1
|
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Environment: Occupational and Exposure Events, Effects on Human Health and Fertility. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070365. [PMID: 35878270 PMCID: PMC9323099 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade or so, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) garnered renewed attention in the scientific community due to new evidence pointing at their continued presence in the environment and workplaces and the potential human risks related to their presence. PCBs move from the environment to humans through different routes; the dominant pathway is the ingestion of contaminated foods (fish, seafood and dairy products), followed by inhalation (both indoor and outdoor air), and, to a lesser extent, dust ingestion and dermal contact. Numerous studies reported the environmental and occupational exposure to these pollutants, deriving from building materials (flame-retardants, plasticizers, paints, caulking compounds, sealants, fluorescent light ballasts, etc.) and electrical equipment. The highest PCBs contaminations were detected in e-waste recycling sites, suggesting the need for the implementation of remediation strategies of such polluted areas to safeguard the health of workers and local populations. Furthermore, a significant correlation between PCB exposure and increased blood PCB concentrations was observed in people working in PCB-contaminated workplaces. Several epidemiological studies suggest that environmental and occupational exposure to high concentrations of PCBs is associated with different health outcomes, such as neuropsychological and neurobehavioral deficits, dementia, immune system dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In addition, recent studies indicate that PCBs bioaccumulation can reduce fertility, with harmful effects on the reproductive system that can be passed to offspring. In the near future, further studies are needed to assess the real effects of PCBs exposure at low concentrations for prolonged exposure in workplaces and specific indoor environments.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zehra A, Alshemmari H, Kavil YN, Majid Khan A, Zaffar Hashmi M. Effects of PCB70 and PCB75 on HeLa cell proliferation, membrane integrity and cell signaling pathway. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
3
|
Colson TLL, de Solla SR, Langlois VS. Bioaccumulation and physiological responses of the turtle Chelydra serpentina exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls during early life stages. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128146. [PMID: 33297133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the North American production ban of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), PCBs are ubiquitous in the environment and in wildlife tissues. Chelydra serpentina serpentina (common snapping turtle) have been used as environmental indicators of PCB pollution upwards of 40 years given their high site fidelity and high trophic position. Despite their long use as indicators of PCB contamination, the effects of PCBs in reptiles remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed two experiments to assess i) bioaccumulation and ii) toxicity of PCBs to 1-month-old C. s. serpentina, to aid in interpretation of PCB burdens. Food pellets were spiked at an environmentally relevant concentration (0.45 μg/g) of the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 to model hepatic bioaccumulation and depuration, through feeding, for 31 days and clean food for 50 days, respectively. No significant differences in PCB concentrations were observed in liver tissue over the course of the experiment, suggesting that juvenile turtles can likely metabolize low environmentally occurring concentrations of PCBs. Additionally, a dose-response experiment, performed to determine hepatic toxicity and bioaccumulation in juvenile C. s. serpentina, showed a 1.8-fold increase in hepatic expression of cyp1a when fed A1254-spiked pellets (12.7 μg/g; range 0-12.7 μg/g). This gene induction correlates with the significant increase of group 3 PCB congeners measured in the turtle liver, which are known to be metabolized by CYP1A. This study indicates that C. s. serpentina may be a good environmental indicator for PCBs, while more research is needed to assess the effects of body burdens in wild C. s. serpentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tash-Lynn L Colson
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Shane R de Solla
