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Liu J, Shao S, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Ding X, Zhao L, Wang J, Ji X, Dai Q, Du M, Zhang Z. Antecubital vein combined with femoral vein pathway could shorten the learning curve of simultaneous bilateral adrenal vein sampling. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2024; 26:635-644. [PMID: 38751037 PMCID: PMC11180688 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
During our previous bilateral adrenal vein sampling (AVS) procedure, the authors observed that accessing the left adrenal vein through the antecubital vein was more feasible than the conventional femoral vein. Meanwhile, the femoral vein pathway facilitated access to the right adrenal vein than the antecubital vein pathway. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that simultaneous bilateral AVS via the antecubital combined with the femoral vein pathway could improve the success rate. A total of 94 cases of AVS via the antecubital combined with the femoral vein pathway were performed, while the remaining 20 cases employed the antecubital vein pathway at our center between August 2020 and April 2023. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was conducted in this study using 15 selected articles to determine the success rate of AVS in each center and pathway. The success rate of ACTH-stimulated simultaneous bilateral AVS via the antecubital vein combined with the femoral vein pathway was 92.85% (P = .503) on the right and 95.00% (P < .001) on the left. In the antecubital vein pathway, the success rates were only 25.00% (P < .001) on the right side and 80.00% (P = .289) on the left side. The results of meta-analysis demonstrated a success rate of 78.16% on the right and 94.98% on the left for ACTH-stimulated AVS via the femoral vein pathway. Based on our center's experience, simultaneous bilateral adrenal vein sampling via the combined pathway could improve the success rate of AVS in the short term and shorten the learning curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Department of CardiologyShanghai General Hospital (originally named Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of medicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of CardiologyShanghai General Hospital (originally named Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of medicineShanghaiChina
| | - Qiuli Wang
- Department of NursingShanghai General Hospital (originally named Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of medicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Department of CardiologyShanghai General Hospital (originally named Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of medicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoying Ding
- Department of EndocrinologyShanghai General Hospital (originally named Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of medicineShanghaiChina
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of EndocrinologyShanghai General Hospital (originally named Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of medicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jinliang Wang
- School of Health Science and EngineeringUniversity of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaohong Ji
- Department of NursingShanghai General Hospital (originally named Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of medicineShanghaiChina
| | - Qiuyan Dai
- Department of CardiologyShanghai General Hospital (originally named Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of medicineShanghaiChina
| | - Mingli Du
- Department of NursingShanghai General Hospital (originally named Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of medicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of CardiologyShanghai General Hospital (originally named Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of medicineShanghaiChina
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Chen C, Li F, Han J, Chen X. Enhanced CT-guided adrenal venous sampling versus traditional X-ray-guided adrenal venous sampling in patients with primary aldosteronism. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35611. [PMID: 37861534 PMCID: PMC10589537 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare the accuracy, safety, operation time, and radiation dose of enhanced computed tomography (CT)-guided adrenal vein sampling (AVS) versus traditional X-ray-guided AVS in patients with primary aldosteronism. A total of 97 patients with primary aldosteronism were randomly assigned to either the enhanced CT-guided group (n = 48) or the traditional X-ray-guided group (n = 49). Baseline characteristics were compared between the 2 groups. The primary outcome was the accuracy of AVS, assessed by aldosterone-to-cortisol ratio. Secondary outcomes included safety measures (intraoperative and postoperative complication rates, procedure termination rates, blood pressure, and heart rate changes), operation time, and radiation dose. The CT-guided group demonstrated significantly higher aldosterone-to-cortisol ratios, indicating improved accuracy in AVS (P < .001). The CT-guided group also showed significantly lower intraoperative blood pressure change and intraoperative heart rate change compared to the X-ray-guided group (P < .05). In addition, the CT-guided group had significantly shorter operation times (P < .001) and lower radiation exposure (P < .001). The enhanced CT-guided AVS demonstrated significantly better accuracy, safety, and efficiency compared to traditional X-ray-guided AVS in patients with primary aldosteronism. The enhanced CT-guided approach also resulted in lower radiation exposure for patients, making it a favorable option in the diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Xiuqing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Younes N, Larose S, Bourdeau I, Therasse E, Lacroix A. Role of Adrenal Vein Sampling in Guiding Surgical Decision in Primary Aldosteronism. