanol and isopropanol [5-15% (v/v)] increased the enzyme activity up to 80%. The enzyme is active until 2.5M urea and is resistant to proteolysis by papain and renin. In this work, a crustacean peptidase that remains active when exposed to different chemical and proteolytic additives is reported, evincing that crustaceans are a good model for discovery of novel stable peptidases for future pharmaceutical, cosmetic and alimentary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rodriguez-Siordia
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, Col., Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Liliana Rojo-Arreola
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, Col., Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - María de Los Angeles Navarrete Del Toro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, Col., Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Fernando García-Carreño
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, Col., Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
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Liu J, Zhu N, Yang J, Yang Y, Wang R, Liu L, Yuan H. Lipopeptide produced from Bacillus sp. W112 improves the hydrolysis of lignocellulose by specifically reducing non-productive binding of cellulases with and without CBMs. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:301. [PMID: 29255484 PMCID: PMC5729243 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactants have attracted increasing interest for their capability to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Compared to chemical surfactants, biosurfactants have a broader prospect for industrial applications because they are more environmentally friendly and more effective in some researches. Commercial cellulase preparations are mainly composed of endoglucanases (EGs) and cellobiohydrolases (CBHs) that possess carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). However, the effects of lipopeptide-type biosurfactants on enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose and adsorption behaviors of cellulases with CBMs remain unclear. RESULTS In this study, we found that Bacillus sp. W112 could produce a lipopeptide-type biosurfactant from untreated biomass, such as wheat bran and Jerusalem artichoke tuber. The lipopeptide could enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated Giant Juncao grass (DA-GJG) by fungal and bacterial enzymes. The enhancement increased over a range of temperatures from 30 to 50 °C. Lipopeptide was shown to be more effective in promoting DA-GJG saccharification than chemical surfactants at low dosages, with a best stimulatory degree of 20.8% at 2% loading of the substrates (w/w). Lipopeptide increased the thermostability of EG and CBH in commercial cellulase cocktails. Moreover, the dual effects of lipopeptide on the adsorption behaviors of cellulases were found. It specifically lowered the non-productive binding of cellulases to lignin and increased the binding of cellulases to cellulose. In addition, we investigated the influence of lipopeptide on the adsorption behaviors of CBHs with CBMs for the first time. Our results showed that lipopeptide reduced the adsorption of CBM-deleted CBH to DA-GJG to a greater extent than that of intact CBH while the non-productive binding of intact CBH to lignin was reduced more, indicating that lipopeptide decreased the binding of CBMs onto lignin but not their combination with cellulose. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that lipopeptide from Bacillus sp. W112 promoted the enzymatic hydrolysis of DA-GJG at relative low loadings. The stimulatory effect could be attributed to increasing the cellulase thermostability, reducing non-productive adsorption of cellulases with CBMs caused by lignin and enhancing the binding of cellulases to cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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A novel cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from an alkaliphile Microbacterium terrae KNR 9: purification and properties. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:168. [PMID: 28330240 PMCID: PMC4987636 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase, EC. 2.1.1.19) produced using new alkaliphile Microbacterium terrae KNR 9 has been purified to homogeneity in a single step by the starch adsorption method. The specific activity of the purified CGTase was 45 U/mg compared to crude 0.9 U/mg. This resulted in a 50-fold purification of the enzyme with 33 % yield. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was found to be 27.72 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. Non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and activity staining confirmed the presence of CGTase in crude and the ammonium sulfate precipitate fraction. The purified CGTase has a pI value of 4.2. The optimum pH of 6.0 and 60 °C temperature were found to be the best for CGTase activity. Purified CGTase showed 5.18 kcal/mol activation energy (Ea). The CGTase activity was increased in the presence of metal ions (5 mM): Ca+2 (130 %), Mg+2 (123 %), Mn+2 (119 %) and Co+2 (116 %). The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited in the presence of Hg+2 (0.0 %), Cu+2 (0.0 %) and Fe+2 (3.8 %). Inhibitor N-bromosuccinimide (5 mM) showed the highest 96 % inhibition of CGTase activity. SDS and triton X-100 among different detergents and surfactants (1.0 %, w/v) tested showed 92 % inhibition. Among the organic solvents checked for their effect on enzyme activity, 5 % (v/v) toluene resulted in 48 % increased activity. Polyethylene glycol-6000 showed a 26 % increase in the CGTase activity. The kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were 10 mg/ml and 146 µmol/mg min, respectively, for purified CGTase.
