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Wang L, Song LF, Chen XY, Ma YL, Suo JF, Shi JH, Chen GH. MiR-181b inhibits P38/JNK signaling pathway to attenuate autophagy and apoptosis in juvenile rats with kainic acid-induced epilepsy via targeting TLR4. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 25:112-122. [PMID: 29808547 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of miR-181b in alterations of apoptosis and autophagy in the kainic acid (KA)-induced epileptic juvenile rats via modulating TLR4 and P38/JNK signaling pathway. METHODS Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to testify the targeting relationship between miR-181b and TLR4. After intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v.) of KA, rats were injected with miR-181b agomir and TLR4 inhibitor (TAK-242). The TLR-4 activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was also administered into rats immediately after injection with miR-181b agomir. Quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used for detections of miR-181b and TLR4 expressions, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Nissl staining for observation of the hippocampus morphological changes, and TUNEL staining for apoptosis analysis. Moreover, western blot was determined to detect TLR4 and P38/JNK pathway proteins, as well as autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins. RESULTS TLR4 was identified as a direct target of miR-181b using Dual-luciferase reporter assay. KA rats injected with miR-181b agomir or TAK-242 had improved learning and memory abilities, reduced seizure severity of Racine's scale, and lessened neuron injury. Additionally, miR-181b agomir or TAK-242 could significantly inhibit P38/JNK signaling, decrease LC3II/I, Beclin-1, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, Bax, and cleaved caspases-3, but increase p62 and Bcl-2 expression. No significances were found between KA group and KA + miR-181b + LPS group. CONCLUSION MiR-181b could inhibit P38/JNK signaling pathway via targeting TLR4, thereby exerting protective roles in attenuating autophagy and apoptosis of KA-induced epileptic juvenile rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li-Fang Song
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan-Li Ma
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fang Suo
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing-He Shi
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital (Zhengzhou University Affiliated Children's Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
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Bittencourt S, Ferrazoli E, Valente MF, Romariz S, Janisset NR, Macedo CE, Antonio BDB, Barros V, Mundim M, Porcionatto M, Aarão MC, Miranda MF, Rodrigues AM, de Almeida ACG, Longo BM, Mello LE. Modification of the natural progression of epileptogenesis by means of biperiden in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2017; 138:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Guo XQ, Cao YL, Hao F, Yan ZR, Wang ML, Liu XW. Tangeretin alters neuronal apoptosis and ameliorates the severity of seizures in experimental epilepsy-induced rats by modulating apoptotic protein expressions, regulating matrix metalloproteinases, and activating the PI3K/Akt cell survival pathway. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:246-253. [PMID: 28501723 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epilepsy is complex neural disarray categorized by recurring seizures. Despite recent advances in pharmacotherapies for epilepsy, its treatment remains a challenge due to the contrary effects of the drugs. As a result, the identification of novel anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) with neuroprotective properties and few side effects is of great value. Thus, the present study assessed the treatment effects of tangeretin using a rat model of pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Separate groups of male Wistar rats received oral administrations of tangeretin at 50, 100, or 200mg/kg for 10 days and then, on the 10th day, they received an intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine (30mg/kg). Subsequently, neuronal degeneration and apoptosis were assessed using Nissl staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay procedures. Additionally, the expressions of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K/Akt) pathway proteins, cleaved caspase-3, Bad, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bax were determined using Western blot analyses. RESULTS Tangeretin reduced the seizure scores and latency to first seizure of the rats and effectively activated the pilocarpine-induced suppression of PI3K/Akt signaling. Additionally, tangeretin effectively regulated the levels of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in mitochondria as well as the expressions of apoptotic pathway proteins. Seizure-induced elevations in the activities and expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 and -9 were also modulated. CONCLUSION The present results indicate that tangeretin exerted potent neuroprotective effects against pilocarpine-induced seizures via the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling and the regulation of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Guo
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Department of Neurology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining 272011, China
| | - Yu-Ling Cao
- Department of Neurology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining 272011, China
| | - Fang Hao
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhong-Rui Yan
- Department of Neurology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining 272011, China