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131:418-434. [PMID: 37567230 DOI: 10.1055/a-2106-4663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is recommended for subtyping primary aldosteronism (PA) to identify lateralized or bilateral sources of aldosterone excess, allowing for better decision-making in regard to medical or surgical management on a case-by-case basis. To date, no consensus exists on protocols to be used during AVS, especially concerning sampling techniques, the timing of sampling, and whether or not to use adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation. Interpretation criteria for selectivity, lateralization, and contralateral suppression vary from one expert center to another, with some favoring strict cut-offs to others being more permissive. Clinical and biochemical post-operative outcomes can also be influenced by AVS criteria utilized to indicate surgical therapy.In this review, we reanalyze studies on AVS highlighting the recent pathological findings of frequent micronodular hyperplasia adjacent to a dominant aldosteronoma (APA) overlapping with bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) etiologies, as opposed to the less frequent unilateral single aldosteronoma. The variable expression of melanocortin type 2 receptors in the nodules and hyperplasia may explain the frequent discordance in lateralization ratios between unstimulated and ACTH- stimulated samples. We conclude that aldosterone values collected during simultaneous bilateral sampling, both at baseline and post-ACTH stimulation, are required to adequately evaluate selectivity, lateralization, and contralateral suppression during AVS, to better identify all patients with PA that can benefit from a surgical indication. Recommended cut-offs for each ratio are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Younes
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Larose
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Bourdeau
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Therasse
- Department of Radiology, Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - André Lacroix
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Johnson PC, Thompson SM, Adamo D, Fleming CJ, Bancos I, McKenzie TJ, Cheville J, Young WF, Andrews JC. Adrenal venous sampling for lateralization of cortisol hypersecretion in patients with bilateral adrenal masses. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023; 98:177-189. [PMID: 36263687 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of adrenal venous sampling (AVS) in guiding the management of patients with corticotropin (ACTH)-independent glucocorticoid secretory autonomy and bilateral adrenal masses. DESIGN AND PATIENTS A cohort with 25 patients underwent AVS and surgical management. MEASUREMENTS Cortisol was measured from the adrenal veins (AVs) and inferior vena cava (IVC). AV/IVC cortisol ratio and cortisol lateralization ratio (CLR) (dominant AV cortisol concentration divided by the nondominant AV cortisol concentration) were calculated. Posthoc receiver-operating characteristic curves were generated to determine the specificity of revised AV/IVC cortisol ratio and CLR in differentiating unilateral from bilateral disease. RESULTS Patients underwent unilateral (n = 21) or bilateral (n = 4) adrenalectomy. The mean AV/IVC cortisol ratio for unilateral adrenalectomy was 12.1 ± 9.6 (dominant) and 4.7 ± 3.8 (contralateral) with a mean CLR of 3.6 ± 3.5. The mean AV/IVC cortisol ratio for bilateral adrenalectomy was 7.5 ± 2.1, with a mean CLR of 1.1 ± 0.6. At a mean follow-up of 22 months, one patient who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for the predicted bilateral disease developed recurrent mild autonomous cortisol secretion. Posthoc analyses demonstrated a specificity of 95%-100% for unilateral disease with AV/IVC cortisol ratio >9 for one side, <2.0 for the opposite side and a CLR > 2.3. The specificity was 80%-90% for bilateral disease with AV/IVC cortisol ratio >5.1 bilaterally and a CLR < 1.1. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with bilateral adrenal masses and ACTH-independent autonomous cortisol secretion, AVS can distinguish between unilateral and bilateral disease with high specificity and may guide surgical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige C Johnson
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott M Thompson
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel Adamo
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chad J Fleming
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Travis J McKenzie
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John Cheville