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Dey TB, Kumar A, Banerjee R, Chandna P, Kuhad RC. Improvement of microbial α-amylase stability: Strategic approaches. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Gómez S, Bayón C, Navarrete S, Guisán JM, Hernáiz MJ. Stabilization of β-Gal-3 ATCC 31382 on agarose gels: synthesis of β-(1→3) galactosides under sustainable conditions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15670c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Gal-3 was immobilized by multipoint covalent attachment on an agarose support. The derivative was characterized and usefully applied as a recoverable and reusable biocatalyst for the synthesis of β-(1 → 3) galactosides under sustainable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Campus de Moncloa
- Madrid
| | - Carlos Bayón
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Campus de Moncloa
- Madrid
| | - Sergio Navarrete
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Campus de Moncloa
- Madrid
| | - José M. Guisán
- Biocatalysis Department
- Catalysis Institute-CSIC
- Campus UAM
- Spain
| | - María J. Hernáiz
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Campus de Moncloa
- Madrid
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Kashani-Amin E, Ebrahim-Habibi A, Larijani B, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Effect of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone on the activity and stability of alpha-amylase: a comparative study on bacterial, fungal, and mammalian enzymes. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:605-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Kashani-Amin
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Azadeh Ebrahim-Habibi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Boyce A, Walsh G. Characterisation of a novel thermostable endoglucanase from Alicyclobacillus vulcanalis of potential application in bioethanol production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7515-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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Purification, biochemical characterization and application of α-amylase produced by Aspergillus oryzae IFO-30103. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Polyethylene glycols enhance the thermostability of β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans. Food Chem 2014; 164:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li C, Huang M, Gu Z, Hong Y, Cheng L, Li Z. Nanosilica sol leads to further increase in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000-enhanced thermostability of β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2919-2924. [PMID: 24641510 DOI: 10.1021/jf500322b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A major disadvantage of cyclodextrin production is the limited thermostability of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. The ability of combinations of nanosilica sol with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000 to enhance the thermostability of the β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans was investigated. It was found that 10% PEG 1000 combined with 0.05% nanosilica sol could activate the β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase by 17.2%. Furthermore, 0.05% nanosilica sol leads to further increase in PEG 1000-enhanced thermostability of β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. With the simultaneous addition of 10% PEG 1000 and 0.05% nanosilica into the enzyme solution, which was allowed to incubate for 60 min at 60 °C, 61.3% of β-cyclodextrin-forming activity could be retained, which was much higher than that with only 10% PEG 1000 added. Atomic force microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism analysis indicated that silica nanoparticles helped PEG 1000 further protect the tertiary and secondary structures of β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. This study provides an effective approach for improving the thermostability of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, ‡School of Food Science and Technology, and §Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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Xanthine derivatives as activators of alpha-amylase: Hypothesis on a link with the hyperglycemia induced by caffeine. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013; 7:e487-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Kinetic study of the colloidal and enzymatic stability of β-galactosidase, for designing its encapsulation route through sol–gel route assisted by Triton X-100 surfactant. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Significant increases in potato Starch-Synthase and Starch-Branching-Enzyme activities by dilution with buffer containing dithiothreitol and polyvinyl alcohol 50K. Carbohydr Res 2013; 367:25-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone: Presentation of a small molecule activator of mammalian alpha-amylase as an allosteric effector. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:652-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Demarche P, Junghanns C, Nair RR, Agathos SN. Harnessing the power of enzymes for environmental stewardship. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:933-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Valls C, Rojas C, Pujadas G, Garcia-Vallve S, Mulero M. Characterization of the activity and stability of amylase from saliva and detergent: laboratory practicals for studying the activity and stability of amylase from saliva and various commercial detergents. