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Xie X, Yao H, Zhao H, Liu B, Bai Y, Li H, Liu Y, Du M. The surgical interval between robot-assisted SEEG and epilepsy resection surgery is an influencing factor of SSI. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024; 13:81. [PMID: 39061108 PMCID: PMC11282661 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-024-01438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the development of robotic neurosurgery has brought many benefits to patients, but there are few studies on the occurrence of surgical site infection (SSI) after robot-assisted stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG). The purpose of this study was to collect relevant data from robot-assisted SEEG over the past ten years and to analyze the influencing factors and economic burden of surgical site infection. METHODS Basic and surgical information was collected for all patients who underwent robot-assisted SEEG from January 2014 to December 2023. Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors influencing SSI according to different subgroups (radiofrequency thermocoagulation or epilepsy resection surgery). RESULTS A total of 242 subjects were included in this study. The risk of SSI in the epilepsy resection surgery group (18.1%) was 3.5 times greater than that in the radiofrequency thermocoagulation group (5.1%) (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.39 to 9.05); this difference was statistically significant. SSI rates in the epilepsy resection surgery group were associated with shorter surgical intervals (≤ 9 days) and higher BMI (≥ 23 kg/m2) (6.1 and 5.2 times greater than those in the control group, respectively). Hypertension and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) were risk factors for SSI in the radiofrequency thermocoagulation group. Patients with SSIs had $21,231 more total hospital costs, a 7-day longer hospital stay, and an 8-day longer postoperative hospital stay than patients without SSI. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of SSI in patients undergoing epilepsy resection after stereoelectroencephalography was higher than that in patients undergoing radiofrequency thermocoagulation. For patients undergoing epilepsy resection surgery, prolonging the interval between stereoelectroencephalography and epilepsy resection surgery can reduce the risk of SSI; At the same time, for patients receiving radiofrequency thermocoagulation treatment, it is not recommended to enter the ICU for short-term observation if the condition permits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Xie
- Department of Infection Management and Disease Control, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The 1st Medical Center, Fuxing Road No. 28, Beijing, 100853, China
- Central Sterile Supply Department, Ningxia People's Armed Police Corps Hospital, South Qinghe Street No. 895, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Hongwu Yao
- Department of Infection Management and Disease Control, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The 1st Medical Center, Fuxing Road No. 28, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hulin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The 1st Medical Center, Fuxing Road No. 28, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Bowei Liu
- Department of Infection Management and Disease Control, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The 1st Medical Center, Fuxing Road No. 28, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yanling Bai
- Department of Infection Management and Disease Control, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The 1st Medical Center, Fuxing Road No. 28, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Infection Management and Disease Control, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The 1st Medical Center, Fuxing Road No. 28, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yunxi Liu
- Department of Infection Management and Disease Control, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The 1st Medical Center, Fuxing Road No. 28, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Mingmei Du
- Department of Infection Management and Disease Control, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The 1st Medical Center, Fuxing Road No. 28, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Alick-Lindstrom S, Venkatesh P, Perven G, Wabulya A, Yang QZJ, Sirsi D, Podkorytova I. Back to Basics: Care of the Stereotactic EEG Implanted Patient. J Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 41:415-422. [PMID: 38935655 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Stereotactic EEG (SEEG) is gaining increasing popularity in the United States. Patients undergoing SEEG have unique challenges, and their needs are different compared with noninvasive cases. We aim to describe the medical, nursing, and other institutional practices of SEEG evaluations among tertiary referral (level IV) epilepsy centers accredited by the National Association of Epilepsy Centers. METHODS We analyzed data obtained from a Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) survey we formulated and distributed to directors of all level IV epilepsy centers listed by the National Association of Epilepsy Center. Most questions were addressed to the adult and pediatric SEEG programs separately. RESULTS Among 199 epilepsy center directors invited to complete the survey, 90 (45%) responded. Eighty-three centers (92%) reported they perform SEEG evaluations. Of the 83 respondents, 56 perform SEEG in adult and 47 in pediatric patients. Twenty-two centers evaluate both pediatric and adult subjects. The highest concordance of SEEG workflow was in (1) epilepsy monitoring unit stay duration (1-2 weeks, 79% adult and 85% pediatric programs), (2) use of sleep deprivation (94% both adult and pediatric) and photic stimulation (79% adult and 70% pediatric) for seizure activation, (3) performing electrical cortical stimulation at the end of SEEG evaluation after spontaneous seizures are captured (84% adult and 88% pediatric), and (4) daily head-wrap inspection (76% adult and 80% pediatric). Significant intercenter variabilities were noted in the other aspects of SEEG workflow. CONCLUSIONS Results showed significant variability in SEEG workflow across polled centers. Prospective, multicenter protocols will help the future development and harmonization of optimal practice patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Alick-Lindstrom
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
| | | | - Ghazala Perven
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Angela Wabulya
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Qian-Zhou JoJo Yang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A.; and
| | - Deepa Sirsi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center/UT Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Irina Podkorytova
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
