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Skalny AV, Lima TRR, Ke T, Zhou JC, Bornhorst J, Alekseenko SI, Aaseth J, Anesti O, Sarigiannis DA, Tsatsakis A, Aschner M, Tinkov AA. Toxic metal exposure as a possible risk factor for COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111809. [PMID: 33069759 PMCID: PMC7563920 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple medical, lifestyle, and environmental conditions, including smoking and particulate pollution, have been considered as risk factors for COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) susceptibility and severity. Taking into account the high level of toxic metals in both particulate matter (PM2.5) and tobacco smoke, the objective of this review is to discuss recent data on the role of heavy metal exposure in development of respiratory dysfunction, immunotoxicity, and severity of viral diseases in epidemiological and experimental studies, as to demonstrate the potential crossroads between heavy metal exposure and COVID-19 severity risk. The existing data demonstrate that As, Cd, Hg, and Pb exposure is associated with respiratory dysfunction and respiratory diseases (COPD, bronchitis). These observations corroborate laboratory findings on the role of heavy metal exposure in impaired mucociliary clearance, reduced barrier function, airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The association between heavy metal exposure and severity of viral diseases, including influenza and respiratory syncytial virus has been also demonstrated. The latter may be considered a consequence of adverse effects of metal exposure on adaptive immunity. Therefore, reduction of toxic metal exposure may be considered as a potential tool for reducing susceptibility and severity of viral diseases affecting the respiratory system, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia.
| | - Thania Rios Rossi Lima
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tao Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ji-Chang Zhou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Svetlana I Alekseenko
- I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; K.A. Rauhfus Children's City Multidisciplinary Clinical Center for High Medical Technologies, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jan Aaseth
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Ourania Anesti
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis
- HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Greece; University School of Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michael Aschner
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Kishida T, Funakoshi Y, Fukuyama Y, Honda S, Masuda T, Oyama Y. Conflicting actions of 4-vinylcatechol in rat lymphocytes under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:347-352. [PMID: 30081655 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1492604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
4-Vinylcatechol (4VC) has been identified as an aroma compound in roasted foods, especially coffee. It is also a component in traditional herbal medicines. This compound may be subconsciously ingested through foods and herbs. Recent experimental evidence has shown that 4VC possesses an antioxidative action. However, the antioxidative action of 4VC at cellular levels is not well characterized. The effects of 4VC (0.1-100 µM) were examined on rat thymic lymphocytes without and with oxidative stress induced by 300 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cell treatment with 100 µM 4VC alone for 4 h significantly increased the population of dead cells. Thus, 4VC at 100 µM or above elicits cytotoxicity. However, 4VC at sublethal concentrations (1-10 µM) significantly attenuated the H2O2-induced increase in cell lethality in a concentration-dependent manner. While application of 10 µM 4VC slowed the process of cell death induced by H2O2, 4VC did not antagonize the H2O2-induced reduction of cellular nonprotein thiols. Although 4VC at 10 µM did not affect intracellular Ca2+ and Zn2+ levels, the agent potentiated the H2O2-induced increases in these levels. These actions of 10 µM 4VC are adverse to the cells under the oxidative stress. However, 10 µM 4VC partly attenuated the cell death induced by 100 nM A23187, a calcium ionophore. There are conflicting actions of 4VC at 1-100 µM on the cells under oxidative stress although the agent is used for an antioxidant. Thus, caution is required when using 4VC as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kishida
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yurie Funakoshi
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuya Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sari Honda
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiya Masuda
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oyama
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Fukunaga E, Hirao Y, Ogata-Ikeda I, Nishimura Y, Seo H, Oyama Y. Bisabololoxide A, one of the constituents in German chamomile extract, attenuates cell death induced by calcium overload. Phytother Res 2013; 28:685-91. [PMID: 23873581 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisabololoxide A (BSBO), main constituents in German chamomile extract, is responsible for antipruritic effect. In previous study, the incubation with 30-100 μM BSBO for 24 h exerted cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects on rat thymocytes. To further characterize BSBO cytotoxicity, the effect on the cells suffering from calcium overload by calcium ionophore A23187 was examined. A23187 induced Ca(2+) -dependent cell death. Contrary to our expectation, 1-10 μM BSBO inhibited A23187-induced increase in cell lethality of rat thymocytes. BSBO attenuated A23187-induced increases in populations of shrunken living cells, phosphatidylserine-exposed living cells, and dead cells, without affecting the increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and the Ca(2+) -dependent hyperpolarization. The effect of BSBO on A23187-treated cells may be unique because the activation of Ca(2+) -dependent K(+) channels is required for cell shrinkage, externalization of phosphatidylserine, and cell death in some cells. The cell death induced by A23187 was not inhibited by Z-VAD-FMK, a pan-inhibitor of caspases. Thus, the cell death may be a necrosis with some features observed during an early stage of apoptosis. These results suggest that BSBO at low micromolar concentrations is cytoprotective against calcium overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Fukunaga