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Québec, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Liu S, Cheng H, Chen X, Shen X, Cai Y. Dynamic transcriptome response in Meretrix meretrix to Aroclor 1254 exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111485. [PMID: 33254386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are well-known persistent organic pollutants; they have toxic effects on the immune system, reproductive system, and endocrine system by changing the metabolism of the body. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism, the clam Meretrix meretrix was exposed to 10 and 1000 ng/L Aroclor 1254 and natural seawater (control). Samples from clams exposed to natural seawater and those exposed to Aroclor 1254 for 1 and 3 days were individually collected for transcriptome analysis. After assembly, more than 535,157 transcripts with a mean length of 949 bp and an N50 length of 1279 bp were obtained; a final set of 177,142 unigenes was generated. In the present study, 5101 differentially expressed genes were identified. The differentially expressed genes were related to detoxification metabolism, oxidative stress, immune response, and endocrine system disruption. Of these genes, under the Aroclor 1254 exposure, cytochrome P450 20A1 (2.06-4.46 folds), glutathione S-transferase (2.25-3.80 folds), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1-like (1.49-2.92 folds), peroxidase-like protein (1.33-4.26 folds), lysozyme (1.61-2.05 folds), bcl-2 like 1 protein (1.14-2.29 folds) and vitellogenin (1.09-1.19 folds) showed been significantly induced expressed. At the same time, some genes were down regulated, including cytochrome P450 2J5 (-1.20 ~ -2.86 folds), cytochrome P450 3A24 (-1.40 ~ -4.08 folds), C1q (-1.27 ~ -1.66 folds), Sulfotransferase (-1.51 ~ -1.84 folds), monocarboxylate transporter 10 (-1.30 ~ -4.70 folds), 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (-1.43 ~ -2.81 folds) and beta-galactosidase (-1.23 ~ -2.23 folds). Furthermore, it showed that the expression levels of CYP2J5, glutathione S-transferase, 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and beta-galactosidase had time responses and dose responses. The present study provided insights into the toxic effects of Aroclor 1254 exposure in M. meretrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shishi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hanliang Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Yuefeng Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hexachloronaphthalene Induces Mitochondrial-Dependent Neurotoxicity via a Mechanism of Enhanced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2479234. [PMID: 32685088 PMCID: PMC7335409 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2479234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hexachloronaphthalene (PCN67) is one of the most toxic among polychlorinated naphthalenes. Despite the known high bioaccumulation and persistence of PCN67 in the environment, it is still unclear to what extent exposure to these substances may interfere with normal neuronal physiology and lead to neurotoxicity. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to assess the effect of PCN67 in neuronal in vitro models. Neuronal death was assessed upon PCN67 treatment using differentiated PC12 cells and primary hippocampal neurons. At 72 h postexposure, cell viability assays showed an IC50 value of 0.35 μg/ml and dose-dependent damage of neurites and concomitant downregulation of neurofilaments L and M. Moreover, we found that younger primary neurons (DIV4) were much more sensitive to PCN67 toxicity than mature cultures (DIV14). Our comprehensive analysis indicated that the application of PCN67 at the IC50 concentration caused necrosis, which was reflected by an increase in LDH release, HMGB1 protein export to the cytosol, nuclear swelling, and loss of homeostatic control of energy balance. The blockage of mitochondrial calcium uniporter partially rescued the cell viability, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, suggesting that the underlying mechanism of neurotoxicity involved mitochondrial calcium accumulation. Increased lipid peroxidation as a consequence of oxidative stress was additionally seen for 0.1 μg/ml of PCN67, while this concentration did not affect ΔΨm and plasma membrane permeability. Our results show for the first time that neuronal mitochondria act as a target for PCN67 and indicate that exposure to this drug may result in neuron loss via mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms.