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Duncan JS, Beech V, Chowdhury FA, Miserocchi A, McEvoy A. Complicated epilepsy surgery: importance of balancing benefit and deficit. Pract Neurol 2024:pn-2023-003901. [PMID: 38821880 DOI: 10.1136/pn-2023-003901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The risk-benefit ratio of epilepsy surgery needs careful consideration, is different for each individual and requires a careful, informed dialogue between the person concerned and their medical advisers. We illustrate this process with Virginia, who has had refractory focal epilepsy from age 1 year and a left hemiparesis. At the age of 45 years, we discussed the possibility of epilepsy surgery and went through non-invasive investigations with structural and functional MRI, tractography, scalp video-EEG telemetry, neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric evaluations. This was followed by a decision to carry out intracranial EEG to define the area of seizure onset and its relation to an area of focal cortical dysplasia, eloquent cortex and tracts. We agreed to carry out a focal resection in the knowledge that this would result in a loss of left-hand function. One year later, Virginia is seizure-free on reduced medication. We describe the steps in the process with Virginia's views.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Fahmida Amin Chowdhury
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
- Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Anna Miserocchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
- Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Andrew McEvoy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
- Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Ranasinghe KMIU, Senanayake S, Gunasekara S, Garusinghe S, Attanayake D, Wanigasinghe J, Fernando S, Kudavidanage B, de Silva A, Suraweera C, Satharasinghe S, Karunanayaka S, Senanayake SJ, Gooneratne IK. Surgical Outcome of Pharmaco Refractory Epilepsy in the National Epilepsy Center of Sri Lanka. World Neurosurg 2024; 184:e494-e502. [PMID: 38310948 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Epilepsy Center (NEC) in Sri Lanka was established in 2017. Seizure outcome, effects on quality of life (QOL) and surgical complications among nonpediatric patients who underwent epilepsy surgery from October 2017 to February 2023 are described. METHODS Nineteen patients (≥14 years) underwent epilepsy surgery at the NEC. We used Engel classification and Quality of Life in Epilepsy 31 (QOLIE-31) questionnaire to assess seizure outcome and QOL respectively. Surgical complications were categorized into neurological and complications related to surgery. RESULTS Nine female and 10 male patients underwent surgery (mean age 27.5 years (range 14-44 years). The mean follow-up duration was 10.5 months (range 6-55 months). Twelve patients underwent temporal lobe resections. At 6-months follow-up, 83.3% (10/12) had favorable seizure outcomes with Engel class I/II. At 1-year follow-up 6/8 patients (75.0%) and at 2-year follow-up, 5/7 patients (71.4%) had a favorable outcome. Seven patients had extra-temporal lobe surgeries and one defaulted. Seizure freedom was observed in 6/6 at 6 months, 3/3 at 1-year, and 2/2 at 2-year follow-up. Five patients (26.3%) experienced minor post-operative surgical site infection. Two (11.1%) had persistent quadrantanopia. Meaningful improvement in QOL (change in QOLIE-31 score ≥11.8) was observed irrespective of seizure outcome or type of surgery (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Epilepsy surgery is effective in developing countries. Seizure outcomes in our patients are comparable to those worldwide. Clinically important QOL improvement was observed in our series. This is the first published data on epilepsy surgery outcomes in nonpediatric patients from Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M I U Ranasinghe
- Institution of Neurology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Sunethra Senanayake
- Institution of Neurology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Sudath Gunasekara
- Institution of Neurology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Sanjeewa Garusinghe
- Institution of Neurology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Deepal Attanayake
- Institution of Neurology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Sanjaya Fernando
- Institution of Neurology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Bimal Kudavidanage
- Institution of Neurology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Anil de Silva
- Institution of Neurology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Chathurie Suraweera
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Salika Karunanayaka
- Institution of Neurology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Sameera Jayan Senanayake
- Health Services and System Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI) and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Wang J, Li P, Liang B, Ding X, Gao H, Feng E. The comparison of the watertight and non-watertight dural closure in supratentorial craniotomy: A single-institute 10-year experience with 698 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35199. [PMID: 37713860 PMCID: PMC10508469 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Watertight dural closure (WTDC) is considered crucial by many neurosurgeons in cranial base surgery, infratentorial craniotomy, and spinal intradural procedure. Whether WTDC also reduce complications remains controversial in supratentorial craniotomy. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between WTDC and CSF-related complications in supratentorial craniotomy for the resection of space-occupying lesions. A retrospective analysis of patients who suffered from intracranial space-occupying lesions at Beijing Ditan Hospital between January 2011 and December 2021 was conducted. A total of 698 cases were reviewed with attention to the operative approach, subgaleal fluid collection, wound healing impairment, postoperative infection, and post-craniotomy headaches. The study included a total of 423 patients with WTDC and 275 patients without WTDC. Patients without WTDC had a significantly higher rate of infection (10.9% vs 4.5% with WTDC, P = .001). The rate of subgaleal fluid collection was 9.7% in the WTDC group and 11.3% in the non-WTDC group, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = .502). They suffered from a greater incidence of post-craniotomy headaches in the WTDC group (13.5% vs 9.5% in the non-WTDC group), but without statistical significance (P = .109). We also found no difference in wound healing impairment (P = .719). There is less postoperative infection associated with WTDC during intracranial space-occupying lesion removal than without WTDC in supratentorial craniotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peiliang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haili Gao