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan
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Matsui H, Oyama TM, Okano Y, Hashimoto E, Kawanai T, Oyama Y. Low micromolar zinc exerts cytotoxic action under H2O2-induced oxidative stress: excessive increase in intracellular Zn2+ concentration. Toxicology 2010; 276:27-32. [PMID: 20603178 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of zinc to retard oxidative processes has been recognized for many years. However, zinc is cytotoxic under certain oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the effect of H2O2 on intracellular Zn2+ concentration of rat thymocytes and its relation to the cytotoxicity. Experiments were cytometrically performed by the use of fluorescent probes, propidium iodide, FluoZin-3-AM, and 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate. ZnCl2 potentiated cytotoxicity of H2O2 while TPEN, a chelator for intracellular Zn2+, attenuated it. Results suggested an involvement of intracellular Zn2+ in the cytotoxicity of H2O2. H2O2 at concentrations of 30microM or more (up to 1000microM) significantly increased intracellular Zn2+ concentration. There were two mechanisms. (1) H2O2 decreased cellular content of nonprotein thiols, possibly resulting in release of Zn2+ from thiols as cellular Zn2+ binding sites. (2) H2O2 increased membrane Zn2+ permeability because external ZnCl2 application further elevated intracellular Zn2+ concentration. Micromolar H2O2 may induce excessive elevation of intracellular Zn2+ concentration that is harmful to cellular functions. However, the incubation with micromolar ZnCl2 alone increased cellular content of nonprotein thiols, one of the factors protecting cells against oxidative stress. Though zinc is generally considered to be protective with its antioxidant property, this study reveals the toxic effect of zinc even in micromolar range under oxidative stress induced by H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Matsui
- Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Zn2+, derived from cell preparation, partly attenuates Ca2+-dependent cell death induced by A23187, calcium ionophore, in rat thymocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:338-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Possible use of quercetin, an antioxidant, for protection of cells suffering from overload of intracellular Ca2+: A model experiment. Life Sci 2008; 83:164-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Oyama TM, Oyama TB, Oyama K, Sakanashi Y, Morimoto M, Matsui H, Oyama Y. Clotrimazole, an antifungal drug possessing diverse actions, increases membrane permeation of cadmium in rat thymocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1505-12. [PMID: 17703912 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In previous study, clotrimazole, an antifungal drug, exerted potent cytotoxic action on rat thymocytes in presence of metal divalent cations such as Cd(2+) and Pb(2+). To reveal one of toxicological characteristics of clotrimazole, we examined the effect of clotrimazole on intracellular concentration of metal divalent cations by flow cytometer with fluo-3, a fluorescent. Simultaneous application of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) significantly decreased the cell viability although their concentrations were not cytotoxic, respectively. Clotrimazole alone increased the intensity of fluo-3 fluorescence, suggesting an increased concentration of intracellular Ca(2+). The intensity of fluo-3 fluorescence augmented by the combination of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) was much higher than that by respective agents. Removal of external Ca(2+) further increased the intensity of fluorescence augmented by the combination. Furthermore, the application of MnCl(2) did not attenuate the intensity in the presence of CdCl(2). Therefore, it is suggested that the augmentation of fluo-3 fluorescence in the simultaneous presence of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) is Cd(2+)-dependent. Clotrimazole may increase membrane permeation of Cd(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro M Oyama
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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Oyama TM, Oyama TB, Oyama K, Matsui H, Horimoto K, Nishimura Y, Oyama Y. Clotrimazole, an antifungal drug possessing diverse actions, increases the vulnerability to cadmium in lymphocytes dissociated from rat thymus. Toxicology 2006; 228:269-79. [PMID: 17055140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since clotrimazole, known as an antifungal drug, exerts diverse actions on cellular functions, it is expected that clotrimazole can be used for other purposes. This antifungal drug protects the cells overloaded with Ca(2+) by A23187, a calcium ionophore. Therefore, the agent may prevent the cells from death induced by heavy metals such as CdCl(2), PbCl(2), or HgCl(2) that are respectively proposed to increase intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. To test this possibility, we have examined the effect of clotrimazole on the cells simultaneously treated with CdCl(2), PbCl(2), or HgCl(2) using rat thymocytes and a flow cytometer with fluorescent probes. The simultaneous application of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) significantly decreased cell viability, even though the concentrations of both were ineffective at affecting the viability. The significant decrease in cell viability was not due to the inhibition of Ca(2+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels that were induced by clotrimazole. The simultaneous application increased the population of cells with phosphatidylserine exposed on membrane surface, indicating the change in asymmetrical distribution of membrane phospholipids. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity induced by the combination of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) under nominally Ca(2+)-free condition was more profound than that under normal Ca(2+) condition. Therefore, the membrane may be a target for the cytotoxic action of clotrimazole and CdCl(2) that were simultaneously applied. It is also the case for PbCl(2), but not the case for HgCl(2). It is concluded that clotrimazole can modulate the cytotoxicity of some heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro M Oyama
