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Bolivar JM, Woodley JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6251-6290. [PMID: 35838107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has been developing since the 1960s and although many industrial biocatalytic processes use the technology to improve enzyme performance, still today we are far from full exploitation of the field. One clear reason is that many evaluate immobilization based on only a few experiments that are not always well-designed. In contrast to many other reviews on the subject, here we highlight the pitfalls of using incorrectly designed immobilization protocols and explain why in many cases sub-optimal results are obtained. We also describe solutions to overcome these challenges and come to the conclusion that recent developments in material science, bioprocess engineering and protein science continue to open new opportunities for the future. In this way, enzyme immobilization, far from being a mature discipline, remains as a subject of high interest and where intense research is still necessary to take full advantage of the possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Dai Y, Zhang J, Jiang B, Zhang T, Chen J. New strategy for rare sugars biosynthesis: Aldol reactions using dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)-dependent aldolases. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Masdeu G, Findrik Blažević Z, Kralj S, Makovec D, López-Santín J, Álvaro G. Multi-reaction kinetic modeling for the peroxidase–aldolase cascade synthesis of a D-fagomine precursor. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Masdeu G, Vázquez LM, López-Santín J, Caminal G, Kralj S, Makovec D, Álvaro G, Guillén M. Synthesis of a precursor of D-fagomine by immobilized fructose-6-phosphate aldolase. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250513. [PMID: 33886681 PMCID: PMC8062046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) is an important enzyme for the C-C bond-forming reactions in organic synthesis. The present work is focused on the synthesis of a precursor of D-fagomine catalyzed by a mutant FSA. The biocatalyst has been immobilized onto several supports: magnetic nanoparticle clusters (mNC), cobalt-chelated agarose (Co-IDA), amino-functionalized agarose (MANA-agarose) and glyoxal-agarose, obtaining a 29.0%, 93.8%, 89.7% and 53.9% of retained activity, respectively. Glyoxal-agarose FSA derivative stood up as the best option for the synthesis of the precursor of D-fagomine due to the high reaction rate, conversion, yield and operational stability achieved. FSA immobilized in glyoxal-agarose could be reused up to 6 reaction cycles reaching a 4-fold improvement in biocatalyst yield compared to the non-immobilized enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Masdeu
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Vázquez
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep López-Santín
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Caminal
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IAQC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Slavko Kralj
- Department for Materials Synthesis, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darko Makovec
- Department for Materials Synthesis, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregorio Álvaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Guillén
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Tian J, Jia R, Wenge D, Sun H, Wang Y, Chang Y, Luo H. One-step purification and immobilization of recombinant proteins using SpyTag/SpyCatcher chemistry. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1075-1087. [PMID: 33591462 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on the specific and spontaneous formation of isopeptide bonds by SpyCatcher/SpyTag, we have developed a one-step method for purification and immobilization of recombinant proteins. The procedure is to immobilize SpyCatcher on glyoxyl agarose gels, and then the SpyCatcher immobilisate can be used to immobilize the SpyTag-fused protein in the crude extract selectively. A mutant of SpyCatcher (mSC), in which a peptide (LysGlyLysGlyLysGly) was added to the C-terminus of SpyCatcher and three lysine residues around the SpyTag/SpyCatcher binding domain were replaced with arginine, was designed to improve the attachment of SpyCatcher to the support. Compared with wild-type SpyCatcher, mSC can be immobilized on the glyoxyl-agarose support more efficiently, which enables the obtained mSC derivative a high binding capacity of the SpyTag-fused protein. The results showed that the target proteins in the crude enzyme extract were purified and immobilized in one step, and the thermal stability of the immobilized target proteins was also remarkably improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Tian
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruiqi Jia
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dong Wenge
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongxu Sun