- National Center for Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Enshan Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Sukhudyan B, Minkin K, Badalyan S, Gabrovski K, Gevorgyan A, Tovmasyan I, Babloyan A, Dimova P. Development and results of the epilepsy surgery in Armenia: hope for a better future. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1152275. [PMID: 37670773 PMCID: PMC10475525 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1152275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We present our experience with the national epilepsy surgery program in Armenia by tracing the development of epilepsy surgery in the largest pediatric neurology department at "Arabkir" Medical Center. This development was possible on the basis of a strong collaboration with the Epilepsy Surgery center at the University Hospital "Sofia St. Ivan Rilski," Sofia, Bulgaria. Materials and methods Our material included 28 consecutive patients with lesional drug-resistant epilepsy evaluated. All patients underwent 3 T MRI and Video-EEG monitoring. Brain 18FDG-PET was done in 13 patients in St. Petersburg. Fifteen patients (53%) had preoperative neuropsychological examination before surgery. All operations were done by the same neurosurgical team on site in Arabkir Hospital. Results The majority of the patients in our cohort benefited from the epilepsy surgery as 25 (89%) are free of disabling seizures (Engel class I) and three patients (11%) did not improve substantially (Engel class IV). Eleven patients (39%) are already ASM-free after surgery, 4 (14%) are on monotherapy, 11(39%) get two drugs, and 2(7%) are on polytherapy, one of them still continues having seizures. In 12 patients (43%), we were able either to withdraw therapy or to decrease one of the ASM. Conclusion We believe that, although small, yet encompassing patients along the usual age spectrum and with the most frequent pathologies of drug-resistant epilepsies, our experience can serve as a model to develop epilepsy surgery in countries with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Petia Dimova
- University Hospital St. Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria
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7
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Chen JS, Lamoureux AA, Shlobin NA, Elkaim LM, Wang A, Ibrahim GM, Obaid S, Harroud A, Guadagno E, Dimentberg E, Bouthillier A, Bernhardt BC, Nguyen DK, Fallah A, Weil AG. Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Epilepsia 2023; 64:1957-1974. [PMID: 36824029 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) has emerged as a popular minimally invasive alternative to open resective surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). We sought to perform a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis to identify independent predictors of seizure outcome and complications following MRgLITT for DRE. Eleven databases were searched from January 1, 2010 to February 6, 2021 using the terms "MR-guided ablation therapy" and "epilepsy". Multivariable mixed-effects Cox and logistic regression identified predictors of time to seizure recurrence, seizure freedom, operative complications, and postoperative neurological deficits. From 8705 citations, 46 studies reporting on 450 MRgLITT DRE patients (mean age = 29.5 ± 18.1 years, 49.6% female) were included. Median postoperative seizure freedom and follow-up duration were 15.5 and 19.0 months, respectively. Overall, 240 (57.8%) of 415 patients (excluding palliative corpus callosotomy) were seizure-free at last follow-up. Generalized seizure semiology (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.78, p = .020) and nonlesional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings (HR = 1.50, p = .032) independently predicted shorter time to seizure recurrence. Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM; odds ratio [OR] = 7.97, p < .001) and mesial temporal sclerosis/atrophy (MTS/A; OR = 2.21, p = .011) were independently associated with greater odds of seizure freedom at last follow-up. Operative complications occurred in 28 (8.5%) of 330 patients and were independently associated with extratemporal ablations (OR = 5.40, p = .012) and nonlesional MRI studies (OR = 3.25, p = .017). Postoperative neurological deficits were observed in 53 (15.1%) of 352 patients and were independently predicted by hypothalamic hamartoma etiology (OR = 5.93, p = .006) and invasive electroencephalographic monitoring (OR = 4.83, p = .003). Overall, MRgLITT is particularly effective in treating patients with well-circumscribed lesional DRE, such as CCM and MTS/A, but less effective in nonlesional cases or lesional cases with a more diffuse epileptogenic network associated with generalized seizures. This study identifies independent predictors of seizure freedom and complications following MRgLITT that may help further guide patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shu Chen
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Audrey-Anne Lamoureux
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Sainte Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathan A Shlobin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lior M Elkaim
- Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - George M Ibrahim
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sami Obaid
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Sainte Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adil Harroud
- Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena Guadagno
- Harvey E. Beardmore Division of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Evan Dimentberg
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Sainte Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Bouthillier
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dang K Nguyen
- Division of Neurology, University of Montreal Medical Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aria Fallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander G Weil
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Sainte Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Brain and Child Development Axis, Sainte Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Câmara B, Fava A, Matano F, Okano A, Ronconi D, Silva Costa B, Gadelha Figueiredo E, Chassoux F, Devaux B, Froelich S. Transuncal Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy by an Inferolateral Preseptal Endoscopic Approach Through Inferior Eyelid Conjunctival Incision: An Anatomic Study. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2023; 25:199-208. [PMID: 37133253 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transorbital endoscopic approaches have been described for pathologies of anterior and middle fossae. Standard lateral orbitotomy gives access to mesial temporal lobe, but the axis of work is partially obscured by the temporal pole and working corridor is limited. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the usefulness of an inferolateral orbitotomy to provide a more direct corridor to perform a transuncal selective amygdalohippocampectomy. METHODS Three adult cadaveric specimens were used for a total of 6 dissections. A step-by-step description and illustration of the transuncal corridor for a selective amygdalohippocampectomy were performed using the inferolateral orbitotomy through an inferior eyelid conjunctival incision. The anatomic landmarks were demonstrated in detail. Orbitotomies and angles of work were measured from computed tomography scans, and the area of resection was illustrated by postdissection MRI. RESULTS Inferior eyelid conjunctival incision was made for exposure of the inferior orbital rim. Inferolateral transorbital approach was performed to access the transuncal corridor. Endoscopic selective amygdalohippocampectomy was performed through the entorhinal cortex without damage to the temporal neocortex or Meyer's loop. The mean horizontal diameter of the osteotomy was 14.4 mm, and the vertical one was 13.6 mm. The mean angles of work were 65° and 35.5° in the axial and sagittal planes, respectively. Complete amygdalohippocampectomy was achieved in all 6 dissections. CONCLUSION Transuncal selective amygdalohippocampectomy was feasible in cadaveric specimens using the inferolateral transorbital endoscopic approach avoiding damage to the temporal neocortex and Meyer's loop. The inferior eyelid conjunctival incision may result in an excellent cosmetic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Câmara
- Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de neurochirurgie expérimentale, Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Arianna Fava
- Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de neurochirurgie expérimentale, Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fumihiro Matano
- Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de neurochirurgie expérimentale, Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Atsushi Okano
- Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de neurochirurgie expérimentale, Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Ronconi
- Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de neurochirurgie expérimentale, Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Silva Costa
- Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Francine Chassoux
- Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Devaux
- Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Froelich
- Service de Neurochirurgie-Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Li L, Ibayashi K, Piscopo A, Deifelt Streese C, Chen H, Greenlee JDW, Hasan DM. Intraarterial encephalography from an acutely implanted aneurysm embolization device in awake humans. J Neurosurg 2023; 138:785-792. [PMID: 35932270 DOI: 10.3171/2022.6.jns22932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endovascular electroencephalography (evEEG) uses the cerebrovascular system to record electrical activity from adjacent neural structures. The safety, feasibility, and efficacy of using the Woven EndoBridge Aneurysm Embolization System (WEB) for evEEG has not been investigated. METHODS Seventeen participants undergoing awake WEB endovascular treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms were included. After WEB deployment and before detachment, its distal deployment wire was connected to an EEG receiver, and participants performed a decision-making task for 10 minutes. WEB and scalp recordings were captured. RESULTS All patients underwent successful embolization and evEEG with no complications. Event-related potentials were detected on scalp EEG in 9/17 (53%) patients. Of these 9 patients, a task-related low-gamma (30-70 Hz) response on WEB channels was captured in 8/9 (89%) cases. In these 8 patients, the WEB was deployed in 2 middle cerebral arteries, 3 anterior communicating arteries, the terminal internal carotid artery, and 2 basilar tip aneurysms. Electrocardiogram artifact on WEB channels was present in 12/17 cases. CONCLUSIONS The WEB implanted within cerebral aneurysms of awake patients is capable of capturing task-specific brain electrical activities. Future studies are warranted to establish the efficacy of and support for evEEG as a tool for brain recording, brain stimulation, and brain-machine interface applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Li
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kenji Ibayashi
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Anthony Piscopo
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Haiming Chen
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - David M Hasan
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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10
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Dasgupta D, Finn R, Chari A, Giampiccolo D, de Tisi J, O'Keeffe AG, Miserocchi A, McEvoy AW, Vos SB, Duncan JS. Hippocampal resection in temporal lobe epilepsy: Do we need to resect the tail? Epilepsy Res 2023; 190:107086. [PMID: 36709527 PMCID: PMC10626579 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anteromesial temporal lobe resection is the most common surgical technique used to treat drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, particularly when secondary to hippocampal sclerosis. Structural and functional imaging data suggest the importance of sparing the posterior hippocampus for minimising language and memory deficits. Recent work has challenged the view that maximal posterior hippocampal resection improves seizure outcome. This study was designed to assess whether resection of posterior hippocampal atrophy was associated with improved seizure outcome. METHODS Retrospective analysis of a prospective database of all anteromesial temporal lobe resections performed in individuals with hippocampal sclerosis at our epilepsy surgery centre, 2013-2021. Pre- and post-operative MRI were reviewed by 2 neurosurgical fellows to assess whether the atrophic segment, displayed by automated hippocampal morphometry, was resected, and ILAE seizure outcomes were collected at 1 year and last clinical follow-up. Data analysis used univariate and binary logistic regression. RESULTS Sixty consecutive eligible patients were identified of whom 70% were seizure free (ILAE Class 1 & 2) at one year. There was no statistically significant difference in seizure freedom outcomes in patients who had complete resection of atrophic posterior hippocampus or not (Fisher's Exact test statistic 0.69, not significant at p < .05) both at one year, and at last clinical follow-up. In the multivariate analysis only a history of status epilepticus (OR=0.2, 95%CI:0.042-0.955, p = .04) at one year, and pre-operative psychiatric disorder (OR=0.145, 95%CI:0.036-0.588, p = .007) at last clinical follow-up, were associated with a reduced chance of seizure freedom. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that seizure freedom is not associated with whether or not posterior hippocampal atrophy is resected. This challenges the traditional surgical dogma of maximal posterior hippocampal resection in anteromesial temporal lobe resections and is a step further optimising this surgical procedure to maximise seizure freedom and minimise associated language and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Dasgupta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
| | - Roisin Finn
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
| | - Aswin Chari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Developmental Neuroscience, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Davide Giampiccolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK; Institute of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic London, London, UK.
