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Gupta M, Choudhury B, Navani NK. Production and characterization of an organic solvent activated protease from haloalkaliphilic bacterium Halobiforma sp. strain BNMIITR. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25084. [PMID: 38314259 PMCID: PMC10837622 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
An unusual haloalkaliphilic bacterium known as Halobiforma sp. strain BNMIITR, which was noticed to produce an extracellular alkaline protease, was found in a soil sample from Northern India's Sambhar Lake. On the generation of protease, the effects of dietary elements including nitrogen and carbon sources, amino acids, and growth conditions like temperature and pH were investigated. When low-cost agricultural by-products were employed as nitrogen sources, the manufacturing of enzymes was significantly boosted. In the present study, protease production was enhanced by 2.94 fold and 2.17 fold. By solvent precipitation and Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) on Phenyl Sepharose 6 Fast Flow matrix, the enzyme was purified 31.67 fold. It was determined that the apparent molecular mass was 21 kDa. The pH range where the enzyme was most stable was 6.0-12.0, with a temperature of 50 °C as optimum. When there was alkaline earth metals and heavy metals, protease was discovered to be active. It was evident that the enzyme was a serine type of protease because it was active in the presence of a variety of surfactants, oxidizing and reducing chemicals, and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) completely inhibited activity. Enzyme exhibited a wide range of substrate specificity. Amazingly, enzyme remained stable both in polar and nonpolar solvents. The most interesting aspect of this enzyme is enhanced activity in polar solvents like dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). It was discovered that the protease was stable and compatible with a number of widely available detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Gupta
- Botany Department, J. D. Women's College Patna, Bihar, 800023, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Bijan Choudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Navani
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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2
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Gomes I, Galamba N. Protein stability in a natural deep eutectic solvent: Preferential hydration or solvent slaving? J Chem Phys 2023; 159:235101. [PMID: 38099555 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) emerged as potential alternative solvent media in multiple areas, including biomolecular (cryo)preservation. Herein, we studied the stability of a small protein (ubiquitin) in water and a betaine-glycerol-water (B:G:W) (1:2:ζ; ζ = 0, 1, 2, 5, 10) DES, through molecular dynamics. An AMBER-based model that accurately describes the density and shear viscosity of the DES is proposed. We find that water molecules are largely trapped in the solvent, precluding the formation of a full hydration layer, seemingly opposite to osmolytes' preferential exclusion/preferential hydration mechanism. Although the protein is stable in the DES, structural fluctuations are largely suppressed and only recovered upon sufficient hydration. This is explained by a solvent-slaving mechanism where β-fluctuations are key, with the non-monotonic hydration of some amino acids with the water content providing an explanation to the non-monotonic folding of some proteins in aqueous DESs. A major thermal stability enhancement in the DES is also observed, caused by a similar slowdown of the backbone torsional dynamics. Our results support a kinetic stabilization of the protein in the DES, whereas a possible thermodynamic stabilization does not follow a preferential hydration or water entrapment mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Gomes
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Galamba
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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Liu Y, Li L, Ma C, He YC. Chemobiocatalytic transfromation of biomass into furfurylamine with mixed amine donor in an eco-friendly medium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129638. [PMID: 37549717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Biobased furfurylamine (FAM) is a versatile platform molecule for producing additives, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Recombinant E. coli HNND-AlaDH was created by co-expressing L-alanine dehydrogenase (AlaDH) and mutated Aspergillus terreus ω-transaminase (HNND), aiming to convert furfural (FUR) into FAM using inexpensive L-alanine and isopropylamine as mixed amine donors. In ChCl:FA:OA (10 wt%), pineapple peel, bagasse, barley shell, peanut shell, and corn stalk could be efficiently transformed into FUR under 170 °C for 10 min. Pineapple peel produced a high titer of FUR (183.3 mM). Additionally, the viscosity, surface tension and polarity of ChCl:FA:OA were explored. The biomass-derived FUR was fully transformed to FAM by HNND-AlaDH with amine donor (1:1:1 of L-Ala/isopropylamine/FUR mol/mol/mol) within 300 min. Accordingly, the FAM productivity was 0.58 g/(g xylan in pineapple peel). This chemobiocatalytic strategy established through the combination of chemocatalysis and biocatalysis could be applied to convert renewable biomass into valuable organic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Liu
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Cuiluan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yu-Cai He
- School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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4