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - William F Young
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James C Andrews
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Kometani M, Yoneda T, Karashima S, Takeda Y, Tsuiki M, Yasoda A, Kurihara I, Wada N, Katabami T, Sone M, Ichijo T, Tamura K, Ogawa Y, Kobayashi H, Okamura S, Inagaki N, Kawashima J, Fujita M, Oki K, Matsuda Y, Tanabe A, Naruse M. Effect of Intraprocedural Cortisol Measurement on ACTH-stimulated Adrenal Vein Sampling in Primary Aldosteronism. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac104. [PMID: 35928241 PMCID: PMC9342856 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) loading is used to increase the success rate of adrenal vein sampling (AVS). Objective We aimed to determine the effect of intraprocedural cortisol measurement (ICM) on ACTH-stimulated AVS (AS-AVS) owing to a lack of reliable data on this topic. Methods This multicenter, retrospective, observational study took place in 28 tertiary centers in Japan. Among 4057 patients enrolled, 2396 received both basal AVS (B-AVS) and AS-AVS and were divided into 2 groups according to whether ICM was used. The effect of ICM on AS-AVS was measured. Results In patients who underwent both AVS procedures, the ICM group had significantly higher success rates for both B-AVS and AS-AVS than the non-ICM group did. However, the probability of failure of AS-AVS after a successful B-AVS and the probability of success of AS-AVS after a failed B-AVS were not significantly different in the 2 groups. For subtype diagnosis, propensity-score matching revealed no significant difference between the 2 groups, and the discrepancy rate between B-AVS and AS-AVS for subtype diagnosis was also not significantly different. Conclusion ICM significantly increased the success rate of B-AVS and AS-AVS in protocols in which both AVS procedures were performed and had no effect on subtype diagnosis. However, in protocols in which both AVS procedures were performed, the results suggest ICM may not be necessary when performing AS-AVS if ICM is used only when B-AVS is performed. Our study suggests that ICM during AVS plays an important role and should be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kometani
- Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 , Japan
| | - Takashi Yoneda
- Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 , Japan
| | - Shigehiro Karashima
- Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 , Japan
| | - Yoshiyu Takeda
- Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 , Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asanogawa General Hospital , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 910-8621 , Japan
| | - Mika Tsuiki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center , Kyoto 612-8555 , Japan
| | - Isao Kurihara
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo 160-8582 , Japan
| | - Norio Wada
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Sapporo City General Hospital , Sapporo 060-8604 , Japan
| | - Takuyuki Katabami
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama City Seibu Hospital , Yokohama 241-0811 , Japan
| | - Masakatsu Sone
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine , Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511 , Japan
| | - Takamasa Ichijo
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital , Yokohama 230-8765 , Japan
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama 236-0004 , Japan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center , Yokohama 232-0024 , Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Kyushu University , Fukuoka 812-8582 , Japan
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo 173-8610 , Japan
| | - Shintaro Okamura
- Department of Endocrinology, Tenri Hospital , Tenri 632-0015 , Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Junji Kawashima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Science, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto 860-8556 , Japan
| | - Megumi Fujita
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima 734-8553 , Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsuda
- Department of Cardiology, Sanda City Hospital , Sanda 669-1321 , Japan
| | - Akiyo Tanabe
- Division of Endocrinology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , Tokyo 162-8655 , Japan
| | - Mitsuhide Naruse
- Endocrine Center, Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital , Kyoto 601-1495 , Japan
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Younes N, Therasse E, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A. Successful Adrenal Vein Sampling Using Dexamethasone Premedication in Patients With Iodine Contrast Media Allergy. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac093. [PMID: 35795806 PMCID: PMC9249974 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context
Preparation of patients with iodine contrast media (ICM) allergy who require adrenal vein sampling (AVS) to establish source of aldosterone excess of their confirmed primary aldosteronism (PA) is controversial. Usual premedication with high-dose prednisone can interfere with cortisol determinations, possibly altering the aldosterone to cortisol ratios for the identification of lateralized aldosterone excess.