| | - Jane de Tisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Aidan G O'Keeffe
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. aidan.o'
| | - Anna Miserocchi
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
| | - Andrew W McEvoy
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
| | - Sjoerd B Vos
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK; Neuroradiological Academic Unit, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation, and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.
| | - John S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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11
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Hamasaki T, Uchikawa H, Ohmori Y, Kaku Y, Ono T, Tochihara S, Hirai T, Kawano T, Mukasa A. Variations in the branching patterns of the anterior choroidal artery: an angiographic study with special reference to temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2022; 164:2165-2172. [PMID: 35789290 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-022-05294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preservation of the anterior choroidal artery (AChA) is essential for avoiding neurological sequelae after mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) surgery. The purpose of this study is to reveal the anatomical variation in which the perforating branches arise from the plexal segment of the AChA by using a modern neuroimaging modality. METHODS This study analyzed 3D rotational angiography (3DRA) images from 56 subjects. The AChA and perforating branches were visualized using slab MIP. We analyzed branching patterns, courses of the perforating arteries arising from the plexal segment of the AChA, and the anastomosis of the AChA with other cerebral arteries. RESULTS The slab MIP applied to 3DRA visualized one or more perforating branches from the AChA in 92.9% of cases. The presence of perforating branches arising from the AChA plexal segment was 17.3%. Most of the branching points of plexal perforators were likely located in the operative field during hippocampal resection. The course of the AChA plexal perforators included the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Anastomosis with other cerebral arteries was visualized in 25% of the AChA with plexal perforators. CONCLUSIONS 3DRA slab MIP was useful for visualizing the perforating branches of the AChA. Our results showed the possibility that surgical manipulation of the choroid plexus may cause infarction in the AChA territory. We suggest that the existence of the AChA plexal perforators should be recognized to further enhance the safety of hippocampal resection for mTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Hamasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Uchikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohmori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kaku
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ono
- Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1, Kuhara, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tochihara
- Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hirai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kawano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Akitake Mukasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
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12
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Duncan JS. Multidisciplinary team meetings: the epilepsy experience. Pract Neurol 2022; 22:practneurol-2022-003350. [PMID: 35534196 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2022-003350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings are essential for ensuring optimal and consistent management for patients with complex problems and a variety of treatment options. Epilepsy surgery MDTs are a good example of complex decision making and planning to the best possible outcomes. The meetings need to run to an agreed format, with participants from neurology, neurophysiology, neuroimaging, neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry and neurosurgery all contributing succinct opinions to enable an informed discussion. A key feature of a successful MDT is to have a clear record of complementary data and perspectives, and to document management options. It is crucial to have a debrief after the event if an outcome is less good than anticipated, with the case being gone through in as much detail as a preoperative case, and ensuring that the whole team shares the successes and the disappointments and learns from the experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Duncan
- Department of Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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13
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Liu Y, Wu H, Li H, Dong S, Liu X, Li K, Du C, Meng Q, Zhang H. Severity Grading, Risk Factors, and Prediction Model of Complications After Epilepsy Surgery: A Large-Scale and Retrospective Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:722478. [PMID: 34707556 PMCID: PMC8543040 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.722478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To report complications after epilepsy surgery, grade the severity of complications, investigate risk factors, and develop a nomogram for risk prediction of complications. Methods: Patients with epilepsy surgery performed by a single surgeon at a single center between October 1, 2003 and April 30, 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Study outcomes included severity grading of complications occurring during the 3-month period after surgery, risk factors, and a prediction model of these complications. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratio and 95% confidence interval to identify risk factors. Results: In total, 2,026 surgical procedures were eligible. There were 380 patients with mild complications, 23 with moderate complications, and 82 with severe complications. Being male (odds ratio 1.29, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.64), age at surgery (>40 years: 2.58, 1.55–4.31; ≤ 40: 2.25, 1.39–3.65; ≤ 30: 1.83, 1.18–2.84; ≤ 20: 1.71, 1.11–2.63), intracranial hemorrhage in infancy (2.28, 1.14–4.57), serial number of surgery ( ≤ 1,000: 1.41, 1.01–1.97; ≤ 1,500: 1.63, 1.18–2.25), type of surgical procedure (extratemporal resections: 2.04, 1.55–2.70; extratemporal plus temporal resections: 2.56, 1.80–3.65), surgery duration (>6 h: 1.94, 1.25–3.00; ≤ 6: 1.92, 1.39–2.65), and acute postoperative seizure (1.44, 1.06–1.97) were independent risk factors of complications. A nomogram including age at surgery, type of surgical procedure, and surgery duration was developed to predict the probability of complications. Conclusions: Although epilepsy surgery has a potential adverse effect on the patients, most complications are mild and severe complications are few. Risk factors should be considered during the perioperative period. Patients with the above risk factors should be closely monitored to identify and treat complications timely. The prediction model is very useful for surgeons to improve postoperative management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huanfa Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shan Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kuo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changwang Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Clinical Research Center for Refractory Epilepsy of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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14
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The incidence of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage after elective cranial surgery: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev 2021; 45:1827-1845. [PMID: 34499261 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-021-01641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a major complication after elective neurosurgical procedures. The aim of this systematic literature review is to summarize the incidence rates of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage for neurosurgical procedures, classified by surgical approach. The Pubmed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for studies reporting the outcome of patients undergoing elective neurosurgical procedures. The number of patients, surgical approach, and indication for surgery were recorded for each study. Outcomes related to CSF leakage such as clinical manifestation and treatment were reported as well. One hundred and thirteen studies were included, reporting 94,695 cases. Overall, CSF leaks were present in 3.8% of cases. Skull base surgery had the highest rate of CSF leakage with 6.2%. CSF leakage occurred in 5.9% of anterior skull base procedures, 6.4% of middle fossa, and 5.2% of transpetrosal surgeries. 5.8% of reported infratentorial procedures were complicated by CSF leakage versus 2.9% of supratentorial surgeries. CSF leakage remains a common serious adverse event after cranial surgery. There exists a need for standardized procedures to reduce the incidence of postoperative CSF leakage, as this serious adverse event may lead to increased health care costs.
