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Zeng Z, Huang Q, Li Q, Yan J, Zhao X, Huang L, Zhao S, Zhang H. Experimental and DFT calculation study on the efficient removal of high fluoride wastewater from metallurgical wastewater by kaolinite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 260:119604. [PMID: 39002636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Fluoride pollution and water scarcity are urgent issues. Reducing fluoride concentration in water is crucial. Kaolinite has been used to study adsorption and fluoride removal in water and to characterize material properties. The experimental results showed that the adsorption capacity of kaolinite decreased with increasing pH. The highest adsorption of fluoride occurred at pH 2, with a capacity of 11.1 mg/g. The fluoride removal efficiency remained high after four regeneration cycles. The fitting results with the Freundlich isotherm model and the external diffusion model showed that the non-homogeneous adsorption of kaolinite fit the adsorption behavior better. Finally, the adsorption mechanism was analyzed by FT-IR and XPS. The binding energies of various adsorption sites and the chemical adsorption properties of atomic states were discussed in relation to DFT calculations. The results showed that Al and H sites were the main binding sites, and the bonding stability for different forms of fluoride varies, with the size of Al-F (-7.498 eV) > H-F (-6.04 eV) > H-HF (-3.439 eV) > Al-HF (-3.283 eV). Furthermore, the density of states and Mulliken charge distribution revealed that the 2p orbital of F was found to be active in the adsorption process and was the main orbital for charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zeng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qisheng Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jia Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Sijie Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou University-Linköping University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Zhang M. Enhanced fluoride removal using montmorillonite clay modified with CoFe 2O 4 and metal-organic frameworks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119389. [PMID: 38879110 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of modified clays can play an effective role as an effective adsorbent in removing fluoride (Flu) ions from water and aqueous solutions. In the present research, montmorillonite clay (MMt) was modified using CoFe2O4 magnetic particles and Al-Fe fumarate metal-organic framework (Al-Fe Fum) and was utilized as an efficient adsorbent for removing Flu from aqueous solution. The properties of MMt and MMt/CoFe2O4/Al-Fe Fum samples were investigated using different techniques. The results showed that with the modification of MMt using CoFe2O4 magnetic particles and the metal-organic framework of Al-Fe Fum, the BET surface has increased notably from 13.217 to 365.80 m2/g. To investigate the effect of independent variables and their interaction on the efficiency of the Flu adsorption, response surface method-central compound design (RSM-CCD) was served. Based on the results of ANOVA, the F-value and p-value parameters for the desired model were determined to be 783.09 and < 0.0001, respectively, which confirms the success and high ability of the model. The number of R2, adjusted R2, and Predicted R2 for adsorption of Flu ion was determined to be 0.998, 0.997, and 0.995, respectively, which shows that the proposed regression model can describe the process of adsorption and interaction between variables well. Compared to other kinetic models, the pseudo 2nd order kinetic model has a greater ability to describe the Flu adsorption behavior. The R2 parameter value determined that the Freundlich isotherm model has a suitable ability to investigate the isotherm behavior and confirms the effect of heterogeneous surfaces in the process. Generally, the outcomes signified that the MMt and MMt/CoFe2O4/Al-Fe Fum samples can be reused several times in the process of Flu adsorption, while the efficiency is more than 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing, 401120, China.