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Krainara S, Mistry AN, Malee C, Chavananikul C, Pinyakong O, Assavalapsakul W, Jitpraphai SM, Kachenchart B, Luepromchai E. Development of a plastic waste treatment process by combining deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment and bioaugmentation with a plastic-degrading bacterial consortium. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132507. [PMID: 37699265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a petroleum-based plastic, and polylactic acid (PLA), a biobased plastic, have a similar visual appearance thus they usually end up in municipal waste treatment facilities. The objective of this project was to develop an effective PET and PLA waste treatment process that involves pretreatment with deep eutectic solvent (DES) followed by biodegradation with a plastic-degrading bacterial consortium in a composting system. The DES used was a mixture of choline chloride and glycerol, while the bacterial strains (Chitinophaga jiangningensis EA02, Nocardioides zeae EA12, Stenotrophomonas pavanii EA33, Gordonia desulfuricans EA63, Achromobacter xylosoxidans A9 and Mycolicibacterium parafortuitum J101) used to prepare the bacterial consortium were selected based on their ability to biodegrade PET, PLA, and plasticizer. The plastic samples (a PET bottle, PLA cup, and PLA film) were pretreated with DES through a dip-coating method. The DES-coated plastic samples exhibited higher surface wettability and biofilm formation, indicating that DES increases the hydrophilicity of the plastic and facilitates bacterial attachment to the plastic surface. The combined action of DES pretreatment and bioaugmentation with a plastic-degrading bacterial consortium led to improved degradation of PET and PLA samples in various environments, including aqueous media at ambient temperature, lab-scale traditional composting, and pilot-scale composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowaluk Krainara
- Department of Environmental Health and Technology, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand; Excellent Center for Dengue and Community Public Health (EC for DACH), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Avnish Nitin Mistry
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chawanan Malee
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chutima Chavananikul
- International Program in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management (IP-HSM), Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onruthai Pinyakong
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Assavalapsakul
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somrudee Meprasert Jitpraphai
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonlue Kachenchart
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ekawan Luepromchai
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Wysokowski M, Luu RK, Arevalo S, Khare E, Stachowiak W, Niemczak M, Jesionowski T, Buehler MJ. Untapped Potential of Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Synthesis of Bioinspired Inorganic-Organic Materials. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:7878-7903. [PMID: 37840775 PMCID: PMC10568971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in 2003, significant progress has been made in the field, specifically advancing aspects of their preparation and physicochemical characterization. Their low-cost and unique tailored properties are reasons for their growing importance as a sustainable medium for the resource-efficient processing and synthesis of advanced materials. In this paper, the significance of these designer solvents and their beneficial features, in particular with respect to biomimetic materials chemistry, is discussed. Finally, this article explores the unrealized potential and advantageous aspects of DESs, focusing on the development of biomineralization-inspired hybrid materials. It is anticipated that this article can stimulate new concepts and advances providing a reference for breaking down the multidisciplinary borders in the field of bioinspired materials chemistry, especially at the nexus of computation and experiment, and to develop a rigorous materials-by-design paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wysokowski
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rachel K. Luu
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sofia Arevalo
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eesha Khare
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Witold Stachowiak
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Niemczak
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Center
for Computational Science and Engineering, Schwarzman College of Computing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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6
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Yadav N, Chahar D, Bisht M, Venkatesu P. Assessing the compatibility of choline-based deep eutectic solvents for the structural stability and activity of cellulase: Enzyme sustain at high temperature. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125988. [PMID: 37499720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
As a new generation of 'green solvents' deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represents a promising alternative to the conventional solvents. Their environmental-benign nature and designer properties promote their utility in biocatalysis. Enzymes are marginally stable when exposed to physical/chemical disturbances. One such enzyme is cellulase which is a propitious catalyst for the depolymerization of cellulose under mild conditions. Therefore, their stability is a prerequisite condition to match demands of biorefineries. To address this issue of low stability, activity and thermal denaturation of cellulase, there is a need to find a sustainable and suitable co-solvent that is biocompatible with enzymes ultimately to facilitate their application in bio-industries. In this regard, we synthesized three choline-based DESs, choline chloride (ChCl)-glycerol, ChCl-ethylene glycol and ChCl-lactic acid and employed them to analyze their suitability for cellulase. The present study systematically evaluates the influence of the mentioned DESs on stability, activity and thermal stability of cellulase with the help of various spectroscopic techniques. The spectroscopic analysis revealed that the structural stability and activity of the enzyme were improved in presence of ChCl-glycerol and ChCl-ethylene glycol. The thermal stability was also very well maintained in both the DESs. Interestingly, the relative activity of cellulase was >80 % even after incubation at 50 °C after 48 h for both the DESs. This activity preservation behaviour was more pronounced for ChCl-ethylene glycol than ChCl-glycerol. Moreover, temperature variations studies also reveal promising results by maintain conformational intactness. On the other side, ChCl-lactic acid showed a deleterious effect on the enzyme both structurally as well as thermally. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis provides more specific information about the negative influence of ChCl-lactic acid towards cellulase native structure. This DES induces unavoidable alterations in the enzyme structure which leads to the unfolding of enzyme, ultimately, destabilizing it. Overall, our results present a physical insight into how the enzyme stability and activity depend on the nature of DES. Also, the findings will help to facilitate the development and application of DESs as biocatalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niketa Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Deepak Chahar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Meena Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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Godase VP, Kumar VR, Kumar AR. Potential of Y. lipolytica epoxide hydrolase for efficient production of enantiopure (R)-1,2-octanediol. AMB Express 2023; 13:77. [PMID: 37495892 PMCID: PMC10371975 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The recombinant Yleh from a tropical marine yeast Yarrowia lipolytica NCIM 3589 exhibited a high epoxide hydrolase activity of 9.34 ± 1.80 µmol min-1 mg-1 protein towards 1,2-epoxyoctane (EO), at pH 8.0 and 30 °C. The reaction product was identified as 1,2-Octanediol (OD) by GC-MS using EO and H2O18 as substrate, affirming the functionality of Yleh as an epoxide hydrolase. For EO, the Km, Vmax, and kcat/Km values were 0.43 ± 0.017 mM, 0.042 ± 0.003 mM min-1, and 467.17 ± 39.43 mM-1 min-1, respectively. To optimize the reaction conditions for conversion of racemic EO by Yleh catalyst to enantiopure (R)-1,2-octanediol, initially, Response Surface Methodology was employed. Under optimized reaction conditions of 15 mM EO, 150 µg purified Yleh at 30 °C a maximal diol production of 7.11 mM was attained in a short span of 65 min with a yield of 47.4%. Green technology using deep eutectic solvents for the hydrophobic substrate (EO) were tested as co-solvents in Yleh catalyzed EO hydrolysis. Choline chloride-Glycerol, produced 9.08 mM OD with an increased OD yield of 60.5%. Thus, results showed that deep eutectic solvents could be a promising solvent for Yleh-catalyzed reactions making Yleh a potential biocatalyst for the biosynthesis of enantiopure synthons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya P Godase
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology (Formerly Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, 411007, Pune, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, 416004, Kolhapur, India
| | - V Ravi Kumar
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, National Chemical Laboratory, 411008, Pune, India
| | - Ameeta Ravi Kumar
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology (Formerly Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, 411007, Pune, India.
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Kikani B, Patel R, Thumar J, Bhatt H, Rathore DS, Koladiya GA, Singh SP. Solvent tolerant enzymes in extremophiles: Adaptations and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124051. [PMID: 36933597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-aqueous enzymology has always drawn attention due to the wide range of unique possibilities in biocatalysis. In general, the enzymes do not or insignificantly catalyze substrate in the presence of solvents. This is due to the interfering interactions of the solvents between enzyme and water molecules at the interface. Therefore, information about solvent-stable enzymes is scarce. Yet, solvent-stable enzymes prove quite valuable in the present day biotechnology. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrates in solvents synthesizes commercially valuable products, such as peptides, esters, and other transesterification products. Extremophiles, the most valuable yet not extensively explored candidates, can be an excellent source to investigate this avenue. Due to inherent structural attributes, many extremozymes can catalyze and maintain stability in organic solvents. In the present review, we aim to consolidate information about the solvent-stable enzymes from various extremophilic microorganisms. Further, it would be interesting to learn about the mechanism adapted by these microorganisms to sustain solvent stress. Various approaches to protein engineering are used to enhance catalytic flexibility and stability and broaden biocatalysis's prospects under non-aqueous conditions. It also describes strategies to achieve optimal immobilization with minimum inhibition of the catalysis. The proposed review would significantly aid our understanding of non-aqueous enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavtosh Kikani
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India; Department of Biological Sciences, P.D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa 388 421, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh Patel
- Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
| | - Jignasha Thumar
- Government Science College, Gandhinagar 382 016, Gujarat, India
| | - Hitarth Bhatt
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Atmiya University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
| | - Dalip Singh Rathore
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India; Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India
| | - Gopi A Koladiya
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India
| | - Satya P Singh
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India.