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 40:254-265. [PMID: 22807429 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.20612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article presents two integrated laboratory exercises intended to show students the role of α-amylases (AAMYs) in saliva and detergents. These laboratory practicals are based on the determination of the enzymatic activity of amylase from saliva and different detergents using the Phadebas test (quantitative) and the Lugol test (qualitative) under different conditions (e.g. variations in temperature and alkalinity). This work also proposes the study of enzyme stability in the presence of several surfactants and oxidizing agents using the same technical approach. The proposed laboratory exercises promote the understanding of the physiological function of this enzyme and the biotechnological applications of AAMYs in the detergent industry. The exercises also promote the understanding that the enzymatic stability and performance are dependent on the organism of origin, and if necessary, these properties could be modified by genetic engineering. In addition, this article reinforces the development of laboratory skills, problem-solving capabilities, and the ability to write a laboratory report. The exercises are proposed primarily as an undergraduate project for advanced students in the biochemical and biotechnological sciences. These laboratory practicals are complementary to the previously published BAMBED article (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 280-290, 2011) on detergent proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Valls
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Catalonia, 43007 Spain
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Potent inhibition of starch-synthase by Tris-type buffers is responsible for the perpetuation of the primer myth for starch biosynthesis. Carbohydr Res 2012; 355:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Wang HY, Fan BQ, Li CH, Liu S, Li M. Effects of rhamnolipid on the cellulase and xylanase in hydrolysis of wheat straw. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:6515-6521. [PMID: 21478013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of biosurfactant rhamnolipid (RL) and chemical surfactant Triton X-100 on the production of cellulases and xylanase from Penicillium expansum (P. expansum) in untreated, acid- and alkali-pretreated wheat straw submerged fermentations were studied, and the influences on the activity and stability of Cellulase R-10 were also investigated. The results showed that RL and Triton X-100 enhanced the activities of cellulases and xylanase to different extents and the stimulatory effects of RL were superior to those of Triton X-100. During the peak enzyme production phase, RL (60 RE mg/l) increased cellulases activities by 25.5-102.9%, in which the raise of the same enzyme in acid-pretreated straw broths was the most. It was found that the reducing sugars by hydrolyzing wheat straw with Cellulase R-100 were not visibly increased after adding RL. However, it distinctly protected Cellulase R-10 from degradation or inactivation, keeping the reducing sugars yield at about 17%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yuan Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
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Wang SL, Liang YC, Liang TW. Purification and characterization of a novel alkali-stable α-amylase from Chryseobacterium taeanense TKU001, and application in antioxidant and prebiotic. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Purama RK, Agrawal M, Goyal A. Stabilization of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-640. Indian J Microbiol 2010; 50:57-61. [PMID: 22815573 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-010-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilization of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-640 with various stabilizers at different temperatures was studied. Dextransucrase was stable at lower temperatures (10-30°C) and lost the activity at above 30°C. The salts such as CaCl(2), CoCl(2) and MgCl(2) enhanced the dextransucrase activity. A 22% higher dextransucrase activity was obtained by 4 mM CoCl(2). The dextransucrase activity was lost by 50% at 1 mM EDTA. Urea denatured the enzyme and caused 45%, 90% and 98% loss of activity in 30 min when treated with 1 M, 3 M, and 5 M urea concentrations, respectively. Amongst the stabilizers Tween 80, glycerol, PEG-8000, dextran (500 kDa) and glutaraldehyde, Tween 80 provided the maximum stability at 30°C. In the presence of Tween 80 the enzyme lost only 8% activity at 30°C in 20 h but, it lost 65% of activity with out any stabilizer. The enzyme lost 92% of activity with in 4 days at 30°C and lost only 25% of activity at -20°C after 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kiran Purama
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039 Assam India
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Mukerjea R, Falconer DJ, Yoon SH, Robyt JF. Large-scale isolation, fractionation, and purification of soluble starch-synthesizing enzymes: starch synthase and branching enzyme from potato tubers. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1555-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Tóth K, Sedlák E, Musatov A, Žoldák G. Activity of NADH oxidase from Thermus thermophilus in water/alcohol binary mixtures is limited by the stability of quaternary structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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A novel α-amylase from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 7119. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:131-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Akacha NB, Karboune S, Gargouri M, Kermasha S. Activation and Stabilization of The Hydroperoxide Lyase Enzymatic Extract from Mint Leaves (Mentha spicata) Using Selected Chemical Additives. