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Filippovich SY, Isakova EP, Gessler NN, Deryabina YI. Advances in immobilization of phytases and their application. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 379:129030. [PMID: 37037335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The review describes the advances in the phytase immobilization for the past decade and their biotechnological applications. Different approaches for phytase immobilization are described including the process using organic and inorganic matrices and microbial cells, as well as nanostructures of various nature. Moreover, the immobilization of phytase-producing microbial cells and the use of cross-linked phytase aggregates have been under consideration. A detailed classification of various carriers for immobilization of phytases and the possibility of their applications are presented. A particular attention is drawn to a breakthrough approach of biotechnological significance to the design of microencapsulation of bacterial phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus in the recombinant extremophile of Yarrowia lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Yu Filippovich
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Elena P Isakova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Natalia N Gessler
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Yulia I Deryabina
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
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2
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Wang H, Jiang X, Qian Y, Yin L. Constructing an Efficient Bacillus subtilis Spore Display by Using Cohesin-Dockerin Interactions. Molecules 2021; 26:1186. [PMID: 33672137 PMCID: PMC7926950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis spore display has become a field of increasing interest in the past two decades. To improve the efficiency of B. subtilis spore display, its directed modification was performed based on the cellulosome architecture by introducing onto them divergent cohesin (Coh) modules that can specifically bind to the target enzyme bearing the matching dockerins (Doc). In this study, five different pairs of cohesins and dockerins, selected from four cellulolytic microbes, were examined for their capabilities in displaying a tetrameric enzyme β-galactosidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus IAM11001 on the surface of B. subtilis WB600 spores. Immunofluorescence microscopy, western blotting, dot blotting, and enzyme assay was applied to confirm its surface expression. All the resultant five Coh-Doc based spore display can hydrolyze o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside. Further, the optimized Coh-Doc based spore display exhibited the highest display efficiency. Overall, the results of current study may open new perspectives on the use of Coh-Doc interaction, which will find application in improving the efficiency of B. subtilis spore display.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xiaomin Jiang
- School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Yongchang Qian
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Q.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lianghong Yin
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Y.Q.); (L.Y.)
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3
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Dong H, Zhang W, Zhou S, Huang J, Wang P. Engineering bioscaffolds for enzyme assembly. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107721. [PMID: 33631185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With the demand for green, safe, and continuous biocatalysis, bioscaffolds, compared with synthetic scaffolds, have become a desirable candidate for constructing enzyme assemblages because of their biocompatibility and regenerability. Biocompatibility makes bioscaffolds more suitable for safe and green production, especially in food processing, production of bioactive agents, and diagnosis. The regenerability can enable the engineered biocatalysts regenerate through simple self-proliferation without complex re-modification, which is attractive for continuous biocatalytic processes. In view of the unique biocompatibility and regenerability of bioscaffolds, they can be classified into non-living (polysaccharide, nucleic acid, and protein) and living (virus, bacteria, fungi, spore, and biofilm) bioscaffolds, which can fully satisfy these two unique properties, respectively. Enzymes assembled onto non-living bioscaffolds are based on single or complex components, while enzymes assembled onto living bioscaffolds are based on living bodies. In terms of their unique biocompatibility and regenerability, this review mainly covers the current advances in the research and application of non-living and living bioscaffolds with focus on engineering strategies for enzyme assembly. Finally, the future development of bioscaffolds for enzyme assembly is also discussed. Hopefully, this review will attract the interest of researchers in various fields and empower the development of biocatalysis, biomedicine, environmental remediation, therapy, and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaofang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Lopes MM, Coutinho TC, Malafatti JOD, Paris EC, Sousa CPD, Farinas CS. Immobilization of phytase on zeolite modified with iron(II) for use in the animal feed and food industry sectors. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Ricca E, Baccigalupi L, Isticato R. Spore-adsorption: Mechanism and applications of a non-recombinant display system. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 47:107693. [PMID: 33387640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface display systems have been developed to express target molecules on almost all types of biological entities from viruses to mammalian cells and on a variety of synthetic particles. Various approaches have been developed to achieve the display of many different target molecules, aiming at several technological and biomedical applications. Screening of libraries, delivery of drugs or antigens, bio-catalysis, sensing of pollutants and bioremediation are commonly considered as fields of potential application for surface display systems. In this review, the non-recombinant approach to display antigens and enzymes on the surface of bacterial spores is discussed. Examples of molecules displayed on the spore surface and their potential applications are summarized and a mechanism of display is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy.