Collapse
|
6
|
Alam S, Carter GS, Krager KJ, Li X, Lehmler HJ, Aykin-Burns N. PCB11 Metabolite, 3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl-4-ol, Exposure Alters the Expression of Genes Governing Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Absence of Functional Sirtuin 3: Examining the Contribution of MnSOD. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7090121. [PMID: 30223548 PMCID: PMC6162768 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is prohibited, the inadvertent production of certain lower-chlorinated PCB congeners still threatens human health. We and others have identified 3,3’-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11) and its metabolite, 3,3’-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ol (4OH-PCB11), in human blood, and there is a correlation between exposure to this metabolite and mitochondrial oxidative stress in mammalian cells. Here, we evaluated the downstream effects of 4OH-PCB11 on mitochondrial metabolism and function in the presence and absence of functional Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial fidelity protein that protects redox homeostasis. A 24 h exposure to 3 μM 4OH-PCB11 significantly decreased the cellular growth and mitochondrial membrane potential of SIRT3-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Only wild-type cells demonstrated an increase in Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity in response to 4OH-PCB11–induced oxidative injury. This suggests the presence of a SIRT3-mediated post-translational modification to MnSOD, which was impaired in SIRT3-knockout MEFs, which counters the PCB insult. We found that 4OH-PCB11 increased mitochondrial respiration and endogenous fatty-acid oxidation-associated oxygen consumption in SIRT3-knockout MEFs; this appeared to occur because the cells exhausted their reserve respiratory capacity. To determine whether these changes in mitochondrial respiration were accompanied by similar changes in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism, we performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) after a 24 h treatment with 4OH-PCB11. In SIRT3-knockout MEFs, 4OH-PCB11 significantly increased the expression of ten genes controlling fatty acid biosynthesis, metabolism, and transport. When we overexpressed MnSOD in these cells, the expression of six of these genes returned to the baseline level, suggesting that the protective role of SIRT3 against 4OH-PCB11 is partially governed by MnSOD activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinthia Alam
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Gwendolyn S Carter
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Krager
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Patil VS, Gutierrez AM, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Hilt JZ, Kalika DS, Dziubla TD. Curcumin Acrylation for Biological and Environmental Applications. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1964-1971. [PMID: 28661687 PMCID: PMC5796414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin has recently gained interest for use in drug delivery, chemical sensing, and environmental applications. As a result, the development of synthesis strategies for the incorporation of curcumin into novel materials has become a priority. One such strategy, curcumin acrylation, involves the introduction of acrylate functional groups to the curcumin scaffold, with the potential generation of mono-, di-, and triacrylate curcumin species. The relative populations of these species in the resulting multiacrylate mixture can be controlled by the ratio of curcumin to acryloyl chloride in the initial reaction formulation. Characterization of the acrylation reaction and the resulting curcumin multiacrylate product is essential for the effective preparation of new curcumin-containing materials. In this work, a synthesis method for curcumin acrylation is presented and the resulting curcumin multiacrylate product is characterized via various techniques, i.e., HPLC, LCMS, and NMR, as a basis to establish the relationship between synthesis conditions and the extent of acrylation that is achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod S. Patil
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States
| | - Angela M. Gutierrez
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States
| | - Manjula Sunkara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States
| | - J. Zach Hilt
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States
| | - Douglass S. Kalika
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States
| | - Thomas D. Dziubla
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hashmi MZ, Zhang J, Li B, Su X, Tariq M, Ahmad N, Malik RN, Ullah K, Chen C, Shen C. Effects of structurally different noncoplanar and coplanar PCBs on HELF cell proliferation, cell cycle, and potential molecular mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1183-1190. [PMID: 27463516 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of chemicals that persist in the environment, indoors, and humans. Lung exposure to airborne and food contaminants, such as PCBs, may cause possible lung disorders, such as cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effects of structurally different lower chlorinated (≤4Cl), noncoplanar PCB40, and coplanar PCB77 on human lung fibroblast cell line (HELF) cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and possible molecular mechanisms. Noncoplanar PCB40 and coplanar PCB77 exhibited concentration- and time-dependent biphasic dose-response effects on HELF cell