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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Yamaguchi JY, Kanada A, Horimoto K, Oyama TM, Chikutei KI, Nishimura Y, Yamamoto H, Ishida S, Okano Y, Oyama Y. Modification of vulnerability to dodecylbenzenesulfonate, an anionic surfactant, by calcium in rat thymocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 22:234-239. [PMID: 21783715 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that cremophor EL, a nonionic surfactant, at clinical concentrations significantly decreases the cell viability of rat thymocytes with phosphatidylserine-exposed (PS-exposed) membranes under in vitro condition. It is reminiscent of a possibility that sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DCBS), an anionic surfactant world-widely used for detergents, also affects the cells in the similar manner. To test the possibility, the effect of DCBS on rat thymocytes has been examined using a flow cytometer with fluorescent probes. Exposure of PS on outer surface of cell membranes was induced by A23187, a calcium ionophore to increase intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). DCBS at 1μg/mL (2.87μM) significantly decreased the viability of cells with PS-exposed membranes, but not with intact membranes. DCBS also significantly decreased the viability of cells exposed to H(2)O(2), an oxidative stress increasing the [Ca(2+)](i). On the other hand, the decrease in extracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](e)) increased the cell vulnerability to DCBS and vice versa. Intact membrane lipid bilayer and extracellular Ca(2+) are required to maintain membrane integrity. Therefore, the change of membrane property by manipulation of [Ca(2+)](i) and [Ca(2+)](e) is one of causes for the augmentation of DCBS cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Yamaguchi
- Laboratories of Cell Signaling and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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Chikutei KI, Oyama TM, Ishida S, Okano Y, Kobayashi M, Matsui H, Horimoto K, Nishimura Y, Ueno SY, Oyama Y. Propofol, an anesthetic possessing neuroprotective action against oxidative stress, promotes the process of cell death induced by H2O2 in rat thymocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 540:18-23. [PMID: 16730701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a general anesthetic possessing a neuroprotective action against oxidative stress produced by H2O2. H2O2 induces an exposure of phosphatidylserine on outer surface of cell membranes, resulting in change in membrane phospholipid arrangement, in rat thymocytes. Since propofol is highly lipophilic, the agent is presumed to interact with membrane lipids and hence to modify the cell vulnerability to H2O2. Therefore, to test the possibility, we have examined the effect of propofol on rat thymocytes simultaneously incubated with H2O2. Although propofol (up to 30 microM) alone did not significantly affect the cell viability, the agent at 10 microM started to increase the population of dead cells in the presence of 3 mM H2O2 and the significant increase was observed at 30 microM. Propofol at clinically relevant concentrations (10-30 microM) facilitated the process of cell death induced by H2O2 in rat thymocytes. However, propofol protected rat brain neurons against the oxidative stress induced by H2O2 under same experimental condition. Therefore, the action of propofol may be dependent on the type of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Chikutei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8512, Japan
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Horimoto K, Nishimura Y, Oyama TM, Onoda K, Matsui H, Oyama TB, Kanemaru K, Masuda T, Oyama Y. Reciprocal effects of glucose on the process of cell death induced by calcium ionophore or H2O2 in rat lymphocytes. Toxicology 2006; 225:97-108. [PMID: 16784802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Revised: 05/07/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the effects of glucose at high concentrations on the process of cell death induced by excessive increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) or oxidative stress in rat lymphocytes. The cell death elicited by the excessive increase in [Ca(2+)](i) seemed to be induced by an activation of Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels because the inhibitors for Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels attenuated the decrease in cell viability. Glucose at 30-50mM augmented the decrease in cell viability by the excessive increase in [Ca(2+)](i). It was not specific for glucose because it was the case for sucrose or NaCl, suggesting an involvement of increased osmolarity in adverse action of glucose. On the contrary, glucose protected the cells suffering from oxidative stress induced by H(2)O(2), one of reactive oxygen species. It was also the case for fructose or sucrose, but not for NaCl. The process of cell death induced by H(2)O(2) started, being independent from the presence of glucose. Glucose delayed the process of cell death induced by H(2)O(2). Sucrose and fructose also protected the cells against oxidative stress. The reactivity of sucrose to reactive oxygen species is lower than those of glucose and fructose. The order in the reactivity cannot explain the protective action of glucose. Glucose at high concentrations exerts reciprocal actions on the process of cell death induced by the oxidative stress and excessive increase in [Ca(2+)](i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Horimoto
- Laboratories of Cell Signaling and Bioorganochemistry, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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Tatsuishi T, Oyama Y, Iwase K, Yamaguchi JY, Kobayashi M, Nishimura Y, Kanada A, Hirama S. Polysorbate 80 increases the susceptibility to oxidative stress in rat thymocytes. Toxicology 2005; 207:7-14. [PMID: 15590117 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Effect of simultaneous application of polysorbate 80, a nonionic surfactant widely used in pharmaceutical products, and hydrogen peroxide on rat thymocytes was examined to see if polysorbate 80 increases the susceptibility to oxidative stress because this surfactant decreases the cellular content of glutathione. Polysorbate 80 at clinically-relevant concentrations increases the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide under the in vitro condition. Result suggests that polysorbate 80 may increase the susceptibility of cells to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Tatsuishi
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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