Objective
We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of premedication with high-dose dexamethasone to perform AVS in patients with ICM.
Methods
One hundred and seventy-seven consecutive patients with confirmed PA who underwent bilateral simultaneous basal and post-ACTH bolus AVS at our center between January 2010 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed for history of ICM allergy. A total of 7 patients (4%) with previous allergic reactions to ICM were prepared with 3 doses of 7.5 mg dexamethasone premedication rather than the usual 50 mg of prednisone.
Results
No breakthrough allergic reactions were reported in the 7 patients. Despite adequate serum cortisol suppression following dexamethasone, the basal and post-ACTH selectivity index were respectively > 2 and > 5 bilaterally in all patients, confirming adequate cannulation of both adrenal veins. Four patients had lateralized ratios (A/C ratio > 2 basally and > 4 post-ACTH), while 3 had bilateral source during AVS study. In the 3 patients undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy for lateralized source and contralateral suppression and adequate follow-up data, cure of PA was achieved at mean 58 months postoperatively.
Conclusion
AVS using dexamethasone premedication is safe and accurate for diagnosing the source of aldosterone excess in patients with PA and ICM allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Younes
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM) , Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9 , Canada
| | - Eric Therasse
- Department of Radiology, Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal , Québec H2X 0A9 , Canada
| | - Isabelle Bourdeau
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM) , Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9 , Canada
| | - André Lacroix
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM) , Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9 , Canada
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DeLozier OM, Dream S, Findling JW, Rilling W, Kidambi S, Magill SB, Evans DB, Wang TS. Wide Variability in Catecholamine Levels From Adrenal Venous Sampling in Primary Aldosteronism. J Surg Res 2022; 277:1-6. [PMID: 35453052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While adrenal venous sampling (AVS) differentiates between the unilateral and bilateral disease in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA), it is unknown if AVS can determine laterality of pheochromocytoma in patients with bilateral adrenal masses. This study analyzes adrenal vein (AV) epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in nonpheochromocytoma patients to determine the "normal" range. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed patients who underwent AVS for PA between 2009 and 2019 at a single institution; pheochromocytoma was excluded. Aldosterone, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels were obtained from the inferior vena cava (IVC), left adrenal vein (LAV), and right adrenal vein (RAV). Successful AV cannulation was defined by an AV/IVC cortisol ratio of ≥3:1 or an AV epinephrine level ≥364 pg/mL. Plasma measurements (pg/mL) are median values with interquartile ranges; normal ranges for epinephrine and norepinephrine are 10-200 pg/mL and 80-520 pg/mL, respectively. RESULTS AVS was performed in 172 patients in 405 AVs (173 LAV and 232 RAV). Median epinephrine levels were IVC = 19 (14 and 34), LAV = 3811 (1870 and 6915), and RAV = 2897 (1500 and 5288). Median norepinephrine levels were IVC = 325 (186 and 479), LAV = 1450 (896 and 2050), and RAV = 786 (436 and 1582). There was a difference between LAV and RAV epinephrine levels (P = 0.024) and between LAV and RAV norepinephrine (P = 0.002) levels. CONCLUSIONS This extensive experience with AVS demonstrated a wide range of "normal" AV catecholamine levels in patients without pheochromocytoma, which suggests that the utility of AVS to determine disease laterality in patients with pheochromocytoma and bilateral adrenal nodules is likely to be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M DeLozier
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
| | - Sophie Dream
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - James W Findling
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - William Rilling
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Srividya Kidambi
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Steven B Magill
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Douglas B Evans
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Tracy S Wang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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