| | - Mei-Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Xue-Wu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Heischmann S, Quinn K, Cruickshank-Quinn C, Liang LP, Reisdorph R, Reisdorph N, Patel M. Exploratory Metabolomics Profiling in the Kainic Acid Rat Model Reveals Depletion of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 during Epileptogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31424. [PMID: 27526857 PMCID: PMC4985632 DOI: 10.1038/srep31424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, no reliable markers are available to evaluate the epileptogenic potential of a brain injury. The electroencephalogram is the standard method of diagnosis of epilepsy; however, it is not used to predict the risk of developing epilepsy. Biomarkers that indicate an individual's risk to develop epilepsy, especially those measurable in the periphery are urgently needed. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the most common form of acquired epilepsy, is characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures following brain injury and a seizure-free "latent" period. Elucidation of mechanisms at play during epilepsy development (epileptogenesis) in animal models of TLE could enable the identification of predictive biomarkers. Our pilot study using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics analysis revealed changes (p-value ≤ 0.05, ≥1.5-fold change) in lipid, purine, and sterol metabolism in rat plasma and hippocampus during epileptogenesis and chronic epilepsy in the kainic acid model of TLE. Notably, disease development was associated with dysregulation of vitamin D3 metabolism at all stages and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 depletion in the acute and latent phase of injury-induced epileptogenesis. These data suggest that plasma VD3 metabolites reflect the severity of an epileptogenic insult and that a panel of plasma VD3 metabolites may be able to serve as a marker of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Heischmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, School of Pharmacy, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Kevin Quinn
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | | | - Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, School of Pharmacy, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rick Reisdorph
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, School of Pharmacy, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Adada M, Luberto C, Canals D. Inhibitors of the sphingomyelin cycle: Sphingomyelin synthases and sphingomyelinases. Chem Phys Lipids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abdel Shakor AB, Atia M, Alshehri AS, Sobota A, Kwiatkowska K. Ceramide generation during curcumin-induced apoptosis is controlled by crosstalk among Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, caspases and glutathione. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2220-30. [PMID: 26232616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin exhibits anti-cancer properties manifested by activation of pro-apoptotic signaling. We have demonstrated earlier that apoptosis of HL-60 human leukemia cells induced by curcumin is controlled by ceramide generated by neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) which contributes to sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) inhibition favoring accumulation of ceramide in cells. Here we report that the activity of nSMase, ceramide accumulation and death of HL-60 cells are inhibited by overexpression of Bcl-xL or Bcl-2 proteins, while down-regulation of nSMase interferes with degradation of Bcl-2 but not Bcl-xL. Activation of nSMase in curcumin-treated cells requires the activity of apoptosis initiator caspase-8 and executioner caspase-3, whereas nSMase depletion prevents activation of caspase-3, but not caspase-8. These data place nSMase activation downstream of caspase-8 and Bcl-xL and indicate a mutual regulation between nSMase and caspase-3 activity on one hand, and Bcl-2 level on the other hand in curcumin-treated cells. The activation of nSMase and ceramide accumulation also depended on the depletion of glutathione. The depletion of glutathione required the activity of caspase-8 and caspase-3 as well as the down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Together, the data indicate a crosstalk among Bcl-2, Bc-xL, caspases and glutathione during curcumin-induced apoptosis and point to the superior role of caspase-8 activity, Bcl-xL down-regulation and glutathione depletion in the pro-apoptotic cascade leading to nSMase activation and generation of ceramide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abo Bakr Abdel Shakor
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mona Atia
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Ali Saleh Alshehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrzej Sobota
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Liu H, Song Z, Liao DG, Zhang TY, Liu F, Zhuang K, Luo K, Yang L, He J, Lei JP. Anticonvulsant and Sedative Effects of Eudesmin isolated from Acorus tatarinowii
on mice and rats. Phytother Res 2015; 29:996-1003. [PMID: 25851178 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Zhi Song
- Department of Neurology; The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Da-Guang Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Tian-Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Kai Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Kui Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Pharmacy; The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410013 China
| | - Jian-Ping Lei
- Department of Pharmacy; The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410013 China
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Shamseddine AA, Airola MV, Hannun YA. Roles and regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 in cellular and pathological processes. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 57:24-41. [PMID: 25465297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the functions of ceramide signaling has advanced tremendously over the past decade. In this review, we focus on the roles and regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), an enzyme that generates the bioactive lipid ceramide through the hydrolysis of the membrane lipid sphingomyelin. A large body of work has now implicated nSMase2 in a diverse set of cellular functions, physiological processes, and disease pathologies. We discuss different aspects of this enzyme's regulation from transcriptional, post-translational, and biochemical. Furthermore, we highlight nSMase2 involvement in cellular processes including inflammatory signaling, exosome generation, cell growth, and apoptosis, which in turn play important roles in pathologies such as cancer metastasis, Alzheimer's disease, and other organ systems disorders. Lastly, we examine avenues where targeted nSMase2-inhibition may be clinically beneficial in disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf A Shamseddine