proliferation. Noncoplanar PCB40 and coplanar PCB77 induced 23 and 45% cytotoxicity at higher concentrations than the control. The flow cytometry analysis showed that exposure to PCB40 caused a significant increase in time spent in the G1 phase but decreased length of the S phase in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, whereas PCB77 exposure decreased time spent in the G1 and S phases but increased time spent in the G2 phase. Western blot analysis indicated that PCB77 increased the expression of cyclin E, CDK2, p21, and caspase-9, while PCB40 decreased the expression of these proteins (except CDK2 and p21). An increase in CDK expression after exposure to PCB77 suggests that it may cause carcinogenic effects on HELF cells at higher doses. Our results also demonstrate that the different cytotoxic effects induced by coplanar and nonplanar PCBs were correlated with their structural characteristics; the coplanar congener was more cytotoxic than the nonplanar congener. The study elaborates threshold levels for these chemicals and suggests that the cytotoxicity mechanisms by which PCB congeners act on HELF cells depend on their planarity and chemical structures. Furthermore, the study will be important for developing antidotes to the adverse effects and risk assessment practices for PCBs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1183-1190, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Binglu Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Su
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Najid Ahmad
- School of Economics, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kalim Ullah
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofeng Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tang S, Bhandari R, Delaney SP, Munson EJ, Dziubla TD, Hilt JZ. Synthesis and characterization of thermally responsive N-isopropylacrylamide hydrogels copolymerized with novel hydrophobic polyphenolic crosslinkers. MATERIALS TODAY. COMMUNICATIONS 2017; 10:46-53. [PMID: 28989952 PMCID: PMC5628756 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Two series of thermosensitive hydrogels were synthesized by copolymerizing N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) with various contents of novel hydrophobic crosslinkers, curcumin multiacrylate (CMA) and quercetin multiacrylate (QMA). The compositions of the resulting hydrogels were characterized using solid state-NMR (ss-NMR), and the temperature dependent swelling behavior and lower critical solution temperature (LCST) were characterized using swelling studies and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Increasing the crosslinker content resulted in a significant decrease in the LCST and swelling ratio of hydrogels, which could be attributed to the increased hydrophobicity introduced by CMA or QMA. All of the hydrogels demonstrated temperature responsive swelling with the extent of swelling decreasing with increasing crosslinker content. The lower crosslinker content gels displayed sharper phase transitions, while the high crosslinker content gels had broader phase transitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Rohit Bhandari
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Sean P Delaney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Eric J Munson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Thomas D Dziubla
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - J Zach Hilt
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao L, Mutlu E, Collins LB, Walker NJ, Hartwell HJ, Olson JR, Sun W, Gold A, Ball LM, Swenberg JA. DNA Product Formation in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats Following Polyhalogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PHAH) Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:794-803. [PMID: 28207250 PMCID: PMC5363288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
DNA
oxidation damage has been regarded as one of the possible mechanisms
for the hepatic carcinogenesis of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). In
this study, we evaluated the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) from the
standpoint of induced DNA oxidation products and their relationship
to toxicity and carcinogenicity. Nine DNA oxidation products were
analyzed in the liver of female Sprague–Dawley rats exposed
to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) alone or the tertiary
mixture of TCDD, 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB
126), and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) by gavage
for 14, 31, and 53 weeks (5 days/week) by LC–MS/MS: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine
(8-oxo-dGuo); 1,N6-etheno-2′-deoxyadenosine
(1,N6-εdAdo); N2,3-ethenoguanine (N2,3-εG);
7-(2-oxoethly)guanine (7-OEG); 1,N2-etheno-2′-deoxyguanosine
(1,N2-εdGuo); malondialdehyde (M1dGuo); acrolein (AcrdGuo); crotonaldehyde (CrdGuo); and 4-hydroxynonenal
(HNEdGuo) derived 2′-deoxyguanosine adducts. Exposure to TCDD
(100 ng/kg/day) significantly induced 1,N6-εdAdo at 31 and 53 weeks, while no increase of 8-oxo-dGuo
was observed. Significant increases were observed for 8-oxo-dGuo and
1,N6-εdAdo at all time points following
exposure to the tertiary mixture (TEQ 100 ng/kg/day). Exposure to
TCDD for 53 weeks only significantly increased 1,N6-εdAdo, while increases of N2,3-εG and 7-OEG were only found in the highest dose
group (100 ng/kg/day). Exposure to the tertiary mixture for 53 weeks
had no effect on N2,3-εG in any
exposure group (TEQ 0, 22, 46, or 100 ng/kg/day), while significant
increases were observed for 1,N6-εdAdo