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
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Ugwuodo CJ, Nwagu TN. Stabilizing enzymes by immobilization on bacterial spores: A review of literature. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:238-250. [PMID: 33115650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing applications of enzymes are limited by the relatively poor performance in harsh processing conditions. As a result, there are constant innovations in immobilization protocols for improving biocatalyst activity and stability. Bacterial spores are cheap to generate and highly resistant to environmental stress. The spore core is sheathed by an inner membrane, the germ cell wall, the cortex, outer membrane, spore coat and in some species the exosporium. The spore surface is anion-rich, hydrophobic and contains several reactive groups capable of interacting and stabilizing enzyme molecules through electrostatic forces, hydrophobic interactions and covalent bonding. The probiotic nature of spores obtained from non-toxic bacterial species makes them suitable carriers for the enzyme immobilization, especially food-grade enzymes or those intended for therapeutic use. Immobilization on spores is by direct adsorption, covalent attachment or surface display during the sporulation phase. Hindrances to the immobilization on spore matrix include the production rates, operational instability, and reduced catalytic properties due to conformational changes in enzyme. This paper reviews bacterial spore as a heterofunctional support matrix gives reasons why probiotic bacillus spores are better options and the diverse technologies adopted for spore-enzyme immobilization. It further suggests directions for future use and discusses the commercialization prospects.
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Characterization of a thermostable phytase from Bacillus licheniformis WHU and further stabilization of the enzyme through disulfide bond engineering. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 142:109679. [PMID: 33220867 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytases are important industrial enzymes widely used as feed additives to hydrolyze phytate and release inorganic phosphate. In this study, a phytase gene PhyBL isolated from Bacillus licheniformis WHU was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. PhyBL showed the highest activity at pH 7.0 and retained more than 40 % of its activity at a wide temperature range from 35 to 65 °C. Ca2+ significantly affected the stability and activity of the enzyme. We further improved the stability of PhyBL through extensively disulfide engineering. After constructing and screening a series of variants, an enhanced stable G197C/A358C variant was obtained. The G197C/A358C variant had a half-life at 60℃ roughly 3.8-fold longer than the wild type. In addition, the G197C/A358C variant also showed enhanced proteolytic resistance to pepsin and trypsin. The potential mechanism underlying these improvements was investigated by molecular dynamics analysis. Our results suggest that the G197C/A358C variant may have potential application as an additive enzyme in aquaculture feed.
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8
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Naghshbandi MP, Moghimi H. Stabilization of phytase on multi-walled carbon nanotubes via covalent immobilization. Methods Enzymol 2020; 630:431-451. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Song Q, Zheng C, Jia J, Zhao H, Feng Q, Zhang H, Wang L, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. A Probiotic Spore-Based Oral Autonomous Nanoparticles Generator for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1903793. [PMID: 31490587 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Spores, the dormant life forms of probiotics, can germinate to metabolically active vegetative cells with the disintegration of their hydrophobic protein coat in the intestinal microenvironment, which provides the possibility for the formation of nanoparticles (NPs) in vivo. Inspired by the natural physiological process of spores, herein, an oral autonomous NPs generator is developed to overcome the spatially variable gastrointestinal tract environment and multibiological barriers. Spores modified with deoxycholic acid (DA) and loaded with chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin and sorafenib, DOX/SOR) serve as an autonomous production line of NPs, which can efficaciously protect the drugs passing through the rugged environment of the stomach and furthermore can be transported to the intestinal environment and colonized rapidly. Subsequently, the DOX/SOR/Spore-DA NPs are produced by the autonomous NPs generator in the intestinal regions based on the disintegrated hydrophobic protein and the hydrophilic DA, and they can efficiently penetrate the epithelial cells via the bile acid pathway, increasing basolateral drug release. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm that this biological nanogenerator can autonomously produce substantial NPs in the intestine, providing a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Cuixia Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jiajia Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qianhua Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hongling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Coutinho TC, Tardioli PW, Farinas CS. Phytase Immobilization on Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Improves Its Properties for Use in Animal Feed. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:270-292. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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11
