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Kalera K, Stothard AI, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. The role of chemoenzymatic synthesis in advancing trehalose analogues as tools for combatting bacterial pathogens. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11528-11547. [PMID: 32914793 PMCID: PMC7919099 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04955g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose, a disaccharide of glucose, is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to virulence in major bacterial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Clostridioides difficile, and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Accordingly, bacterial trehalose metabolic pathways that are not present in humans have gained traction as targets for antibiotic and diagnostic development. Toward this goal, trehalose can be modified through a combination of rational design and synthesis to produce functionalized trehalose analogues, which can be deployed to probe or inhibit bacterial trehalose metabolism. However, the unique α,α-1,1-glycosidic bond and C2 symmetry of trehalose make analogue synthesis via traditional chemical methods very challenging. We and others have turned to the creation of chemoenzymatic synthesis methods, which in principle allow the use of nature's trehalose-synthesizing enzymes to stereo- and regioselectively couple simple, unprotected substrates to efficiently and conveniently generate trehalose analogues. Here, we provide a contextual account of our team's development of a trehalose analogue synthesis method that employs a highly substrate-tolerant, thermostable trehalose synthase enzyme, TreT from Thermoproteus tenax. Then, in three vignettes, we highlight how chemoenzymatic synthesis has accelerated the development of trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors that target trehalose-utilizing bacterial pathogens. We describe the role of TreT catalysis and related methods in the development of (i) tools for in vitro and in vivo imaging of mycobacteria, (ii) anti-biofilm compounds that sensitize drug-tolerant mycobacteria to clinical anti-tubercular compounds, and (iii) degradation-resistant trehalose analogues that block trehalose metabolism in C. difficile and potentially other trehalose-utilizing bacteria. We conclude by recapping progress and discussing priorities for future research in this area, including improving the scope and scale of chemoenzymatic synthesis methods to support translational research and expanding the functionality and applicability of trehalose analogues to study and target diverse bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Kalera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Alicyn I Stothard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
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2
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Zhang Y, Shaikh N, Ferey JL, Wankhade UD, Chintapalli SV, Higgins CB, Crowley JR, Heitmeier MR, Stothard AI, Mihi B, Good M, Higashiyama T, Swarts BM, Hruz PW, Shankar K, Tarr PI, DeBosch BJ. Lactotrehalose, an Analog of Trehalose, Increases Energy Metabolism Without Promoting Clostridioides difficile Infection in Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1402-1416.e2. [PMID: 31838076 PMCID: PMC7103499 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Trehalose is a disaccharide that might be used in the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases. However, trehalose consumption promotes the expansion of Clostridioides difficile ribotypes that metabolize trehalose via trehalose-6-phosphate hydrolase. Furthermore, brush border and renal trehalases can reduce the efficacy of trehalose by cleaving it into monosaccharides. We investigated whether a trehalase-resistant analogue of trehalose (lactotrehalose) has the same metabolic effects of trehalose without expanding C difficile. METHODS We performed studies with HEK293 and Caco2 cells, primary hepatocytes from mice, and human intestinal organoids. Glucose transporters were overexpressed in HEK293 cells, and glucose tra2nsport was quantified. Primary hepatocytes were cultured with or without trehalose or lactotrehalose, and gene expression patterns were analyzed. C57B6/J mice were given oral antibiotics and trehalose or lactotrehalose in drinking water, or only water (control), followed by gavage with the virulent C difficile ribotype 027 (CD027); fecal samples were analyzed for toxins A (ToxA) or B (ToxB) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Other mice were given trehalose or lactotrehalose in drinking water for 2 days before placement on a chow or 60% fructose diet for 10 days. Liver tissues were collected and analyzed by histologic, serum biochemical, RNA sequencing, autophagic flux, and thermogenesis analyses. We quantified portal trehalose and lactotrehalose bioavailability by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fecal microbiomes were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and principal component analyses. RESULTS Lactotrehalose and trehalose each blocked glucose transport in HEK293 cells and induced a gene expression pattern associated with fasting in primary hepatocytes. Compared with mice on the chow diet, mice on the high-fructose diet had increased circulating cholesterol, higher ratios of liver weight-to-body weight, hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis), and liver gene expression