(all dose groups), 8-oxo-dGuo (46 and 100 ng/kg/day), and 7-OEG (100
ng/kg/day). While no significant increase was observed at 53 weeks
for 1,N2-εdGuo, M1dGuo,
AcrdGuo, or CrdGuo following exposure to TCDD (100 ng/kg/day), all
of them were significantly induced in animals exposed to the tertiary
mixture (TEQ 100 ng/kg/day). This oxidation DNA product data suggest
that the simple TEF methodology cannot be applied to evaluate the
diverse patterns of toxic effects induced by DLCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Esra Mutlu
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, RTP , Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Nigel J Walker
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, RTP , Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - James R Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mutlu E, Gao L, Collins LB, Walker NJ, Hartwell HJ, Olson JR, Sun W, Gold A, Ball LM, Swenberg JA. Polychlorinated Biphenyls Induce Oxidative DNA Adducts in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1335-1344. [PMID: 27436759 PMCID: PMC5020703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organic chemicals that were traditionally produced and widely used in industry as mixtures and are presently formed as byproducts of pigment and dye manufacturing. They are known to persist and bioaccumulate in the environment. Some have been shown to induce liver cancer in rodents. Although the mechanism of the toxicity of PCBs is unknown, it has been shown that they increase oxidative stress, including lipid peroxidation. We hypothesized that oxidative stress-induced DNA damage could be a contributor for PCB carcinogenesis and analyzed several DNA adducts in female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153), and a binary mixture (PCB 126 + 153) for 14, 31, and 53 wks. Eight adducts were measured to profile oxidative DNA lesions, including 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), 1,N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine (1,N(6)-εdA), N(2),3-ethenoguanine (N(2),3-εG), 1,N(2)-ethenodeoxyguanosine (1,N(2)-εdG), as well as malondialdehyde (M1dG), acrolein (AcrdG), crotonaldehyde (CrdG), and 4-hydroxynonenal-derived dG adducts (HNEdG) by LC-MS/MS analysis. Statistically significant increases were observed for 8-oxo-dG and 1,N(6)-εdA concentrations in hepatic DNA of female rats exposed to the binary mixture (1000 ng/kg/day + 1000 μg/kg/day) but not in rats exposed to PCB 126 (1000 ng/kg/day) or PCB 153 (1000 μg/kg/day) for 14 and 31 wks. However, exposure to PCB 126 (1000 ng/kg/day) for 53 wks significantly increased 8-oxo-dG, 1,N(6)-εdA, AcrdG, and M1dG. Exposure to PCB 153 (1000 μg/kg/day) for 53 wks increased 8-oxo-dG, and 1,N(6)-εdA. Exposure to the binary mixture for 53 wks increased 8-oxo-dG, 1,N(6)-εdA, AcrdG, 1,N(2)-εdG, and N(2),3-εG significantly above control groups. Increased hepatic oxidative DNA adducts following exposure to PCB 126, PCB 153, or the binary mixture shows that an increase in DNA damage may play an important role in hepatic toxicity and carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Lina Gao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Leonard B. Collins
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nigel J. Walker
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Hadley J. Hartwell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - James R. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Louise M. Ball
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aly HAA, Mansour AM, Hassan MH, Abd-Ellah MF. Lipoic acid attenuates Aroclor 1260-induced hepatotoxicity in adult rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:913-922. [PMID: 25533183 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the mechanistic aspect of Aroclor 1260-induced hepatotoxicity and its protection by lipoic acid. The adult male Albino rats were divided into six groups. Group I served as control. Group II received lipoic acid (35 mg/kg/day). Aroclor 1260 was given to rats by oral gavage at doses 20, 40, or 60 mg/kg/day (Groups III, IV, and V, respectively). Group VI was pretreated with lipoic acid (35 mg/kg/day) 24 h before Aroclor 1260 (40 mg/kg/day). Treatment in all groups was continued for further 15 consecutive days. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities and total bilirubin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly increased while total protein, total albumin, and high-density lipoprotein were significantly decreased. Hydrogen peroxide production and lipid peroxidation were significantly increased while superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) content was significantly decreased in liver. Caspase-3 & -9 activities were significantly increased in liver. Lipoic acid pretreatment significantly reverted all these abnormalities toward their normal levels. In conclusion, Aroclor 1260 induced liver dysfunction, at least in part, by induction of oxidative stress. Apoptotic effect of hepatic cells is involved in Aroclor 1260-induced liver injury. Lipoic acid could protect rats against Aroclor 1260-induced hepatotoxicity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 913-922, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy A A Aly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Memy H Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, El-Madinah El-Munaworah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F Abd-Ellah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gadupudi GS, Klaren WD, Olivier AK, Klingelhutz AJ, Robertson LW. PCB126-Induced Disruption in Gluconeogenesis and Fatty Acid Oxidation