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15
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Vakharia VN, Vos SB, Winston GP, Gutman MJ, Wykes V, McEvoy AW, Miserocchi A, Sparks R, Ourselin S, Duncan JS. Intraoperative overlay of optic radiation tractography during anteromesial temporal resection: a prospective validation study. J Neurosurg 2021; 136:543-552. [PMID: 34330090 DOI: 10.3171/2020.12.jns203437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anteromesial temporal lobe resection (ATLR) results in long-term seizure freedom in patients with drug-resistant focal mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). There is significant anatomical variation in the anterior projection of the optic radiation (OR), known as Meyer's loop, between individuals and between hemispheres in the same individual. Damage to the OR results in contralateral superior temporal quadrantanopia that may preclude driving in 33%-66% of patients who achieve seizure freedom. Tractography of the OR has been shown to prevent visual field deficit (VFD) when surgery is performed in an interventional MRI (iMRI) suite. Because access to iMRI is limited at most centers, the authors investigated whether use of a neuronavigation system with a microscope overlay in a conventional theater is sufficient to prevent significant VFD during ATLR. METHODS Twenty patients with drug-resistant MTLE who underwent ATLR (9 underwent right-side ATLR, and 9 were male) were recruited to participate in this single-center prospective cohort study. Tractography of the OR was performed with preoperative 3-T multishell diffusion data that were overlaid onto the surgical field by using a conventional neuronavigation system linked to a surgical microscope. Phantom testing confirmed overlay projection errors of < 1 mm. VFD was quantified preoperatively and 3 to 12 months postoperatively by using Humphrey and Esterman perimetry. RESULTS Perimetry results were available for all patients postoperatively, but for only 11/20 (55%) patients preoperatively. In 1/20 (5%) patients, a significant VFD occurred that would prevent driving in the UK on the basis of the results on Esterman perimetry. The VFD was identified early in the series, despite the surgical approach not transgressing OR tractography, and was subsequently found to be due to retraction injury. Tractography was also used from this point onward to inform retractor placement, and no further significant VFDs occurred. CONCLUSIONS Use of OR tractography with overlay outside of an iMRI suite, with application of an appropriate error margin, can be used during approach to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and carries a 5% risk of VFD that is significant enough to preclude driving postoperatively. OR tractography can also be used to inform retractor placement. These results warrant a larger prospective comparative study of the use of OR tractography-guided mesial temporal resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vejay N Vakharia
- 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London and Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, London.,2National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London
| | - Sjoerd B Vos
- 3Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin P Winston
- 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London and Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, London.,2National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London.,4Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Victoria Wykes
- 6Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham.,7Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham; and
| | - Andrew W McEvoy
- 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London and Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, London.,2National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London
| | - Anna Miserocchi
- 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London and Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, London.,2National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London
| | - Rachel Sparks
- 8School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Ourselin
- 8School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - John S Duncan
- 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London and Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, London.,2National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London
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16
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Milovanović JR, Janković SM, Milovanović D, Ružić Zečević D, Folić M, Kostić M, Ranković G, Stefanović S. Contemporary surgical management of drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 20:23-40. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1676733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dragan Milovanović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Marko Folić
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marina Kostić
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Goran Ranković
- Medical Faculty, University of Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Srđan Stefanović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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17
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Youngerman BE, Khan FA, McKhann GM. Stereoelectroencephalography in epilepsy, cognitive neurophysiology, and psychiatric disease: safety, efficacy, and place in therapy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:1701-1716. [PMID: 31303757 PMCID: PMC6610288 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s177804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, surgical intervention may be an effective treatment option if the epileptogenic zone (EZ) can be well localized. Subdural strip and grid electrode (SDE) implantations have long been used as the mainstay of intracranial seizure localization in the United States. Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is an alternative approach in which depth electrodes are placed through percutaneous drill holes to stereotactically defined coordinates in the brain. Long used in certain centers in Europe, SEEG is gaining wider popularity in North America, bolstered by the advent of stereotactic robotic assistance and mounting evidence of safety, without the need for catheter-based angiography. Rates of clinically significant hemorrhage, infection, and other complications appear lower with SEEG than with SDE implants. SEEG also avoids unnecessary craniotomies when seizures are localized to unresectable eloquent cortex, found to be multifocal or nonfocal, or ultimately treated with stereotactic procedures such as laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT), radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RF-TC), responsive neurostimulation (RNS), or deep brain stimulation (DBS). While SDE allows for excellent localization and functional mapping on the cortical surface, SEEG offers a less invasive option for sampling disparate brain areas, bilateral investigations, and deep or medial targets. SEEG has shown efficacy for seizure localization in the temporal lobe, the insula, lesional and nonlesional extra-temporal epilepsy, hypothalamic hamartomas, periventricular nodular heterotopias, and patients who have had prior craniotomies for resections or grids. SEEG offers a valuable opportunity for cognitive neurophysiology research and may have an important role in the study of dysfunctional networks in psychiatric disease and understanding the effects of neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett E Youngerman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Farhan A Khan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guy M McKhann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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18