patterns of carbohydrate-responsive de novo lipogenesis. Mice given lactotrehalose while on the high-fructose diet did not develop any of these features and had increased whole-body caloric expenditure compared with mice given trehalose or water and fed a high-fructose diet. Livers from mice given lactotrehalose had increased transcription of genes that regulate mitochondrial energy metabolism compared with liver from mice given trehalose or controls. Lactotrehalose was bioavailable in venous and portal circulation and fecal samples. Lactotrehalose reduced fecal markers of microbial branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis and increased expression of microbial genes that regulate insulin signaling. In mice given antibiotics followed by CD027, neither lactotrehalose nor trehalose increased levels of the bacteria or its toxin in stool-in fact, trehalose reduced the abundance of CD027 in stool. Lactotrehalose and trehalose reduced markers of inflammation in rectal tissue after CD027 infection. CONCLUSIONS Lactotrehalose is a trehalase-resistant analogue that increases metabolic parameters, compared with trehalose, without increasing the abundance or virulence of C difficile strain CD027. Trehalase-resistant trehalose analogues might be developed as next-generation fasting-mimetics for the treatment of diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nurmohammad Shaikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jeremie L. Ferey
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Umesh D. Wankhade
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sree V. Chintapalli
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Cassandra B. Higgins
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jan R. Crowley
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Monique R. Heitmeier
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Alicyn I. Stothard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859
| | - Belgacem Mihi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Benjamin M. Swarts
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859
| | - Paul W. Hruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Phillip I. Tarr
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brian J. DeBosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,Correspondence: Brian DeBosch, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 5107 McDonnell Pediatrics Research Building, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63110. Telephone: 314-454-6173; FAX: 314-454-2412;
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3
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Danielson ND, Collins J, Stothard AI, Dong QQ, Kalera K, Woodruff PJ, DeBosch BJ, Britton RA, Swarts BM. Degradation-resistant trehalose analogues block utilization of trehalose by hypervirulent Clostridioides difficile. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5009-5012. [PMID: 30968891 PMCID: PMC6499371 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01300h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is used as an additive in thousands of foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products, and it is being investigated as a therapeutic for multiple human diseases. However, its ability to be used as a carbon source by microbes is a concern, as highlighted by the recent finding that trehalose can be metabolized by and potentially enhance the virulence of epidemic Clostridioides difficile. Here, we show that trehalose analogues designed to resist enzymatic degradation are incapable of being used as carbon sources by C. difficile. Furthermore, we demonstrate that trehalose analogues, but not the known trehalase inhibitor validamycin A, inhibit native trehalose utilization by hypervirulent C. difficile. Thus, degradation-resistant trehalose analogues are valuable as trehalase inhibitors and as surrogates for or co-additives with trehalose in applications where enzymatic breakdown is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah D Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
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Artificial Fusion of mCherry Enhances Trehalose Transferase Solubility and Stability. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.03084-18. [PMID: 30737350 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03084-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LeLoir glycosyltransferases are important biocatalysts for the production of glycosidic bonds in natural products, chiral building blocks, and pharmaceuticals. Trehalose transferase (TreT) is of particular interest since it catalyzes the stereo- and enantioselective α,α-(1→1) coupling of a nucleotide sugar donor and monosaccharide acceptor for the synthesis of disaccharide derivatives. Heterologously expressed thermophilic trehalose transferases were found to be intrinsically aggregation prone and are mainly expressed as catalytically active inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli To disfavor protein aggregation, the thermostable protein mCherry was explored as a fluorescent protein tag. The fusion of mCherry to trehalose transferase from Pyrobaculum yellowstonensis (PyTreT) demonstrated increased protein solubility. Chaotropic agents like guanidine or the divalent cations Mn(II), Ca(II), and Mg(II) enhanced the enzyme activity of the fusion protein. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant, K eq, for the reversible synthesis of trehalose from glucose and a nucleotide sugar was determined in both the synthesis and hydrolysis directions utilizing UDP-glucose and ADP-glucose, respectively. UDP-glucose was shown to achieve higher conversions than ADP-glucose, highlighting the importance of the choice of nucleotide sugars for LeLoir glycosyltransferases under thermodynamic control.IMPORTANCE The heterologous expression of proteins in Escherichia coli is of great relevance for their functional and structural characterization and applications. However, the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies is observed in approximately 70% of all cases, and the subsequent effects can range from reduced soluble protein yields to a complete failure of the expression system. Here, we present an efficient methodology for the production and analysis of a thermostable, aggregation-prone trehalose transferase (TreT) from Pyrobaculum yellowstonensis via its fusion with mCherry as a thermostable fluorescent protein tag. This fusion strategy allowed for increased enzyme stability and solubility and could be applied to other (thermostable) proteins, allowing rapid visualization and quantification of the mCherry-fused protein of interest. Finally, we have demonstrated that the enzymatic synthesis of trehalose from glucose and a nucleotide sugar is reversible by approaching the thermodynamic equilibrium in both the synthesis and hydrolysis directions. Our results show that uridine establishes an equilibrium constant which is more in favor of the product trehalose than when adenosine is employed as the nucleotide under identical conditions. The influence of different nucleotides on the reaction can be generalized for all LeLoir glycosyltransferases under thermodynamic control as the position of the equilibrium depends solely on the reaction conditions and is not affected by the nature of the catalyst.
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5
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Li Y, Wang Z, Feng Y, Yuan Q. Improving trehalose synthase activity by adding the C-terminal domain of trehalose synthase from Thermus thermophilus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1749-1756. [PMID: 28651873 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the activities of four other TreS enzymes from different sources linked with or without TtTreS-C. The results showed that a flexible linker peptide between TreS enzymes and TtTreS-C is essential for their activity enhancement. Moreover, the specific activities of the four enzymes were also improved by linking to the TtTreS-C fragment. Together, our study provides novel insights into the functions of the C-terminal domain of TtTreS, and would facilitate its future application in enzyme engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 East Road of North Third Ring, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 East Road of North Third Ring, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 East Road of North Third Ring, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 East Road of North Third Ring, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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O'Neill MK, Piligian BF, Olson CD, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. Tailoring Trehalose for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications. PURE APPL CHEM 2017; 89:1223-1249. [PMID: 29225379 PMCID: PMC5718624 DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar whose ability to stabilize biomolecules has brought about its widespread use in biological preservation applications. Trehalose is also an essential metabolite in a number of pathogens, most significantly the global pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though it is absent in humans and other mammals. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in modifying the structure of trehalose to generate analogues that have applications in biomedical research and biotechnology. Non-degradable trehalose analogues could have a number of advantages as bioprotectants and food additives. Trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors are already useful as research tools and may have future value in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, among other uses. Underlying the advancements made in these areas are novel synthetic methods that facilitate access to and evaluation of trehalose analogues. In this review, we focus on both aspects of the development of this class of molecules. First, we consider the chemical and chemoenzymatic methods that have been used to prepare trehalose analogues and discuss their prospects for synthesis on commercially relevant scales. Second, we describe ongoing efforts to develop and deploy detectable trehalose analogues, trehalose-based inhibitors, and non-digestible trehalose analogues. The current and potential future uses of these compounds are discussed, with an emphasis on their roles in understanding and combatting mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara K O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Brent F Piligian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Claire D Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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7