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael V Airola
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Emerging roles of lipids in BCL-2 family-regulated apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1542-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Mühle C, Huttner HB, Walter S, Reichel M, Canneva F, Lewczuk P, Gulbins E, Kornhuber J. Characterization of acid sphingomyelinase activity in human cerebrospinal fluid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62912. [PMID: 23658784 PMCID: PMC3642176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a key enzyme in sphingolipid metabolism, acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is involved in the regulation of cell fate and signaling via hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to form ceramide. While increased activity of the lysosomal form has been associated with various pathological conditions, there are few studies on secretory ASM limited only to cell models, plasma or serum. Methods An optimized assay based on a fluorescent substrate was applied to measure the ASM activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from mice and from 42 patients who were classified as controls based on normal routine CSF values. Results We have detected ASM activity in human CSF, established a sensitive quantitative assay and characterized the enzyme’s properties. The enzyme resembles plasmatic ASM including protein stability and Zn2+-dependence but the assays differ considerably in the optimal detergent concentration. Significantly increased activities in the CSF of ASM transgenic mice and undetectable levels in ASM knock-out mice prove that the measured ASM activity originates from the ASM-encoding gene SMPD1. CSF localized ASM activities were comparable to corresponding serum ASM levels at their respective optimal reaction conditions, but no correlation was observed. The large variance in ASM activity was independent of sex, age or analyzed routine CSF parameters. Conclusions Human and mouse CSF contain detectable levels of secretory ASM, which are unrelated to serum ASM activities. Further investigations in humans and in animal models will help to elucidate the role of this enzyme in human disease and to assess its value as a potential biomarker for disease type, severity, progress or therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Kornhuber J, Tripal P, Gulbins E, Muehlbacher M. Functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMAs). Handb Exp Pharmacol 2013:169-186. [PMID: 23579455 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1368-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are not only structural components of biological membranes, but also play an important role in cellular signalling and, thus, are involved in cell proliferation and differentiation but also stress and cell death. It is therefore of great clinical relevance to define inhibitors of the enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolism. Here, we describe the state of the art of functional inhibitors of the acid sphingomyelinase. The acid sphingomyelinase converts sphingomyelin to ceramide, a compound often involved in cell stress. We describe the structural and physicochemical properties, the distribution, the pharmacokinetics, the pharmocodynamics and the clinical use of direct and functional inhibitors of the acid sphingomyelinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, D 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Testai FD, Hillmann M, Amin-Hanjani S, Gorshkova I, Berdyshev E, Gorelick PB, Dawson G. Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid ceramide profile after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2012; 43:2066-70. [PMID: 22713492 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.650390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the cerebrospinal fluid sphingolipid profile in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage in relation to the occurrence of symptomatic vasospasm and outcome at hospital discharge. METHODS The ceramide profile in the cerebrospinal fluid was determined by mass spectrometry in control subjects and patients with Fisher 3 grade subarachnoid hemorrhage within 48 hours of the bleed. Patients were prospectively followed and subcategorized based on the occurrence of symptomatic vasospasm and modified Rankin Scale at discharge. RESULTS Compared to control subjects, patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage had higher cerebrospinal fluid levels of total ceramide (12.4±8.8 versus 54.6±49.3 pmol/mL; P<0.001). In the subgroup analysis, total ceramide levels in individuals with symptomatic vasospasm (104.2±57.0 pmol/mL) were higher than in those with asymptomatic vasospasm (32.4±25.7 pmol/mL; P=0.006) and no vasospasm (30.9±15.7 pmol/mL; P=0.003). In addition, compared to patients with a good outcome (modified Rankin Scale ≤3), individuals with poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale ≥4) had higher cerebrospinal fluid levels of total ceramide (79±25 versus 23±6 pmol/mL; P=0.008). When the relative contributions of the different ceramide species were calculated, a higher relative concentration of C(18:0) ceramide was observed in individuals with symptomatic vasospasm (P=0.018) and poor outcome (P=0.028). CONCLUSIONS Ceramide profile changes occur in subarachnoid hemorrhage. In this small case-based series elevation of levels of this sphingolipid, particularly C(18:0), was associated