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Stabilizing bromelain for therapeutic applications by adsorption immobilization on spores of probiotic Bacillus. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:406-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Atela JA, Mlambo V, Mnisi CM. A multi-strain probiotic administered via drinking water enhances feed conversion efficiency and meat quality traits in indigenous chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:179-184. [PMID: 31193861 PMCID: PMC6544571 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Whereas the use of probiotics is commonplace in commercial production of improved chicken strains, little is known about the impact of these live microbial feed additives in indigenous chickens in South Africa. This study investigated the effect of a multi-strain probiotic (containing Bacillus safensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium and Cupriavidus metallidurans, total bacteria number was 1.4 × 108 cfu/mL), administered via drinking water, on growth performance, blood parameters, and carcass and meat quality characteristics of Potchefstroom koekoek cockerels for a period of 12 weeks. A total of 140 five-week-old cockerels were randomly allocated to 4 experimental diets formulated to have similar energy and protein levels as follows: 1) negative control diet (CON; commercial chicken grower diet without both antibiotics and probiotics), 2) positive control diet (ANTIB; commercial chicken grower diet with antibiotics [0.05% Coxistac and 0.04% olaquindox] but no probiotics), 3) negative control diet plus 2.5 mL of probiotics per litre of water (PROB25) and 4) negative control with 5.0 mL of probiotics per litre of water (PROB50). There was a significant (P < 0.05) week and diet interaction effect on average weekly feed conversion efficiency. At 9 weeks of age, cockerels in PROB50 group had higher (P < 0.05) feed conversion efficiency than those in CON and ANTIB groups. However, 14-week-old cockerels in PROB50 group had lower (P < 0.05) feed conversion efficiency than those in ANTIB group. Treatments had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on overall feed intake, overall weight gain and haemato–biochemical parameters of cockerels. Gizzard and spleen weights were similar (P > 0.05) in PROB50, CON and PROB25 groups. Cockerels in PROB50 group had shorter (P < 0.05) small intestine than those in CON and PROB25 groups. Cockerels in PROB50 group had larger (P < 0.05) breast weight than those in PROB25 group. Cockerels in ANTIB and PROB50 groups had greater (P < 0.05) wing and thigh weights than those in CON and PROB25 groups. Shank weight was similar (P > 0.05) in PROB50, CON and ANTIB groups. Meat pH measured after 24 h of slaughter was the highest (P < 0.05) in CON and ANTIB groups followed by PROBO25 and PROB50 groups. Cockerels in CON group had lower (P < 0.05) cooking losses than those in ANTIB, PROB25 and PROB50 groups. It was concluded that probiotics can be used in place of prophylactic antibiotics in Potchefstroom koekoek cockerels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Atela
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Egerton University, PO Box 536, Egerton, 20115, Kenya
| | - Victor Mlambo
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, P Bag x11283, Mbombela, 1200, South Africa
| | - Caven M Mnisi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag x2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.,Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng, 2745, South Africa
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Crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) of phytase with soymilk proteins. J Biotechnol 2018; 282:67-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Rebello S, Anoopkumar A, Puthur S, Sindhu R, Binod P, Pandey A, Aneesh EM. Zinc oxide phytase nanocomposites as contributory tools to improved thermostability and shelflife. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Display of Escherichia coli Phytase on the Surface of Bacillus subtilis Spore Using CotG as an Anchor Protein. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:838-855. [PMID: 30088242 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli phytase (AppA) has been widely used as an exogenous feed enzyme for monogastric animals; however, the production of this enzyme has been examined primarily in E. coli and yeast expression systems. As an alternative to production of soluble phytase, an enzyme immobilization method using the Bacillus subtilis spore outer-coat protein CotG as an anchoring motif for the display of the AppA was attempted. Using this motif, AppA was successfully produced on the spore surface of B. subtilis as verified by Western blot analysis and phytase activity measurements. Analysis of the pH stability indicated that more than 50% activity was retained after incubation at four different pH values (2.0, 4.0, 7.0, and 8.0) for up to 12 h, with maximum activity observed at pH 4.5. The highest enzyme activity seen at 55 °C and thermal stability measurements demonstrated that more than 30% activity remained after 30 min incubation at 60 °C. The spore surface-displayed AppA was resistant to pepsin, and more stable than phytase produced previously using a yeast expression system. Furthermore, we present data indicating that the use of peptide linkers may help improve the bioactivity of displayed enzymes on the spore surface of B. subtilis.