Precedes Fatty Liver in Male Rats. Toxicol Sci 2015; 149:98-110. [PMID: 26396156 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), a dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and a potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist, is implicated in the disruption of both carbohydrate and lipid metabolism which ultimately leads to wasting disorders, metabolic disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the mechanisms are unclear. Because liver is the target organ for PCB toxicity and responsible for metabolic homeostasis, we hypothesized that early disruption of glucose and lipid homeostasis contributes to later manifestations such as hepatic steatosis. To test this hypothesis, groups of male Sprague Dawley rats, fed on AIN-93G diet, were injected (intraperitoneal.) with a single bolus of PCB126 (5 µmol/kg) at various time intervals between 9 h and 12 days prior to euthanasia. An early decrease in serum glucose and a gradual decrease in serum triglycerides were observed over time. Liver lipid accumulation was most severe at 6 and 12 days of exposure. Transcript levels of cytosolic phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase (Pepck-c/Pck1) and glucose transporter (Glut2/Slc2a2) involved in gluconeogenesis and hepatic glucose transport were time-dependently downregulated between 9 h and 12 days of PCB126 exposure. Additionally, transcript levels of Pparα, and its targets acyl-CoA oxidase (Acox1) and hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (Hmgcs2), were also downregulated, indicating changes in peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. In a separate animal study, we found that the measured changes in the transcript levels of Pepck-c, Glut2, Pparα, Acox1, and Hmgcs2 were also dose dependent. Furthermore, PCB126-induced effects on Pepck-c were demonstrated to be AhR dependent in rat H4IIE hepatocytes. These results indicate that PCB126-induced wasting and steatosis are preceded initially by (1) decreased serum glucose caused by decreased hepatic glucose production, followed by (2) decreased peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopi S Gadupudi
- *Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - William D Klaren
- *Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Alicia K Olivier
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi; and
| | | | - Larry W Robertson
- *Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gaspar-Ramírez O, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Salgado-Bustamante M, González-Amaro R, Hernandez-Castro B, Pérez-Maldonado IN. DDE and PCB 153 independently induce aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:266-72. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.960108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
|
15
|
Kocagöz R, Onmuş O, Onat İ, Çağdaş B, Sıkı M, Orhan H. Environmental and biological monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in waterbirds by non-invasive versus invasive sampling. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:208-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Williams AA, Selvaraj J, Srinivasan C, Sathish S, Rajesh P, Balaji V, Arunakaran J, Balasubramanian K. Protective role of lycopene against Aroclor 1254-induced changes on GLUT4 in the skeletal muscles of adult male rat. Drug Chem Toxicol 2012; 36:320-8. [PMID: 23035738 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2012.720991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aroclor 1254 is the commercial mixture of highly toxic environmental pollutant, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Being immensely durable, it is extensively used and widely distributed. Studies show that Aroclor 1254 causes a variety of adverse health effects through free radical generation. The present investigation was designed to check the effect of Aroclor 1254 on the glucose transporter protein, GLUT4, which plays a key role in glucose homeostasis. The protective role of lycopene against the adverse effect of Aroclor 1254 was also tested. Group 1 rats received corn oil as vehicle and served as control. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were administered with Aroclor 1254 [2 mg kg(-1) body weight (b.w.) day(-1)] intraperitoneally for 30 days. Groups 3 and 4 received lycopene (2 and 4 mg kg(-1) b.w. day(-1), respectively) orally in addition to Aroclor 1254. After 30 days, animals were euthanized and the skeletal muscles were dissected to determine the following parameters: GLUT4 messenger RNA (mRNA), GLUT4 protein (both plasma membrane and cytosolic fractions), and (14)C-2-deoxyglucose uptake. Though there was no change in GLUT4 mRNA and fasting plasma glucose levels, Aroclor 1254 significantly decreased the GLUT4 protein level in both the subcellular fractions of the gracilis and triceps muscles. Most important, (14)C-2-deoxyglucose uptake showed a significant decrease in Aroclor 1254 alone treated rats, and Aroclor 1254 plus 4 mg lycopene supplementation treatment maintained the same at par with control. Thus, Aroclor 1254 has adverse effects on GLUT4 translocation and (14)C-2-deoxyglucose uptake, and lycopene administered along with Aroclor 1254 has a protective role over it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Augustine Williams