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Choudhary D, Singh A, Giri A, Prasad HC, Sharma RK, Mishra A, Singhai S, Singh A. Functional hBN decorated Ni(OH) 2 nanosheets synthesized for remarkable adsorption performance for the elimination of fluoride ions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13199-13215. [PMID: 37665003 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01695a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of fluoride in groundwater is a serious concern due to its fatal effects. Functionalized hexagonal boron nitride sheets have been combined with nickel hydroxide nanoparticles by a one step process and a hybrid adsorbent Ni(OH)2@hBN has been developed with an exceptionally high fluoride adsorption capacity of 365 mg g-1, higher than those of Ni(OH)2 and hBN. This maximum adsorption capacity is higher than those of most common adsorbents used for defluoridation including activated alumina, reported nickel oxide and carbon-based 2D material-supported alumina adsorbents. The presence of functionalized boron nitride significantly increased the surface area to 680 m2 g-1 with a pore volume of 0.33687 cm3 g-1 and provided rich hydroxyl group-containing surface sites for the removal of fluoride present in contaminated water. In addition, the adsorption of fluoride onto boron nitride-modified nickel hydroxide followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, suggesting a monolayer adsorption mechanism. Furthermore, the material developed is tested with the water sample collected from a real affected area, from the Dhar district of India, and the material showed promising results in terms of fluoride removal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Choudhary
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Ankit Singh
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Abhishek Giri
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Harish Chandra Prasad
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - R K Sharma
- Technical Physical Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Alka Mishra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Sandeep Singhai
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Centre for Advanced Radiation Shielding and Geopolymeric Materials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
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Huang L, Huang X, Yan J, Liu Y, Jiang H, Zhang H, Tang J, Liu Q. Research progresses on the application of perovskite in adsorption and photocatalytic removal of water pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130024. [PMID: 36155298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The problem of global water pollution and scarcity of water resources is becoming increasingly serious. Multifunctional perovskites can well drive adsorption and photocatalytic reactions to remove water pollutants. There are many advantages of perovskites, such as abundant oxygen vacancies, easily tunable structural morphology, stable crystal state, highly active metal sites, and a wide photo response range. However, there are few reviews on the simultaneous application of perovskite to adsorption and photocatalytic removal of water pollutants. Thus, this paper discusses the preparation methods of perovskite, the factors affecting the adsorption of water environmental pollutants by perovskite, and the factors affecting perovskite photocatalytic water pollutants. The particle size, specific surface area, oxygen vacancies, electron-hole trapping agents, potentials of the valence band, and conduction band in perovskites are significant influencing factors for adsorption and photocatalysis. Strategies for improving the performance of perovskites in the fields of adsorption and photocatalysis are discussed. The adsorption behaviors and catalytic mechanisms are also investigated, including adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics, electrostatic interaction, ion exchange, chemical bonding, and photocatalytic mechanism. It summarizes the removal of water pollutants by using perovskites. It provides the design of perovskites as high-efficiency adsorbents and catalysts for developing new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuanjie Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou University-Linköping University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jinfeng Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Recent advances in removal of toxic elements from water using MOFs: A critical review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Electrodeposition of binderless Ni,Zn-MOF on porous nickel substrate for high-efficiency supercapacitors. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Huang L, Luo Z, Huang X, Wang Y, Yan J, Liu W, Guo Y, Babu Arulmani SR, Shao M, Zhang H. Applications of biomass-based materials to remove fluoride from wastewater: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134679. [PMID: 35469899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is one of the essential trace elements for the human body, but excessive fluoride will cause serious environmental and health problems. This paper summarizes researches on the removal of fluoride from aqueous solutions using newly developed or improved biomass materials and biomass-like organic materials in recent years. These biomass materials are classified into chitosan, microorganisms, lignocellulose plant materials, animal attribute materials, biological carbonized materials and biomass-like organic materials, which are explained and analyzed. By comparing adsorption performance and mechanism of adsorbents for removing fluoride, it is found that carbonizing materials and modifying adsorbents with metal ions are more beneficial to improving adsorption efficiency and the adsorption mechanisms are various. The adsorption capacities are still considerable after regeneration. This paper not only reviews the properties of these materials for fluoride removal, but also focuses on the comparison of materials performance and fluoride removal mechanism. Herein, by discussing the improved adsorption performance and research technology development of biomass materials and biomass-like organic materials, various innovative ideas are provided for adsorbing and removing contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhixuan Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xuexia Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yian Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Energy Institute, and Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yufang Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | | | - Minhua Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Energy Institute, and Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Kheyrabadi FB, Zare EN. Antimicrobial nanocomposite adsorbent based on poly(meta-phenylenediamine) for remediation of lead (II) from water medium. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4632. [PMID: 35301394 PMCID: PMC8931104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, poly(m-phenylenediamine)@ZnO (PmPDA@ZnO) nanocomposite was fabricated by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization for the effective lead(II) removal from aqueous solutions. PmPDA@ZnO was characterized by several instrumental methods like FTIR, XRD, EDX, TGA, FESEM, TEM, zeta potential, and BET. The TEM images showed a core-shell-like structure for the PmPDA@ZnO nanocomposite. TGA results showed that the thermal stability of the PmPDA@ZnO nanocomposite was higher than the PmPDA. The maximum adsorption of lead (II) onto PmPDA@ZnO nanocomposite was obtained at pH 6, adsorbent dosage 60 mg, lead(II) ion concentration 90 mg/L, and agitation time 90 min. Langmuir and Freundlich's isotherm models were evaluated to simulate the lead(II) sorption via empirical data. Langmuir's model was in good agreement with empirical data with a maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of 77.51 mg/g. The kinetic data adsorption fitted best the pseudo-second-order model. The values of thermodynamic parameters of ΔS° and ΔH° were obtained 0.272 J/mol K, and 71.35 kJ/mol, respectively. The spontaneous and endothermic behavior of the adsorption process was confirmed by the negative and positive response of ΔG° and ΔH°, respectively. Moreover, the addition of coexisting cations e.g. cobalt (II), nickel (II), calcium (II), and copper (II) had no significant effect on the removal efficiency of lead(II). Adsorption-desorption studies showed that the PmPDA@ZnO nanocomposite can be remarkably regenerated and reused after three sequential runs without a significant decline in its adsorption performance. The antimicrobial activities of PmPDA@ZnO nanocomposite were evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria species. These results confirmed that the PmPDA@ZnO nanocomposite could be a good candidate for water decontamination.