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Gessler NN, Serdyuk EG, Isakova EP, Deryabina YI. Phytases and the Prospects for Their Application (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Naghshbandi MP, Moghimi H, Latif B. Covalent immobilization of phytase on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes via diimide-activated amidation: structural and stability study. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:763-772. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1435550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Pooya Naghshbandi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Moghimi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Latif
- Danesh Novin Arian Yekta (DNAY) Co., Technology Incubator, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
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Yin L, Meng Z, Zhang Y, Hu K, Chen W, Han K, Wu BY, You R, Li CH, Jin Y, Guan YQ. Bacillus spore-based oral carriers loading curcumin for the therapy of colon cancer. J Control Release 2018; 271:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jalili Tabaii M, Chatraei N, Emtiazi G. Immobilisation of phytase producing Gluconacetobacter with bacterial cellulose nano‐fibres and promotion of enzyme activities by magnetite nanoparticles. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:223-229. [PMCID: PMC8676266 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The isolated Gluconacetobacter sp. with accession number: KY996741 was assayed for evaluation of phytase activity. It could solubilise sodium phytate in the absence of soluble phosphate with the cells; however, the enzyme was not seen in cell free extract, to the best of their knowledge the intracellular phytase activities of Gluconacetobacter sp. was not reported previously. Also, the potential of in situ immobilisation of cells produced enzyme (/phytase producing bacteria) in bacterial cellulose was investigated and was studied by SEM and AFM. The results showed that the immobilised probiotic cells had the best activity of 1229 U/ml. The optimum temperature of the immobilised enzyme activity was at 45°C (5969 U/ml) and the immobilised phytase maintained 64% of its activities after two repeated cycles. The enzyme needs mild conditions for its activity and has a short life time and low stability and lost activities from 1229 to 500 U/ml during 30 days. However, it was showed that the addition of 1 ppm nano‐ferric oxide particles could promote the phytase activities of immobilised cell from 500 U/ml to >1500 U/ml. This immobilised phytase producing cells on bacterial cellulose can be useful as food and/feed supplement for phytin removal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narges Chatraei
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of IsfahanIsfahanIran
| | - Giti Emtiazi
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of IsfahanIsfahanIran
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Harati J, Ranaei Siadat SO, Taghavian H, Kaboli S, Khorshidi S. Improvement in biochemical characteristics of glycosylated phytase through immobilization on nanofibers. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Potocki W, Negri A, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Hinc K, Obuchowski M, Iwanicki A. The combination of recombinant and non-recombinant Bacillus subtilis spore display technology for presentation of antigen and adjuvant on single spore. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:151. [PMID: 28899372 PMCID: PMC5596941 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus subtilis spores can be used for presentation of heterologous proteins. Two main approaches have been developed, the recombinant one, requiring modification of bacterial genome to express a protein of interest as a fusion with spore-coat protein, and non-recombinant, based on the adsorption of a heterologous protein onto the spore. So far only single proteins have been displayed on the spore surface. RESULTS We have used a combined approach to adsorb and display FliD protein of Clostridium difficile on the surface of recombinant IL-2-presenting spores. Such spores presented FliD protein with efficiency comparable to FliD-adsorbed spores produced by wild-type 168 strain and elicited FliD-specific immune response in intranasally immunized mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that such dual display technology may be useful in creation of spores simultaneously presenting adjuvant and antigen molecules. Regarding the characteristics of elicited immune response it seems plausible that such recombinant IL-2-presenting spores with adsorbed FliD protein might be an interesting candidate for vaccine against infections with Clostridium difficile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Potocki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alessandro Negri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Hinc
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Obuchowski
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Iwanicki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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22
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Molecular advancements in the development of thermostable phytases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:2677-2689. [PMID: 28233043 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of phytic acid in 1903 and phytase in 1907, extensive research has been carried out in the field of phytases, the phytic acid degradatory enzymes. Apart from forming backbone enzyme in the multimillion dollar-based feed industry, phytases extend a multifaceted role in animal nutrition, industries, human physiology, and agriculture. The utilization of phytases in industries is not effectively achieved most often due to the loss of its activity at high temperatures. The growing demand of thermostable phytases with high residual activity could be addressed by the combinatorial use of efficient phytase sources, protein engineering techniques, heterologous expression hosts, or thermoprotective coatings. The progress in phytase research can contribute to its economized production with a simultaneous reduction of various environmental problems such as eutrophication, greenhouse gas emission, and global warming. In the current review, we address the recent advances in the field of various natural as well as recombinant thermotolerant phytases, their significance, and the factors contributing to their thermotolerance.