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nováková K, Bláha L, Babica P. Tumor promoting effects of cyanobacterial extracts are potentiated by anthropogenic contaminants--evidence from in vitro study. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:30-37. [PMID: 22572165 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is affiliated with tumor promotion process and it has been employed as an in vitro biomarker for evaluation of tumor promoting effects of chemicals. In the present study we investigated combined effects of anthropogenic environmental contaminants 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) and fluoranthene, cyanotoxins microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin, and extracts of laboratory cultures of cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon gracile and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, on GJIC in the rat liver epithelial cell line WB-F344. Binary mixtures of PCB 153 with fluoranthene and the mixtures of the two cyanobacterial strains elicited simple additive effects on GJIC after 30 min exposure, whereas microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin neither inhibited GJIC nor altered effects of PCB 153 or fluoranthene. However, synergistic effects were observed in the cells exposed to binary mixtures of anthropogenic contaminants (PCB 153 or fluoranthene) and cyanobacterial extracts. The synergistic effects were especially pronounced after prolonged (6-24h) co-exposure to fluoranthene and A. gracile extract, when mixture caused nearly complete GJIC inhibition, while none of the individual components caused any downregulation of GJIC at the same concentration and exposure time. The effects of cyanobacterial extracts were independent of microcystin-LR or cylindrospermopsin, which were not detected in cyanobacterial biomass. It provides further evidence on the presence of unknown tumor promoting metabolites in cyanobacteria. Clear potentiation of the GJIC inhibition observed in the mixtures of two anthropogenic contaminants and cyanobacteria highlight the importance of combined toxic effects of chemicals in complex environmental mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Nováková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno CZ62500, Czech Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) diminishes the severity of PCB 126-induced fatty liver in male rodents. Toxicology 2012; 302:25-33. [PMID: 22824115 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists like PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl) cause oxidative stress and liver pathology, including fatty liver. Our question was whether dietary supplementation with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, can prevent these adverse changes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a standard AIN-93G diet (sufficient in cysteine) or a modified diet supplemented with 1.0% NAC. After one week, rats on each diet were exposed to 0, 1, or 5μmol/kg body weight PCB 126 by i.p. injection (6 rats per group) and euthanized two weeks later. PCB-treatment caused a dose-dependent reduction in growth, feed consumption, relative thymus weight, total glutathione and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), while relative liver weight, glutathione transferase activity and hepatic lipid content were dose-dependently increased with PCB dose. Histologic examination of liver tissue showed PCB 126-induced hepatocellular steatosis with dose dependent increase in lipid deposition and distribution. Dietary NAC resulted in a reduction in hepatocellular lipid in both PCB groups. This effect was confirmed by gravimetric analysis of extracted lipids. Expression of CD36, a scavenger receptor involved in regulating hepatic fatty acid uptake, was reduced with high dose PCB treatment but unaltered in PCB-treated rats on NAC-supplemented diet. These results demonstrate that NAC has a protective effect against hepatic lipid accumulation in rats exposed to PCB 126. The mechanism of this protective effect appears to be independent of NAC as a source of cysteine/precursor of glutathione.
Collapse
|
19
|
Turkez H. The role of ascorbic acid on titanium dioxide-induced genetic damage assessed by the comet assay and cytogenetic tests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:453-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Effect of vitamin E on hepatic cell proliferation and apoptosis in mice deficient in the p50 subunit of NF-κB after treatment with phenobarbital. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2706-9. [PMID: 21726593 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenobarbital (PB) is an efficacious and well-studied hepatic tumor promoting agent. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor activated by reactive oxygen and is involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. We previously found that PB activates NF-κB and that dietary vitamin E is effective in decreasing PB-induced NF-κB DNA binding. We therefore hypothesized that dietary vitamin E influences PB-induced changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis through its action on NF-κB. NF-κB1 deficient mice (p50-/-) and wild-type B6129 mice were fed a purified diet containing 10 or 250ppm vitamin E (α-tocopherol acetate) for 28days. At that time, half of the wild-type and half of the p50-/- mice were placed on the same diet with 0.05% PB for 10days. Compared to wild-type mice, the p50-/- mice had higher levels of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cell proliferation was significantly increased by PB, but vitamin E did not affect hepatic cell proliferation. Apoptosis was not changed in mice fed PB, and there was no significant difference in apoptosis between control and high vitamin E treated mice. Thus, vitamin E does not appear to influence cell growth parameters in either wild-type or p50-/- mice.