with the occurrence of symptomatic vasospasm and poor neurological outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando D Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Rhein C, Tripal P, Seebahn A, Konrad A, Kramer M, Nagel C, Kemper J, Bode J, Mühle C, Gulbins E, Reichel M, Becker CM, Kornhuber J. Functional implications of novel human acid sphingomyelinase splice variants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35467. [PMID: 22558155 PMCID: PMC3338701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) hydrolyses sphingomyelin and generates the lipid messenger ceramide, which mediates a variety of stress-related cellular processes. The pathological effects of dysregulated ASM activity are evident in several human diseases and indicate an important functional role for ASM regulation. We investigated alternative splicing as a possible mechanism for regulating cellular ASM activity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We identified three novel ASM splice variants in human cells, termed ASM-5, -6 and -7, which lack portions of the catalytic- and/or carboxy-terminal domains in comparison to full-length ASM-1. Differential expression patterns in primary blood cells indicated that ASM splicing might be subject to regulatory processes. The newly identified ASM splice variants were catalytically inactive in biochemical in vitro assays, but they decreased the relative cellular ceramide content in overexpression studies and exerted a dominant-negative effect on ASM activity in physiological cell models. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate that alternative splicing of ASM is of functional significance for the cellular stress response, possibly representing a mechanism for maintaining constant levels of cellular ASM enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Rhein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Tripal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angela Seebahn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Centre, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alice Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcel Kramer
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute and Center for Sepsis Control and Care at Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Nagel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Kemper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Bode
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Reichel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cord-Michael Becker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Centre, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Dontigny E, Patenaude C, Cyr M, Massicotte G. Sphingomyelinase selectively reduces M1 muscarinic receptors in rat hippocampal membranes. Hippocampus 2012; 22:1589-96. [PMID: 22228652 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although there is evidence that nicotinic acetylcholine (Ach) receptors are influenced by ceramides, we do not currently know whether or not these sphingolipids can also regulate the muscarinic subtypes of Ach receptors. Using the whole-cell patch technique, we demonstrated that the effectiveness of the muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine, in enhancing spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in CA1 pyramidal cells, was completely abolished in hippocampal slices pre-exposed to the ceramide-generating enzyme sphingomyelinase (SMase). Western blot experiments, performed with biotinylated hippocampal membranes, showed that this electrophysiological defect possibly relies on the loss of M1 muscarinic Ach receptors at the cell surface. However, the effect appears to be relatively specific as the cell-surface expression of M4 muscarinic receptors was not found to be impacted by SMase treatment. Interestingly, we observed that G protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 and β-arrestin1/2 interactions with M1-immunoprecipitated proteins were substantially augmented in SMase-treated slices and that the reduction of cell-surface M1 muscarinic receptor expression generated was completely suppressed by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. Collectively, our data suggest that selective internalization of M1 muscarinic receptors can be accentuated in neurons subjected to high ceramide levels. The potential physiopathological implications of this finding are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Dontigny
- Groupe de recherche en Neuroscience, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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Kornhuber J, Muehlbacher M, Trapp S, Pechmann S, Friedl A, Reichel M, Mühle C, Terfloth L, Groemer TW, Spitzer GM, Liedl KR, Gulbins E, Tripal P. Identification of novel functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23852. [PMID: 21909365 PMCID: PMC3166082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a hitherto unknown feature for 27 small drug-like molecules, namely functional inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). These entities named FIASMAs (Functional Inhibitors of Acid SphingoMyelinAse), therefore, can be potentially used to treat diseases associated with enhanced activity of ASM, such as Alzheimer's disease, major depression, radiation- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and endotoxic shock syndrome. Residual activity of ASM measured in the presence of 10 µM drug concentration shows a bimodal distribution; thus the tested drugs can be classified into two groups with lower and higher inhibitory activity. All FIASMAs share distinct physicochemical properties in showing lipophilic and weakly basic properties. Hierarchical clustering of Tanimoto coefficients revealed that FIASMAs occur among drugs of various chemical scaffolds. Moreover, FIASMAs more frequently violate Lipinski's Rule-of-Five than compounds without effect on ASM. Inhibition of ASM appears to be associated with good permeability across the blood-brain barrier. In the present investigation, we developed a novel structure-property-activity relationship by using a random forest-based binary classification learner. Virtual screening revealed that only six out of 768 (0.78%) compounds of natural products functionally inhibit ASM, whereas this inhibitory activity occurs in 135 out of 2028 (6.66%) drugs licensed for medical use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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16