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanhong Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Zeuner B, Luo J, Nyffenegger C, Aumala V, Mikkelsen JD, Meyer AS. Optimizing the biocatalytic productivity of an engineered sialidase from Trypanosoma rangeli for 3'-sialyllactose production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 55:85-93. [PMID: 24411449 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An engineered sialidase, Tr6, from Trypanosoma rangeli was used for biosynthetic production of 3'-sialyllactose, a human milk oligosaccharide case compound, from casein glycomacropeptide (CGMP) and lactose, components abundantly present in industrial dairy side streams. Four different enzyme re-use methods were compared to optimize the biocatalytic productivity, i.e. 3'-sialyllactose formation per amount of Tr6 employed: (i) His-tag immobilization on magnetic Cu²⁺-iminodiacetic acid-functionalized nanoparticles (MNPs), (ii) membrane immobilization, (iii) calcium alginate encapsulation of cross-linked Tr6, and (iv) Tr6 catalysis in a membrane reactor. Tr6 immobilized on MNPs gave a biocatalytic productivity of 84 mg 3'-sialyllactose/mg Tr6 after seven consecutive reaction runs. Calcium-alginate and membrane immobilization were inefficient. Using free Tr6 in a 10 kDa membrane reactor produced a 9-fold biocatalytic productivity increase compared to using free Tr6 in a batch reactor giving 306 mg 3'-sialyllactose/mg Tr6 after seven consecutive reaction runs. The 3'-sialyllactose yield on α-2,3-bound sialic acid in CGMP was 74%. Using circular dichroism, a temperature denaturation midpoint of Tr6, Tm, of 57.2 °C was determined. The thermal stability of free Tr6 was similarly high and the Tr6 was stable at the reaction temperature (25 °C) for at least 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Zeuner
- Center for BioProcess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jianquan Luo
- Center for BioProcess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Nyffenegger
- Center for BioProcess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ville Aumala
- Center for BioProcess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jørn Dalgaard Mikkelsen
- Center for BioProcess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Center for BioProcess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Pešić M, López C, López-Santín J, Alvaro G. From amino alcohol to aminopolyol: one-pot multienzyme oxidation and aldol addition. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7173-83. [PMID: 23749229 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the successful coupling of enzymatic oxidation and aldol addition reactions for the synthesis of a Cbz-aminopolyol from a Cbz-amino alcohol was achieved for the first time in a multienzymatic one-pot system. The two-step cascade reaction consisted of the oxidation of Cbz-ethanolamine to Cbz-glycinal catalyzed by chloroperoxidase from the fungus Caldariomyces fumago and aldol addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to Cbz-glycinal catalyzed by rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase expressed as a recombinant enzyme in Escherichia coli, yielding (3R,4S)-5-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-5-deoxy-1-O-phosphonopent-2-ulose. Tools of enzymatic immobilization, reactor configurations, and modification of the reaction medium were applied to highly increase the production of the target compound. While the use of soluble enzymes yielded only 23.6 % of Cbz-aminopolyol due to rapid enzyme inactivation, the use of immobilized ones permitted an almost complete consumption of Cbz-ethanolamine, reaching Cbz-aminopolyol yields of 69.1 and 71.9 % in the stirred-tank and packed-bed reactor, respectively. Furthermore, the reaction production was 18-fold improved when it was catalyzed by immobilized enzymes in the presence of 5 % (v/v) dioxane, reaching a value of 86.6 mM of Cbz-aminopoliol (31 g/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milja Pešić
- Applied Biocatalysis Unit Associated to IQAC-UAB-CSIC, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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Wang A, Du F, Wang F, Shen Y, Gao W, Zhang P. Convenient one-step purification and immobilization of lipase using a genetically encoded aldehyde tag. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Ha EJ, Kim KK, Park HS, Lee SG, Lee JO, An SSA, Paik HJ. One-step immobilization and purification of his-tagged enzyme using poly(2-acetamidoacrylic acid) hydrogel. Macromol Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-013-1007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ardao I, Comenge J, Benaiges MD, Álvaro G, Puntes VF. Rational nanoconjugation improves biocatalytic performance of enzymes: aldol addition catalyzed by immobilized rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6461-6467. [PMID: 22428999 DOI: 10.1021/la3003993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are attractive materials for the immobilization of enzymes due to several advantages such as high enzyme loading, absence of internal diffusion limitations, and Brownian motion in solution, compared to the conventional immobilization onto porous macroscopic supports. The affinity of AuNPs to different groups present at the protein surface enables direct enzyme binding to the nanoparticle without the need of any coupling agent. Enzyme activity and stability appear to be improved when the biocatalyst is immobilized onto AuNPs. Rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase (RhuA) was selected as model enzyme for the immobilization onto AuNPs. The enzyme loading was characterized by four different techniques: surface plasmon resonance (SPR) shift and intensity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). AuNPs-RhuA complexes were further applied as biocatalyst of the aldol addition reaction between dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and (S)-Cbz-alaninal during two reaction cycles. In these conditions, an improved reaction yield and selectivity, together with a fourfold activity enhancement were observed, as compared to soluble RhuA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ardao
