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Khisroon M, Khan A, Ayub A, Ullah I, Farooqi J, Ullah A. DNA damage analysis concerning GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphism in gold jewellery workers from Peshawar Pakistan. Biomarkers 2020; 25:483-489. [PMID: 32615823 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1791253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the genotoxic effects of gold jewellery fumes and its association with GSTM1 and GSTT1 genetic polymorphisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined 94 subjects including 54 gold jewellery workers and 40 controls. The DNA damage was evaluated by alkaline comet assay and genotyping by PCR. RESULTS The mean total comet score (TCS) in gold jewellery workers was significantly higher as compared to the control subjects (128.0 ± 60.6 versus 47.7 ± 21.4; p = 0.0001). Duration of occupational exposure had positive correlation (r = 0.453, p < 0.01) with DNA damage. Age and tobacco use had significant effects on the TCS of the exposed group as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The frequency of the GSTM1-null genotype in the exposed group was significant (p = 0.004) as compared to the control group. No significant association (p > 0.05) between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes and DNA damage was found. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there is increased DNA damage in gold jewellery workers due to their occupational surroundings. Hence there is a strong need to educate the workers about the adverse health effects of potentially hazardous chemicals and highlight the importance of using protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Asma Ayub
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- Department of Pharmacology, Poonch Medical College Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Javeed Farooqi
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ullah
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Chandirasekar R, Murugan K, Muralisankar T, Uthayakumar V, Jayakumar R, Mohan K, Vasugi C, Mathivanan R, Mekala S, Jagateesh A, Suresh K. Genotoxic effects of tobacco use in residents of hilly areas and foot hills of Western Ghats, Southern India. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14898. [PMID: 31624274 PMCID: PMC6797791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking and smokeless tobacco consumption is a significant risk factor that provokes genetic alterations. The present investigation was to evaluate the biomarkers of genotoxicity including micronucleus (MN), chromosome aberrations (CA) and DNA strand breaks among tobacco consumers and control individuals residing in hilly areas of Western Ghats, Tamilnadu, South India. This study included 268 tobacco consumers with equal number of controls. The tobacco consumers were divided into Group I (<10 years of tobacco consumption with an age range from 15 to 35 years) and group II (>10 years consumption above 35 years of age). Chromosome aberration (CA) and comet assay were performed using blood and micronucleus assay from exfoliated buccal epithelial cells obtained from tobacco consumers and controls. Elevated levels of CA were found in group II (Chromatid type: 2.39 ± 1.13 and chromosome type: 1.44 ± 1.24) exposed subjects, high micronucleus and DNA damage (TL:4.48 ± 1.24 and TM:3.40 ± 1.58) levels were significantly (p < 0.05) observed in both smoking and smokeless tobacco consumers when comparison with group I and controls. This study also observed a lack of awareness among the tobacco consumers about the harmful health effects of tobacco. Tobacco consumption contributes to the significant alteration in genetic materials. In addition, a high rate of spontaneous abortion was also seen in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chandirasekar
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, 638316, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - K Murugan
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
- Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, 632 115, India
| | - T Muralisankar
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - V Uthayakumar
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, 638316, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R Jayakumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - K Mohan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, 638316, Tamilnadu, India
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil nadu, 608 502, India
| | - C Vasugi
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, 638316, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R Mathivanan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, 638316, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Mekala
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, 638316, Tamilnadu, India
| | - A Jagateesh
- PG & Research Department of Zoology Chikkaiah Naicker College, 638004, Erode, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Suresh
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamilnadu, India
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Malkova A, Kohlerova R, Fiala Z, Hamakova K, Selke-Krulichova I, Borska L. Genotoxic changes in peripheral lymphocytes after therapeutic exposure to crude coal tar and ultraviolet radiation. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:553-558. [PMID: 27283756 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2016.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Goeckerman therapy is based on combined exposure to UV radiation (UVA, UVB) and crude coal tar (PAHs). Some indicators suggest a genotoxic hazard, however, the level of genotoxic risk of the therapy has not yet been investigated sufficiently. This study aims to assesss the genotoxic risk. METHODS The studied group consisted of patients with chronic stable plaque psoriasis treated by Goeckerman therapy (n = 29). Heparin-treated peripheral blood samples were collected one day before the first treatment and immediately after the last procedure. The lymphocytes were isolated from the blood. The level of genotoxicity was evaluated using an alkaline version of the Comet assay which detects DNA single strand breaks (DNA-SSBs), a neutral version of the Comet assay which detects DNA double strand breaks (DNA-DSBs), and using chromosomal aberrations. RESULTS The level of DNA-SSBs increased insignificantly (median; Q1-Q3): 1.4 (0.4; 0.1-1.4) vs. 2.5 (0.6; 0.3-2.7) %tDNA (P = 0.11) and the level of DNA-DSBs increased significantly: 7.8 (6.5; 3.4-10.5) vs. 20.7 (19.3; 14.2-24.6) % DNA (P < 0.001). The total number of aberrated cells (P < 0.001) and structurally aberrated cells (P < 0.001) increased significantly. CONCLUSION The elevated levels of the DNA-DSBs and the chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral lymphocytes indicated a genotoxic hazard. However, the elevated level of the chromosomal abnormalities was below the upper level of the reference range for healthy Czech adults. While, the genotoxic risk appears to be low, Goeckerman treatment represents a further contribution to the lifetime load of genotoxic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Malkova