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23
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Donadio G, Lanzilli M, Sirec T, Ricca E, Isticato R. Localization of a red fluorescence protein adsorbed on wild type and mutant spores of Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:153. [PMID: 27609116 PMCID: PMC5016992 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial spores have been proposed as vehicles to display heterologous proteins for the development of mucosal vaccines, biocatalysts, bioremediation and diagnostic tools. Two approaches have been developed to display proteins on the spore surface: a recombinant approach, based on the construction of gene fusions between DNA molecules coding for a spore surface protein (carrier) and for the heterologous protein to be displayed (passenger); and a non-recombinant approach based on spore adsorption, a spontaneous interaction between negatively charged, hydrophobic spores and purified proteins. The molecular details of spore adsorption have not been fully clarified yet. RESULTS We used the monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein (mRFP) of the coral Discosoma sp. and Bacillus subtilis spores of a wild type and an isogenic mutant strain lacking the CotH protein to clarify the adsorption process. Mutant spores, characterized by a strongly altered coat, were more efficient than wild type spores in adsorbing mRFP but the interaction was less stable and mRFP could be in part released by raising the pH of the spore suspension. A collection of isogenic strains carrying GFP fused to proteins restricted in different compartments of the B. subtilis spore was used to localize adsorbed mRFP molecules. In wild type spores mRFP infiltrated through crust and outer coat, localized in the inner coat and was not surface exposed. In mutant spores mRFP was present in all surface layers, inner, outer coat and crust and was exposed on the spore surface. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that different spores can be selected for different applications. Wild type spores are preferable when a very tight protein-spore interaction is needed, for example to develop reusable biocatalysts or bioremediation systems for field applications. cotH mutant spores are instead preferable when the heterologous protein has to be displayed on the spore surface or has to be released, as could be the case in mucosal delivery systems for antigens and drugs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, via Cinthia-MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Teja Sirec
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, via Cinthia-MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, via Cinthia-MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, via Cinthia-MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy
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24
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Zhu N, Shi C, Shang R, Yang C, Xu Z, Wu P. Immobilization of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans on cotton gauze for biological oxidation of ferrous ions in a batch bioreactor. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 64:727-734. [PMID: 26621070 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans to oxidize ferrous iron has been extensively studied in bioleaching to recover metal resources. Although immobilization of A. ferrooxidans is of great importance to achieve high bioleaching performance in practical application, the reported approaches of immobilization of A. ferrooxidans are still limited. This paper is attempting to develop a novel method to immobilize A. ferrooxidans by a less-costly effective carrier from zeolite, activated carbon, and cotton gauze. The results showed that cotton gauze was the most suitable carrier to immobilize A. ferrooxidans cells in comparison with zeolite and activated carbon. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans immobilized on the cotton gauze by gravity dehydration could achieve an average ferrous iron oxidation rate of 0.73 g/(L·h). Furthermore, the ferrous iron oxidation ratio attained in the bioreactor under batch operation was maintained above 97.83%. All results indicated that cotton gauze could be an efficient carrier for immobilizing A. ferrooxidans cells for the biooxidation of ferrous ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengwu Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaohong Shi
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Shang
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Yang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingxiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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25
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Ghaedmohammadi S, Rigi G, Zadmard R, Ricca E, Ahmadian G. Immobilization of Bioactive Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) on the Surface of Bacillus subtilis Spores. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 57:756-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Falahati-Pour S, Lotfi A, Ahmadian G, Baghizadeh A. Covalent immobilization of recombinant organophosphorus hydrolase on spores of Bacillus subtilis. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:976-88. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.K. Falahati-Pour
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
| | - A.S. Lotfi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - G. Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
| | - A. Baghizadeh
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences; Graduate University of Advanced Technology; Kerman Iran
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27
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Shankar S, Soni SK, Daima HK, Selvakannan PR, Khire JM, Bhargava SK, Bansal V. Charge-switchable gold nanoparticles for enhanced enzymatic thermostability. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic amino acids allow the synthesis of charge-switchable metal nanoparticles, which support efficient immobilization of enzymes on nanoparticles, leading to high thermal stability and enzymatic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Shankar
- Ian Potter NanoBiosening Facility
- NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL)
- School of Applied Sciences