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Unitat de Biocatàlisi Aplicada associada al IQAC (UAB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Reversible immobilization of rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase for biocatalysis: Enzyme loading optimization and aldol addition kinetic modeling. Biochem Eng J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Guérard-Hélaine C, Légeret B, Fernandes C, Prévot V, Forano C, Lemaire M. Efficient immobilization of fructose-6-phosphate aldolase in layered double hydroxide: improved stereoselective synthesis of sugar analogues. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00956c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Wang A, Wang M, Wang Q, Chen F, Zhang F, Li H, Zeng Z, Xie T. Stable and efficient immobilization technique of aldolase under consecutive microwave irradiation at low temperature. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:469-474. [PMID: 20843684 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To establish a stable and efficient immobilization technique under microwave irradiation, a focused microwave reaction system was used, where the temperature was set appropriately in the microwave system and cooling module to produce consecutive microwave irradiation. 2-Deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) was rapidly and efficiently immobilized in mesocellular siliceous foams (MCFs) under microwave irradiation. When the output power in the microwave system was set to 30 W, after 3 min, 88.4% of the enzyme protein was coupled to the wall of the support pores and the specific activity of the immobilized enzyme was 2.24 U mg(-1), 149.2% higher than that of the free enzyme and 157.0% higher than that of the non-microwave-assisted immobilized enzyme. In catalysis, microwave-assisted immobilized DERA tolerated a wider range of both pH and temperature than other DERA preparations. The thermal and storage stabilities were also significantly improved. This focused; microwave-assisted immobilization technique has proven to be simple, stable and highly efficient. This technique could also be applied to other enzyme immobilizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anming Wang
- Research Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 222, Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 310012, PR China.
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López C, Ríos SD, López-Santín J, Caminal G, Álvaro G. Immobilization of PLP-dependent enzymes with cofactor retention and enhanced stability. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Akgöl S, Öztürk N, Alev Karagözler A, Aktaş Uygun D, Uygun M, Denizli A. A new metal-chelated beads for reversible use in uricase adsorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ardao I, Suau T, Ruiz J, Ríos SD, Álvaro G, Caminal G, Benaiges MD, González G, López-Santín J. DHAP-dependent aldolases in stereoselective synthesis: Kinetic studies and immobilisation. J Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schümperli M, Pellaux R, Panke S. Chemical and enzymatic routes to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75:33-45. [PMID: 17318530 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective carbon-carbon bond formation with aldolases has become an indispensable tool in preparative synthetic chemistry. In particular, the dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)-dependent aldolases are attractive because four different types are available that allow access to a complete set of diastereomers of vicinal diols from achiral aldehyde acceptors and the DHAP donor substrate. While the substrate specificity for the acceptor is rather relaxed, these enzymes show only very limited tolerance for substituting the donor. Therefore, access to DHAP is instrumental for the preparative exploitation of these enzymes, and several routes for its synthesis have become available. DHAP is unstable, so chemical synthetic routes have concentrated on producing a storable precursor that can easily be converted to DHAP immediately before its use. Enzymatic routes have concentrated on integrating the DHAP formation with upstream or downstream catalytic steps, leading to multi-enzyme arrangements with up to seven enzymes operating simultaneously. While the various chemical routes suffer from either low yields, complicated work-up, or toxic reagents or catalysts, the enzymatic routes suffer from complex product mixtures and the need to assemble multiple enzymes into one reaction scheme. Both types of routes will require further improvement to serve as a basis for a scalable route to DHAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schümperli
- Bioprocess Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 6, Zurich, Switzerland.
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