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d'Orio P, Rizzi M, Mariani V, Pelliccia V, Lo Russo G, Cardinale F, Nichelatti M, Nobili L, Cossu M. Surgery in patients with childhood-onset epilepsy: analysis of complications and predictive risk factors for a severely complicated course. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:84-89. [PMID: 30100551 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT To compare the occurrence of surgery-related complications in patients with childhood-onset focal epilepsy operated on in the paediatric or in the adult age. To investigate risk factors for surgery-related complications in the whole cohort, with special attention to age at surgery and severe morbidity. METHODS A cohort of 1282 patients operated on for childhood-onset focal epilepsy was retrospectively analysed. Occurrence of surgery-related complications, including a severely complicated course (SCC: surgical complication requiring reoperation and/or permanent neurological deficit and/or death), was compared between patients operated on in the paediatric age (<16 year-old; 452 cases) and, respectively, in adulthood (≥16 year-old; 830 cases). The whole cohort of patients was also evaluated for risk factors for a SCC. RESULTS At last contact (median follow-up 98 months), 74.5% of patients were in Engel's class I (78.0% of children and 73.0% of adults). One hundred patients (7.8%) presented a SCC (6.4% for children and 8.6% for adult patients). Postoperative intracranial haemorrhages occurred more frequently in adult cases. At multivariate analysis, increasing age at operation, multilobar surgery, resections in the rolandic/perirolandic and in insulo-opercular regions were independent risk factors for a SCC. CONCLUSIONS Surgery for childhood-onset focal epilepsy provides excellent results on seizures and an acceptable safety profile at any age. Nevertheless, our results suggest that increasing age at surgery is associated with an increase in odds of developing severe surgery-related complications. These findings support the recommendation that children with drug-resistant, symptomatic (or presumed symptomatic) focal epilepsy should be referred for a surgical evaluation as early as possible after seizure onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio d'Orio
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Rizzi
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Mariani
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Veronica Pelliccia
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Lo Russo
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardinale
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Nichelatti
- Service of Biostatistics, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy.,Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Cossu
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
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19
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Ahmedov ML, Korkmaz TS, Kemerdere R, Yeni SN, Tanriverdi T. Surgical and neurological complications in temporal lobe epilepsy surgery in modern era. Surg Neurol Int 2018; 9:134. [PMID: 30090666 PMCID: PMC6057172 DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_99_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form of focal epilepsy, and surgical treatment has been proven to be an effective and safe management. Despite its safety, it is important to know that some complications and/or even death can be seen after surgery. Neurosurgeons should be able to precisely inform epilepsy surgery candidates about the possible unwanted/unexpected conditions after surgery. Methods Fifty-three patients who underwent anterior temporal lobe resection due to temporal lobe epilepsy by a single surgeon were investigated retrospectively regarding postoperative surgical and neurological complications. Results Overall complication rate was found to be 19%, surgical complications comprised 13.2% whereas neurological complications were 5.8%. Three patients underwent a second surgery whereas the rest had medical treatment or recovered spontaneously. Fortunately persistent complication rate was found to be 0%, and there was no mortality. Conclusions Anterior temporal lobe resection is a safe and very effective surgical modality for the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy. However, unexpected complications may be possible in this modern era and a surgeon should trust in him/herself not in modern equipments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merdin L Ahmedov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha S Korkmaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rahsan Kemerdere
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seher N Yeni
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taner Tanriverdi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Liu JT, Liu B, Zhang H. Surgical versus medical treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 82:179-188. [PMID: 29576434 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surgery and drug therapy are the two main treatments for refractory epilepsy. However, to date, there has not been an adequate comparison of the outcomes of these two treatments. This systematic review compared the overall outcome of surgery and medical treatment in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. METHODS Articles published in Embase, Medline, Pubmed, and the Cochrane library were searched from their inception until June 2016. RESULTS Twenty of the eighty-one (24.7%) full-text articles reviewed fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Of 1800 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, 526 of 923 patients (57.0%) in the surgery group were seizure-free compared with 134 of 877 patients (15.3%) in the medical treatment group (19 studies, risk ratio (RR)=3.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) [2.75-5.03]; P<0.00001, I2=53%). In addition, more patients were off antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the surgical group (3 studies, n=438, RR=4.76, 95% CI [2.21, 10.28], P<0.0001, I2=0%). Although different studies used different questionnaires to assess patient quality of life (QOL) in both treatment groups, the overall postintervention QOL scores were higher in the surgery than in the medical treatment group, by SMD (6 studies, n=459, SMD=0.61, 95% CI [0.23, 0.98], P=0.002, I2=66%). CONCLUSION As the complications of interventions, declines in memory, and word recall/naming were not assessed in the meta-analysis, the conclusions are limited to seizure-free, AED use, and QOL. The current evidence indicate that compared with medical treatment, surgery is more likely to achieve seizure-free, off AEDs, and better QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Tao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province,China; Department of Surgery, the 413th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province,China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province,China.