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
| | - Sarvesh K. Soni
- Center for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- School of Applied Sciences
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Hemant K. Daima
- Ian Potter NanoBiosening Facility
- NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL)
- School of Applied Sciences
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
| | - P. R. Selvakannan
- Center for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- School of Applied Sciences
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Jayant M. Khire
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms
- National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Suresh K. Bhargava
- Center for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC)
- School of Applied Sciences
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Vipul Bansal
- Ian Potter NanoBiosening Facility
- NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory (NBRL)
- School of Applied Sciences
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
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28
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Gashtasbi F, Ahmadian G, Noghabi KA. New insights into the effectiveness of alpha-amylase enzyme presentation on the Bacillus subtilis spore surface by adsorption and covalent immobilization. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 64-65:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Gu J, Yang R, Hua X, Zhang W, Zhao W. Adsorption-based immobilization ofCaldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticuscellobiose 2-epimerase onBacillus subtilisspores. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 62:237-44. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
A variety of bioactive peptides and proteins have been successfully displayed on the surface of recombinant spores of
Bacillus subtilis
and other sporeformers. In most cases, spore display has been achieved by stably anchoring the foreign molecules to endogenous surface proteins or parts of them. Recombinant spores have been proposed for a large number of potential applications ranging from oral vaccine vehicles to bioremediation tools, and including biocatalysts, probiotics for animal or human use, as well as the generation and screening of mutagenesis libraries. In addition, a nonrecombinant approach has been recently developed to adsorb antigens and enzymes on the spore surface. This nonrecombinant approach appears particularly well suited for applications involving the delivery of active molecules to human or animal mucosal surfaces. Both the recombinant and nonrecombinant spore display systems have a number of advantages over cell- or phage-based systems. The stability, safety of spores of several bacterial species, and amenability to laboratory manipulations, together with the lack of some constraints limiting the use of other systems, make the spore a highly efficient platform to display heterologous proteins.
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31
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Pan JG, Choi SK, Jung HC, Kim EJ. Display of native proteins on Bacillus subtilis spores. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 358:209-17. [PMID: 25168353 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In principle, protein display is enabled by fusing target proteins to naturally secreted, surface-anchored protein motifs. In this work, we developed a method of native protein display on the Bacillus spore surface that obviates the need to construct fusion proteins to display a motif. Spore coat proteins are expressed in the mother cell compartment and are subsequently assembled and deposited on the surface of spores. Therefore, target proteins overexpressed in the mother cell compartment during the late sporulation phase were expected to be targeted and displayed on the spore surface. As a proof of principle, we demonstrated the display of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) in its native form on the spore surface. The target protein, CMCase, was expressed under the control of the cry1Aa promoter, which is controlled by σ(E) and σ(K) and is expressed in the mother cell compartment. The correct display was confirmed using enzyme activity assays, flow cytometry, and immunogold electron microscopy. In addition, we demonstrated the display of a β-galactosidase tetramer and confirmed its correct display using enzyme activity assays and protein characterization. This native protein display system, combined with the robust nature of Bacillus spores, will broaden the range of displayable target proteins. Consequently, the applications of display technology will be expanded, including high-throughput screening, vaccines, biosensors, biocatalysis, bioremediation, and other innovative bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Gu Pan
- Superbacteria Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
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32
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Zhang W, Xu F, Wang D. Fabrication of phospho-phytase/heteroatomic hierarchical Fe-ZSM-5 zeolite (HHFeZ) bio-conjugates for eco-sustainable utilization of phytate-phosphorus. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01385a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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33
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The attractive recombinant phytase from Bacillus licheniformis: biochemical and molecular characterization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:5937-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Isticato R, Sirec T, Treppiccione L, Maurano F, De Felice M, Rossi M, Ricca E. Non-recombinant display of the B subunit of the heat labile toxin of Escherichia coli on wild type and mutant spores of Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:98. [PMID: 24168229 PMCID: PMC3816304 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal infections are a major global health problem and it is generally accepted that mucosal vaccination strategies, able to block infection at their entry site, would be preferable with respect to other prevention approaches. However, there are still relatively few mucosal vaccines available, mainly because of the lack of efficient delivery systems and