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Kohlerova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Fiala
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kvetoslava Hamakova
- Clinic of Dermal and Venereal Disease, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Selke-Krulichova
- Department of Medical Biophysic, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Borska
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic Coresponding autor: Lenka Borska, e-mail
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Rojas E, Lorenzo Y, Haug K, Nicolaissen B, Valverde M. Epithelial cells as alternative human biomatrices for comet assay. Front Genet 2014; 5:386. [PMID: 25506353 PMCID: PMC4246922 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The comet assay is a valuable experimental tool aimed at mapping DNA damage in human cells in vivo for environmental and occupational monitoring, as well as for therapeutic purposes, such as storage prior to transplant, during tissue engineering, and in experimental ex vivo assays. Furthermore, due to its great versatility, the comet assay allows to explore the use of alternative cell types to assess DNA damage, such as epithelial cells. Epithelial cells, as specialized components of many organs, have the potential to serve as biomatrices that can be used to evaluate genotoxicity and may also serve as early effect biomarkers. Furthermore, 80% of solid cancers are of epithelial origin, which points to the importance of studying DNA damage in these tissues. Indeed, studies including comet assay in epithelial cells have either clear clinical applications (lens and corneal epithelial cells) or examine genotoxicity within human biomonitoring and in vitro studies. We here review improvements in determining DNA damage using the comet assay by employing lens, corneal, tear duct, buccal, and nasal epithelial cells. For some of these tissues invasive sampling procedures are needed. Desquamated epithelial cells must be obtained and dissociated prior to examination using the comet assay, and such procedures may induce varying amounts of DNA damage. Buccal epithelial cells require lysis enriched with proteinase K to obtain free nucleosomes. Over a 30 year period, the comet assay in epithelial cells has been little employed, however its use indicates that it could be an extraordinary tool not only for risk assessment, but also for diagnosis, prognosis of treatments and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Rojas
- Depto. Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, México
| | - Yolanda Lorenzo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Eye Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristiane Haug
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Eye Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Nicolaissen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Eye Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Mahara Valverde
- Depto. Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, México
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Chandirasekar R, Kumar BL, Sasikala K, Jayakumar R, Suresh K, Venkatesan R, Jacob R, Krishnapriya EK, Kavitha H, Ganesh GK. Assessment of genotoxic and molecular mechanisms of cancer risk in smoking and smokeless tobacco users. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 767:21-7. [PMID: 24769293 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inexpensive forms of tobacco are widely used in developing countries such as India. We have evaluated genotoxicity endpoints (chromosome aberrations, micronucleus frequency, comet assay) and polymorphisms of the XRCC1 and p53 genes among smokers and smokeless tobacco (SLT) users in rural Tamilnadu, South India. Cytogenetic, DNA damage and SNP analyses were performed on peripheral blood samples; micronucleus frequency was measured in peripheral blood and buccal mucosa exfoliated cells. Both categories of tobacco users had elevated levels of genotoxic damage. SNP analysis of tobacco users revealed that 17% carry the XRCC1 gln399gln genotype and 19% carry the p53 pro72pro genotype. Both genotypes are associated with increased risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chandirasekar
- Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - B Lakshman Kumar
- Departments of Biotechnology and Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore 641 029, India
| | - K Sasikala
- Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R Jayakumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - K Suresh
- Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R Venkatesan
- Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Raichel Jacob
- Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - E K Krishnapriya
- Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamilnadu, India
| | - H Kavitha
- Departments of Biotechnology and Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore 641 029, India
| | - G Karthik Ganesh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamilnadu, India
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Moitra S, Blanc PD, Sahu S. Adverse respiratory effects associated with cadmium exposure in small-scale jewellery workshops in India. Thorax 2013; 68:565-70. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-203029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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