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:901-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Ji G, Zhang H, Huang F, Huang X. Effects of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 on the laccase-catalyzed conversion of bisphenol A. J Environ Sci (China) 2009; 21:1486-90. [PMID: 20108679 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The laccase-catalyzed conversion of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solutions was studied in the absence and presence of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. It was found that the addition of Triton X-100 into the reaction system increased the conversion of BPA, especially near the critical micelle concentration of Triton X-100. Also it was found that the stability of laccase was greatly improved in the presence of TritonX-100. Studies on the endogenous fluorescence emission of laccase indicated that there existed an interaction between Triton X-100 and laccase, which was beneficial to folding and stabilizating of laccase. The binding of Triton X-100 to the laccase surface also mitigated the inactivation effect caused by the free radicals and polymerization products. Under otherwise identical conditions, a lower dosage of laccase was needed for the higher conversion of BPA in the presence of Triton X-100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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38
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39
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Bhanja T, Rout S, Banerjee R, Bhattacharyya BC. Comparative profiles of alpha-amylase production in conventional tray reactor and GROWTEK bioreactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2007; 30:369-76. [PMID: 17573554 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-007-0133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
GROWTEK bioreactor was used as modified solid-state fermentor to circumvent many of the problems associated with the conventional tray reactors for solid-state fermentation (SSF). Aspergillus oryzae IFO-30103 produced very high levels of alpha-amylase by modified solid-state fermentation (mSSF) compared to SSF carried out in enamel coated metallic trays utilizing wheat bran as substrate. High alpha-amylase yield of 15,833 U g(-1) dry solid in mSSF were obtained when the fungus were cultivated at an initial pH of 6.0 at 32 degrees C for 54 h whereas alpha-amylase production in SSF reached its maxima (12,899 U g(-1) dry solid ) at 30 degrees C after 66 h of incubation. With the supplementation of 1% NaNO(3), the maximum activity obtained was 19,665 U g(-1) dry solid (24% higher than control) in mSSF, whereas, in SSF maximum activity was 15,480 U g(-1) dry solid in presence of 0.1% Triton X-100 (20% higher than the control).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapati Bhanja
- Microbial Biotechnology and Downstream Processing Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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40
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Cavalcanti EDC, Maciel FM, Villeneuve P, Lago RCA, Machado OLT, Freire DMG. Acetone powder from dormant seeds of Ricinus communis L. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 137-140:57-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-9039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Kristensen JB, Börjesson J, Bruun MH, Tjerneld F, Jørgensen H. Use of surface active additives in enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw lignocellulose. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Mukerjea R, Slocum G, Mukerjea R, Robyt JF. Significant differences in the activities of α-amylases in the absence and presence of polyethylene glycol assayed on eight starches solubilized by two methods. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2049-54. [PMID: 16762330 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Starch is a reserve chemical source of the energy of the sun found in plants as a water-insoluble granule that differs in their chemical and physical properties, depending on the source. The granules can be solubilized by heating in water or by treatment with various reagents, such as 1M NaOH. alpha-Amylases are widely distributed enzymes that initiate the hydrolysis of starch into low molecular weight maltodextrins. We recently found that the activities of a single alpha-amylase on two different starches were significantly different. We then determined the activities of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and porcine pancreas alpha-amylases, using eight different starches, solubilized by two methods: autoclaving at 121 degrees C and 1M NaOH at 20 degrees C. There were significant differences in the activities of both of the amylases on all eight of the starches. Previously, it had been found that polyethylene glycol (PEG) stabilized and activated the activities of both enzymes, using a soluble amylose as the substrate. Addition of PEG to the enzymes greatly increased the activities on the eight starches, but the activities still differed significantly. The different activities with the starches were hypothesized as differences in the amounts of secondary and tertiary structures that are partially retained when the different starches are solubilized; the activities on addition of PEG is hypothesized as the formation of highly active species from a series of less active forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupendra Mukerjea
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, 4252 Molecular Biology Building, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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