of mucosal adjuvants. Recombinant bacterial spores displaying a heterologous antigen have been shown to induce protective immune responses and, therefore, proposed as a mucosal delivery system. A non-recombinant approach has been recently developed and tested to display antigens and enzymes. RESULTS We report that the binding subunit of the heat-labile toxin (LTB) of Escherichia coli efficiently adsorbed on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores. When nasally administered to groups of mice, spore-adsorbed LTB was able to induce a specific immune response with the production of serum IgG, fecal sIgA and of IFN-γ in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of the immunized animals. Dot blotting experiments showed that the non-recombinant approach was more efficient than the recombinant system in displaying LTB and that the efficiency of display could be further increased by using mutant spores with an altered surface. In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy experiments showed that only when displayed on the spore surface by the non-recombinant approach LTB was found in its native, pentameric form. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that non-recombinant spores displaying LTB pentamers can be administered by the nasal route to induce a Th1-biased, specific immune response. Mutant spores with an altered coat are more efficient than wild type spores in adsorbing the antigen, allowing the use of a reduced number of spores in immunization procedures. Efficiency of display, ability to display the native form of the antigen and to induce a specific immune response propose this non-recombinant delivery system as a powerful mucosal vaccine delivery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
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35
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Han ZP, Fu J, Ye P, Dong XP. A general strategy for protein immobilization in layered titanates: Polyelectrolyte-assisted self-assembly. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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36
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Bacillus spore display. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:610-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Sirec T, Strazzulli A, Isticato R, De Felice M, Moracci M, Ricca E. Adsorption of β-galactosidase of Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius on wild type and mutants spores of Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:100. [PMID: 22863452 PMCID: PMC3465195 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bacillus subtilis spore has long been used as a surface display system with potential applications in a variety of fields ranging from mucosal vaccine delivery, bioremediation and biocatalyst development. More recently, a non-recombinant approach of spore display has been proposed and heterologous proteins adsorbed on the spore surface. We used the well-characterized β-galactosidase from the thermoacidophilic bacterium Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius as a model to study enzyme adsorption, to analyze whether and how spore-adsorption affects the properties of the enzyme and to improve the efficiency of the process. RESULTS We report that purified β-galactosidase molecules were adsorbed to purified spores of a wild type strain of B. subtilis retaining ca. 50% of their enzymatic activity. Optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme were not altered by the presence of the spore, that protected the adsorbed β-galactosidase from exposure to acidic pH conditions. A collection of mutant strains of B. subtilis lacking a single or several spore coat proteins was compared to the isogenic parental strain for the adsorption efficiency. Mutants with an altered outermost spore layer (crust) were able to adsorb 60-80% of the enzyme, while mutants with a severely altered or totally lacking outer coat adsorbed 100% of the β-galactosidase molecules present in the adsorption reaction. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the spore surface structures, the crust and the outer coat layer, have an negative effect on the adhesion of the β-galactosidase. Electrostatic forces, previously suggested as main determinants of spore adsorption, do not seem to play an essential role in the spore-β-galactosidase interaction. The analysis of mutants with altered spore surface has shown that the process of spore adsorption can be improved and has suggested that such improvement has to be based on a better understanding of the spore surface structure. Although the molecular details of spore adsorption have not been fully elucidated, the efficiency of the process and the pH-stability of the adsorbed molecules, together with the well documented robustness and safety of spores of B. subtilis, propose the spore as a novel, non-recombinant system for enzyme display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teja Sirec
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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38
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Single-step purification and immobilization of MBP-phytase fusion on starch agar beads: application in dephytination of soy milk. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:981-90. [PMID: 22371061 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Periplasmic phytase, appA from E. coli has been noticed as a superior feed and food additive owing to its high specific activity, acidic pH optimum and resistance to gastric proteases. E. coli phytase was expressed as a fusion protein with maltose-binding protein, affinity-purified to homogeneity and, subsequently, immobilized in one step using a cost-effective matrix prepared from starch agar bead. Immobilized enzyme revealed an activity optimum at pH 6, while that of free enzyme was observed at pH 4. Both the immobilized and free enzyme showed a temperature optimum at 60 °C. Cleavage of 87 kDa fusion protein using factor Xa released 45 kDa appA. Hydrolysis of soy milk using immobilized enzyme led to 10% increase in release of inorganic phosphate at 50 °C relative to free fusion protein. This study suggests the usability of MBP as an immobilizing linker to other food enzymes for economical use in industry.
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