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Huang X, Huang L, Babu Arulmani SR, Yan J, Li Q, Tang J, Wan K, Zhang H, Xiao T, Shao M. Research progress of metal organic frameworks and their derivatives for adsorption of anions in water: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112381. [PMID: 34801541 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anion pollution in water has become a problem that cannot be ignored. The anion concentration should be controlled below the national emission standard to meet the demand for clean water. Among the methods for removing excess anions in water, the adsorption method has a unique removal performance, and the core of the adsorption method is the adsorbent. In recent years, the emerging metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have the advantages of adjustable porosity, high specific surface area, diverse functions, and easy modification. They are very competitive in the field of adsorption of liquid anions. This article focuses on the adsorption of fluoride, arsenate, chromate, radioactive anions (ReO4-, TcO4-, SeO42-/SeO32-), phosphate ion, chloride ion, and other anions by MOFs and their derivatives. The preparation methods of MOFs are introduced in turn, the application of different types of metal-based MOFs to adsorb various anions were discussed in categories with their crystal structure and functional groups. The influence on the adsorption of anions is analyzed, including the more common and special adsorption mechanisms, adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics, and regeneration performance are briefly described. Finally, the current situation of MOFs adsorption of anions is summarized, and the outlook for future development is summarized to provide my own opinions for the practical application of MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjie Huang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Samuel Raj Babu Arulmani
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jia Yan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kuilin Wan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou University-Linköping University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Minhua Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Energy Institute, Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, And Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Wang X, Wang Q, Zhao M, Zhang L, Ji X, Sun H, Sun Y, Ma Z, Xue J, Gao X. Fabrication of a Cation-Exchange Membrane via the Blending of SPES/N-Phthaloyl Chitosan/MIL-101(Fe) Using Response Surface Methodology for Desalination. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:144. [PMID: 35207066 PMCID: PMC8880603 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a novel mixed matrix cation exchange membrane composed of sulfonated polyether sulfone (SPES), N-phthaloyl chitosan (NPHCs) and MIL-101(Fe) was synthesized using response surface methodology (RSM). The electrochemical and physical properties of the membrane, such as ion exchange capacity, water content, morphology, contact angle, fixed ion concentration and thermal stability were investigated. The RSM based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) model was employed to simulate and evaluate the influence of preparation conditions on the properties of CEMs. The regression model was validated via the analysis of variance (ANOVA) which exhibited a high reliability and accuracy of the results. Moreover, the experimental data have a good fit and high reproducibility with the predicted results according to the regression analysis. The embedding of MIL-101(Fe) nanoparticles contributed to the improvement of ion selective separation by forming hydrogen bonds with the polymer network in the membrane. The optimum synthesis parameters such as degree of sulfonation (DS), the content of SPES and NPHCs and the content of MIL-101(Fe) were acquired to be 30%, 85:15 and 2%, respectively, and the corresponding desalination rate of the CEMs improved to 136% while the energy consumption reduced to 90%. These results revealed that the RSM was a promising strategy for optimizing the preparation factors of CEMs and other similar multi-response optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (X.W.); (Q.W.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Qun Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (X.W.); (Q.W.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Mengjuan Zhao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (X.W.); (Q.W.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (X.W.); (Q.W.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiaosheng Ji
- Sanya Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
| | - Yongchao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Y.S.); (X.G.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhun Ma
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (X.W.); (Q.W.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jianliang Xue
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China;
| | - Xueli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Y.S.); (X.G.)
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