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Effect of C-terminal domain truncation of Thermus thermophilus trehalose synthase on its substrate specificity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 96:121-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Li Y, Sun X, Feng Y, Yuan Q. Cloning, expression and activity optimization of trehalose synthase from Thermus thermophilus HB27. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Walmagh M, Zhao R, Desmet T. Trehalose Analogues: Latest Insights in Properties and Biocatalytic Production. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13729-45. [PMID: 26084050 PMCID: PMC4490520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl α-D-glucopyranoside) is a non-reducing sugar with unique stabilizing properties due to its symmetrical, low energy structure consisting of two 1,1-anomerically bound glucose moieties. Many applications of this beneficial sugar have been reported in the novel food (nutricals), medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Trehalose analogues, like lactotrehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl α-D-galactopyranoside) or galactotrehalose (α-D-galactopyranosyl α-D-galactopyranoside), offer similar benefits as trehalose, but show additional features such as prebiotic or low-calorie sweetener due to their resistance against hydrolysis during digestion. Unfortunately, large-scale chemical production processes for trehalose analogues are not readily available at the moment due to the lack of efficient synthesis methods. Most of the procedures reported in literature suffer from low yields, elevated costs and are far from environmentally friendly. "Greener" alternatives found in the biocatalysis field, including galactosidases, trehalose phosphorylases and TreT-type trehalose synthases are suggested as primary candidates for trehalose analogue production instead. Significant progress has been made in the last decade to turn these into highly efficient biocatalysts and to broaden the variety of useful donor and acceptor sugars. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the latest insights and future perspectives in trehalose analogue chemistry, applications and production pathways with emphasis on biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Walmagh
- Center for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Renfei Zhao
- Center for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Tom Desmet
- Center for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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10
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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11
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Urbanek BL, Wing DC, Haislop KS, Hamel CJ, Kalscheuer R, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of trehalose analogues: rapid access to chemical probes for investigating mycobacteria. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2066-70. [PMID: 25139066 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose analogues are emerging as valuable tools for investigating Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but progress in this area is slow due to the difficulty in synthesizing these compounds. Here, we report a chemoenzymatic synthesis of trehalose analogues that employs the heat-stable enzyme trehalose synthase (TreT) from the hyperthermophile Thermoproteus tenax. By using TreT, various trehalose analogues were prepared quickly (1 h) in high yield (up to >99 % by HPLC) in a single step from readily available glucose analogues. To demonstrate the utility of this method in mycobacteria research, we performed a simple "one-pot metabolic labeling" experiment that accomplished probe synthesis, metabolic labeling, and imaging of M. smegmatis in a single day with only TreT and commercially available materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey L Urbanek
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859 (USA)
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12
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Ryu SI, Lee SB. Synthesis of nucleotide sugars and α-galacto-oligosaccharides by recombinant Escherichia coli cells with trehalose substrate. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:359-63. [PMID: 24034436 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Useful nucleoside diphosphate (NDP)-sugars and α-galacto-oligosaccharides were synthesized by recombinant Escherichia coli whole cells and compared to those produced by enzyme-coupling. Production yields of NDP-glucoses (Glcs) by whole cells harboring trehalose synthase (TS) were 60% for ADP-Glc, 82% for GDP-Glc, and 27% for UDP-Glc, based on NDP used. Yield of UDP-galactose (Gal) by the whole-cell harboring a UDP-Gal 4-epimerase (pGALE) was 26% of the quantity of UDP-Glc. α-Galacto-oligosaccharides, α-Gal epitope (Galα-3Galβ-4Glu) and globotriose (Galα-4Galβ-4Glu), were produced by the combination of three recombinant whole cells harboring TS, pGALE, and α-galactosyltransferase, with production yields of 48% and 54%, based on UDP, respectively. Production yields of NDP-sugars and α-galacto-oligosaccharides by recombinant whole-cell reactions were approximately 1.5 times greater than those of enzyme-coupled reactions. These results suggest that a recombinant whole-cell system using cells harboring TS with trehalose as a substrate may be used as an alternative and practical method for the production of NDP-sugars and α-galacto-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-In Ryu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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