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Engel T, Hatazaki S, Tanaka K, Prehn JHM, Henshall DC. Deletion of Puma protects hippocampal neurons in a model of severe status epilepticus. Neuroscience 2010; 168:443-50. [PMID: 20362645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged seizures (status epilepticus) can activate apoptosis-associated signaling pathways. The extent to which such pathways contribute to cell death might depend on the insult intensity, whereby the programmed or apoptotic cell death component is reduced when seizures are more severe or protracted. We recently showed that mice lacking the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 homology domain 3-only protein Puma (Bbc3) were potently protected against damage caused by status epilepticus. In the present study we examined whether Puma deficiency was protective when the seizure episode was more severe. Intra-amygdala microinjection of 1 microg kainic acid (KA) into C57BL/6 mice triggered status epilepticus that lasted about twice as long as with 0.3 microg KA prior to lorazepam termination. Hippocampal damage was also significantly greater in the higher-dose group. Over 80% of degenerating neurons after seizures were positive for DNA fragmentation assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). Microscopic analysis of neuronal nuclear morphology in TUNEL-positive cells revealed the proportion displaying large rounded clumps of condensed chromatin was approximately 50% lower in the high-dose versus low-dose KA group. Nevertheless, compared to heterozygous and wild-type mice subject to status epilepticus by high-dose KA, neuronal death was reduced by approximately 50% in the hippocampus of Puma-deficient mice. These data suggest aspects of the apoptotic component of seizure-induced neuronal death are insult duration- or severity-dependent. Moreover, they provide further genetic evidence that seizure-induced neuronal death is preventable by targeting so-called apoptosis-associated signaling pathways and Puma loss likely disrupts caspase-independent or non-apoptotic seizure-induced neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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17
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Yalcin A, Armagan G, Turunc E, Konyalioglu S, Kanit L. Potential neuroprotective effect of γ-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester on rat brain against kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:513-21. [DOI: 10.3109/10715761003645964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Zhang Y, Wang W, Sun Z, Feng D, Deng Y, Liu Y, Zhao G, Wang H, Huang Y. Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Treatment Prevents Cognitive Impairment Following Status Epilepticus in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:572-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University
- Department of Neurology, The PLA 187th Hospital
| | - WenYong Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Military Medical University
| | - ZhiJian Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, The Fourth Military Medical University
| | - DongYun Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University
| | - YanChun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University
| | - YongHong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University
| | - HuaNing Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University
| | - YuanGui Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University
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19
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Rabie T, Mühlhofer W, Bruckner T, Schwab A, Bauer AT, Zimmermann M, Bonke D, Marti HH, Schenkel J. Transient protective effect of B-vitamins in experimental epilepsy in the mouse brain. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 41:74-9. [PMID: 19777382 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of programmed cell death in the nervous system of vertebrates is a complex mechanism aimed to remove superfluous or damaged cells. Epileptic seizures can lead to an activation of pathways resulting in neuronal cell death. B-vitamins might have a neuroprotective potential reducing cell death following appropriate stimulation. Here, the role of the B-vitamins B(1) (thiamine), B(6) (pyridoxine), and B(12) (cobalamine) was investigated in a mouse model of experimental epilepsy induced by kainate. B-vitamin pre-treated animals showed a significantly reduced epileptic score during the first 15 min after kainate injection. The molecular response to kainate showed a bi-phased time course with early induction of Bcl-2 expression within 12 h and a second induction after 7 days of kainate exposure. B-vitamin pre-treatment resulted in significant higher Bcl-2 expression in control animals (no kainate) and at 12 h within the early phase. Bcl-2 expression was not affected by B-vitamins within the second phase. BAX expression was not significantly influenced during the whole experiment. Three days after kainate stimulation, the number of TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling-positive cells in the hippocampal region was lower in B-vitamin-treated animals. Therefore, B-vitamin pre-treatment may attenuate the response to epileptic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Rabie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Mohammadi S, Pavlik A, Krajci D, Al-Sarraf H. NMDA preconditioning and neuroprotection in vivo: Delayed onset of kainic acid-induced neurodegeneration and c-Fos attenuation in CA3a neurons. Brain Res 2009; 1256:162-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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