Collapse
|
21
|
Marabini L, Calò R, Fucile S. Genotoxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 153, 138, 101, 118) in a fish cell line (RTG-2). Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1045-52. [PMID: 21504788 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent pollutants in aquatic environments, often causing the decline or disappearance of wild populations. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effects of some PCBs (PCB153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) and 138 (2,2',3,4,4',5'-hexachloro-biphenyl), both non-dioxin-like compounds, and the pentachlorobiphenyls PCB118 (2,3',4,4',5-) and 101 (2,2',4',5,5'-), the former an ortho-substituted, low-affinity dioxin-like compound and the latter a non-coplanar congener classified as non-dioxin-like) in fish cells (RTG-2). These congeners are mostly present in surface waters and in edible aquatic organisms and the loss of DNA integrity in vitro serves as a sensitive biomarker of cytogenetic alterations and is considered as an initial step for the identification of genotoxic effects. The alkaline comet assay and the micronucleus test show clear genotoxic damage after short and longer exposure (2 and 24h) to maximum soluble, non-cytotoxic doses, evident sooner with PCBs 101 and 118. Oxidative stress situations involving ROS release, reduction in total GSH, lipid peroxidation and alteration to superoxide dismutase, seen after exposure with all the congeners, though with different kinetics, seem the most likely explanation for the genotoxic damage. This appears to be confirmed by the modified comet assay (pH 10) for detection of oxidized bases using endonuclease III. The increased generation of intracellular ROS might explain the apoptosis seen after treatment with the single PCBs and evaluated on the basis of the rise in 3-7 caspase activity. Therefore both the non-coplanar, non-dioxin-like PCBs (153, 138, 101) and the low-affinity dioxin-like compound PCB118 cause evident genotoxic damage, probably as a consequence of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marabini
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology E. Trabucchi, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Glauert HP, Calfee-Mason K, Stemm DN, Tharappel JC, Spear BT. Dietary antioxidants in the prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis: a review. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:875-96. [PMID: 20512789 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the role of dietary antioxidants in the prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis is examined. Both human and animal models are discussed. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium are antioxidants that are essential in the human diet. A number of non-essential chemicals also contain antioxidant activity and are consumed in the human diet, mainly as plants or as supplements, including beta-carotene, ellagic acid, curcumin, lycopene, coenzyme Q(10), epigallocatechin gallate, N-acetyl cysteine, and resveratrol. Although some human and animal studies show protection against carcinogenesis with the consumption of higher amounts of antioxidants, many studies show no effect or an enhancement of carcinogenesis. Because of the conflicting results from these studies, it is difficult to make dietary recommendations as to whether consuming higher amounts of specific antioxidants will decrease the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard P Glauert
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0054, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Alonso V, Linares V, Bellés M, Albina ML, Pujol A, Domingo JL, Sánchez DJ. Effects of BDE-99 on hormone homeostasis and biochemical parameters in adult male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2206-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Effects of exposure to BDE-99 on oxidative status of liver and kidney in adult rats. Toxicology 2010; 271:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
25
|
Pessah IN, Cherednichenko G, Lein PJ. Minding the calcium store: Ryanodine receptor activation as a convergent mechanism of PCB toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:260-85. [PMID: 19931307 PMCID: PMC2823855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-level polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposures remain a significant public health concern since results from epidemiological studies indicate that PCB burden is associated with immune system dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, and impairment of the developing nervous system. Of these various adverse health effects, developmental neurotoxicity has emerged as a particularly vulnerable endpoint in PCB toxicity. Arguably the most pervasive biological effects of PCBs could be mediated by their ability to alter the spatial and temporal fidelity of Ca2+ signals through one or more receptor-mediated processes. This review will focus on our current knowledge of the structure and function of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in muscle and nerve cells and how PCBs and related non-coplanar structures alter these functions. The molecular and cellular mechanisms by which non-coplanar PCBs and related structures alter local and global Ca2+ signaling properties and the possible short and long-term consequences of these perturbations on neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|