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9
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Menthol and Fatty Acid-Based Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents as Media for Enzyme Activation. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aims to provide insights into the biological efficacy of a newly formed hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES). A DES based on menthol was successfully synthesized with fatty acids. The DESs’ properties as enzyme activators were examined against a neat counterpart. The menthol:decanoic acid (1:1) combination showed improved thermal stability, strong catalytic activity, and reusability for up to four subsequent cycles under ideal conditions (pH 7.0, 40 °C for 2 h). The hydrophobic DES replaced hexane in ester synthesis, where RNL@DES5 showed better fatty acid conversion compared to neat RNL. This study demonstrated promising applications of hydrophobic DESs in non-aqueous organic reactions.
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Can deep eutectic solvents be the best alternatives to ionic liquids and organic solvents: A perspective in enzyme catalytic reactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:255-269. [PMID: 35835302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As a new generation of green solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been considered as a promising alternative to classical organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs). DESs are normally formed by two or more components via various h-bonds interactions. Up to date, four types of DESs are found, namely, type I DESs (formed by MClx, namely FeCl2, AlCl3, ZnCl2, CuCl2 and AgCl et al., and quaternary ammonium salts); type II DESs (formed by metal chloride hydrates and quaternary ammonium salts); type III DESs (formed by choline chlorides and different kinds of HBDs) and type IV DESs (formed by salts of transition metals and urea). DESs share many advantages, such as low vapor pressure, good substrate solubility and thermal stability, with ILs, and offering a high potential to be the medium of biocatalysis reactions. In this case, this paper reviews the applications of DESs in enzymatic reactions. Lipases are the most widely used enzyme in DESs systems as their versatile applications in various reactions and robustness. Interestingly, DESs can improve the efficiency of these reactions via enhancing the substrates solubility and the activity and stability of enzymes. Therefore, the directed engineering of DESs for special reactions such as degradation of polymers in high temperature or strong acid-base conditions will be one of the future perspectives of the investigation DESs.
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Yadav N, Venkatesu P. Current understanding and insights towards protein stabilization and activation in deep eutectic solvents as sustainable solvent media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13474-13509. [PMID: 35640592 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a new class of green, designer and biocompatible solvents, an alternative to conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs) which are comparatively toxic and non-biodegradable. DESs are eutectic mixtures that are formed when a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) is mixed with a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) at particular molar ratios by mechanical grinding or under mild heating conditions. Very recently, these solvents have been the center of attention for researchers in biotechnology, biomedicine and various scientific applications. These environmentally benign solvents have a close analogy with ILs; however, they offer certain unique merits over traditional ILs. DESs display remarkable properties such as easy preparation, tunable composition, biodegradability, recyclability, inherently low toxicity, sustainability and biocompatibility; these special features validate DESs as new potential solvents/co-solvents for biomolecules. Mechanistically, the biocompatibility and protein friendly nature of DESs depend on various factors, which include the composition of the DES, viscosity and hydration level. Therefore, it becomes an essential task to bring together all the studies related to protein behaviour in DESs to unlock their biomolecular proficiency. This review specifically highlights recent insights into the biomacromolecular functionality in DESs, including outlines of the solubilization and stabilization of proteins, long term protein packaging, different extraction methods and enzyme activation in the presence of DESs. A literature survey reveals that DESs act as green media in which the protein structure and activity are retained. In some cases, proteins refolded and enzymatic activity was enhanced several fold in the presence of DESs. Furthermore, we have reviewed the possible mechanistic behaviour behind protein stabilization, refolding and activation in DESs. Overall, the main objective of this review is to explicate the advantages of the introduction of DESs for biomolecules and to demonstrate the versatility of these eco-friendly solvents for future bio-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niketa Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India.
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