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Vakharia VN, Duncan JS, Witt JA, Elger CE, Staba R, Engel J. Getting the best outcomes from epilepsy surgery. Ann Neurol 2018. [PMID: 29534299 PMCID: PMC5947666 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurosurgery is an underutilized treatment that can potentially cure drug‐refractory epilepsy. Careful, multidisciplinary presurgical evaluation is vital for selecting patients and to ensure optimal outcomes. Advances in neuroimaging have improved diagnosis and guided surgical intervention. Invasive electroencephalography allows the evaluation of complex patients who would otherwise not be candidates for neurosurgery. We review the current state of the assessment and selection of patients and consider established and novel surgical procedures and associated outcome data. We aim to dispel myths that may inhibit physicians from referring and patients from considering neurosurgical intervention for drug‐refractory focal epilepsies. Ann Neurol 2018;83:676–690
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Affiliation(s)
- Vejay N Vakharia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom, and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy
| | - John S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom, and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy
| | - Juri-Alexander Witt
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian E Elger
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Richard Staba
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jerome Engel
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Taylor PN, Sinha N, Wang Y, Vos SB, de Tisi J, Miserocchi A, McEvoy AW, Winston GP, Duncan JS. The impact of epilepsy surgery on the structural connectome and its relation to outcome. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 18:202-214. [PMID: 29876245 PMCID: PMC5987798 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Temporal lobe surgical resection brings seizure remission in up to 80% of patients, with long-term complete seizure freedom in 41%. However, it is unclear how surgery impacts on the structural white matter network, and how the network changes relate to seizure outcome. Methods We used white matter fibre tractography on preoperative diffusion MRI to generate a structural white matter network, and postoperative T1-weighted MRI to retrospectively infer the impact of surgical resection on this network. We then applied graph theory and machine learning to investigate the properties of change between the preoperative and predicted postoperative networks. Results Temporal lobe surgery had a modest impact on global network efficiency, despite the disruption caused. This was due to alternative shortest paths in the network leading to widespread increases in betweenness centrality post-surgery. Measurements of network change could retrospectively predict seizure outcomes with 79% accuracy and 65% specificity, which is twice as high as the empirical distribution. Fifteen connections which changed due to surgery were identified as useful for prediction of outcome, eight of which connected to the ipsilateral temporal pole. Conclusion Our results suggest that the use of network change metrics may have clinical value for predicting seizure outcome. This approach could be used to prospectively predict outcomes given a suggested resection mask using preoperative data only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Taylor
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex BioSystems Group, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Science, Newcastle University, UK; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Nishant Sinha
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex BioSystems Group, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Science, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Yujiang Wang
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex BioSystems Group, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Science, Newcastle University, UK; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sjoerd B Vos
- Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, UK; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter SL9 0LR, UK
| | - Jane de Tisi
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anna Miserocchi
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrew W McEvoy
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gavin P Winston
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter SL9 0LR, UK
| | - John S Duncan
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter SL9 0LR, UK
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Bell GS, de Tisi J, Gonzalez-Fraile JC, Peacock JL, McEvoy AW, Harkness WFJ, Foong J, Pope RA, Diehl B, Sander JW, Duncan JS. Factors affecting seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery: an observational series. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:933-940. [PMID: 28870986 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Surgical treatment can bring seizure remission in people with focal epilepsy but requires careful selection of candidates. OBJECTIVES To determine which preoperative factors are associated with postoperative seizure outcome. DESIGN We audited seizure outcome of 693 adults who had resective epilepsy surgery between 1990 and 2010 and used survival analysis to detect preoperatively identifiable risk factors of poor seizure outcome. RESULTS Seven factors were significantly associated with increased probability of recurrence of seizures with impaired awareness postsurgery: MRI findings (eg, HR adjusted for other variables in the model 2.5; 95% CI 1.6 to 3.8 for normal MRI compared with hippocampal sclerosis), a history of secondarily generalised convulsive seizures (2.3; 95% CI 1.7 to 3.0 for these seizures in the previous year vs never), psychiatric history (1.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.7), learning disability (1.8; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6) and extratemporal (vs temporal) surgery (1.4; 95% CI 1.02, 2.04). People with an older onset of epilepsy had a higher probability of seizure recurrence (1.01; 95% CI 1.00, 1.02) as did those who had used more antiepileptic drugs (1.05; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.09). Combinations of variables associated with seizure recurrence gave overall low probabilities of 5-year seizure freedom (eg, a normal MRI and convulsive seizures in the previous year has a probability of seizure freedom at 5 years of approximately 0.19). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Readily identified clinical features and investigations are associated with reduced probability of good outcome and need consideration when planning presurgical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Bell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, London, UK
| | - Jane de Tisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Juan Carlos Gonzalez-Fraile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Janet L Peacock
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew W McEvoy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - William F J Harkness
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline Foong
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rebecca A Pope
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Beate Diehl
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Josemir W Sander
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, London, UK.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - John S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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