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Nath M, Bhattacharjee K, Choudhury Y. The antidiabetic drug pioglitazone ameliorates betel-nut-induced carcinogenesis in mice by restoring normal lipid metabolism, reducing oxidative stress, and inducing apoptosis. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1967-1974. [PMID: 38376305 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_844_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Oral administration (2 mg mL-1) of aqueous extract of betel nut (AEBN) for 24 weeks induced oncogenic alterations in the liver of female Swiss Albino mice concomitant with aberrant lipid metabolism, overactivation of Akt/mTOR signaling, and loss of apoptosis. AIM This study was designed to investigate the potential of repurposing the antidiabetic drug pioglitazone for alleviating AEBN-induced carcinogenesis. METHODS Sera of animals were evaluated for lipid profile and free fatty acid levels. Liver tissues were investigated for oxidative stress, histopathology, and expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism and oncogenesis by western blotting. Apoptosis was determined using TUNEL assay. RESULTS Coadministration of pioglitazone (10 mg kg-1 b.w) with AEBN for 8 weeks restored normal lipid profile and AMPK/ACC signaling, reduced FASN and HMGCR expressions and oxidative stress, and actively induced Akt/mTOR-mediated apoptosis in the liver. CONCLUSIONS Pioglitazone can effectively alleviate AEBN-induced carcinogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Nath
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
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Ko AMS, Tu HP, Ko YC. Systematic Review of Roles of Arecoline and Arecoline N-Oxide in Oral Cancer and Strategies to Block Carcinogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:1208. [PMID: 37190117 PMCID: PMC10137008 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Betel quid and areca nut are complex mixture carcinogens, but little is known about whether their derived single-agent arecoline or arecoline N-oxide (ANO) is carcinogenic, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this systematic review, we analyzed recent studies on the roles of arecoline and ANO in cancer and strategies to block carcinogenesis. In the oral cavity, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 oxidizes arecoline to ANO, and both alkaloids conjugate with N-acetylcysteine to form mercapturic acid compounds, which are excreted in urine, reducing arecoline and ANO toxicity. However, detoxification may not be complete. Arecoline and ANO upregulated protein expression in oral cancer tissue from areca nut users compared to expression levels in adjacent normal tissue, suggesting a causal relationship between these compounds and oral cancer. Sublingual fibrosis, hyperplasia, and oral leukoplakia were diagnosed in mice subjected to oral mucosal smearing of ANO. ANO is more cytotoxic and genotoxic than arecoline. During carcinogenesis and metastasis, these compounds increase the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducers such as reactive oxygen species, transforming growth factor-β1, Notch receptor-1, and inflammatory cytokines, and they activate EMT-related proteins. Arecoline-induced epigenetic markers such as sirtuin-1 hypermethylation, low protein expression of miR-22, and miR-886-3-p accelerate oral cancer progression. Antioxidants and targeted inhibitors of the EMT inducers used reduce the risk of oral cancer development and progression. Our review findings substantiate the association of arecoline and ANO with oral cancer. Both of these single compounds are likely carcinogenic to humans, and their mechanisms and pathways of carcinogenesis are useful indicators for cancer therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Min-Shan Ko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Health Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pin Tu
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2 Yu-Der Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
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Devi AR, Sengupta M, Barman DM, Choudhury Y. Oral Nicotine Induces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation but Does Not Subvert Tumor Suppressor and DNA Repair Responses in Mice. Indian J Clin Biochem 2021; 36:296-303. [PMID: 34220004 PMCID: PMC8215012 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-020-00903-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, responsible for the addictive properties of tobacco, is widely used in nicotine replacement therapy for tobacco use cessation. We investigated the time-dependent effect of treatment with nicotine on the tumor suppressor, DNA repair and immune responses. Swiss Albino mice (laca strain) of both sexes received nicotine dissolved at a dose of 100 µg/ml in 2% sucrose for 24 weeks, by oral gavage, while age- and gender-matched controls received only 2% sucrose for the same period. Nicotine-treated and control mice were sacrificed 6, 16 and 24 weeks post-treatment, and their tissues evaluated for alterations in histology, oxidative stress, TNF-α levels, nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) release, tumor suppressor response and DNA repair response. Statistical significance of results was determined using Students' t test. The tissues of nicotine treated mice exhibited a large number of multinucleated and binucleated cells, enlarged nuclei and non-uniform distribution of cells, significant increase in expression of TNF-α gene and serum TNF-α, and time-dependent significant increase in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, NO and MPO release when compared to age-and gender-matched controls. The mRNA expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53, its primary regulator Mdm2, and the DNA repair genes Brca2 and Ape1 were significantly elevated, but the corresponding protein levels remained largely unaltered. In conclusion, treatment with nicotine caused oxidative stress and inflammation which can cause widespread cellular damage from the very onset of treatment, without subverting the tumor suppressor and DNA repair responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahuya Sengupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
| | - Dipu Mani Barman
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
| | - Yashmin Choudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011 India
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Nath M, Bhattacharjee K, Choudhury Y. Vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, reduces betel-nut induced carcinogenesis in female mice. Life Sci 2020; 266:118870. [PMID: 33310040 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Betel-nut, a popular masticatory among Southeast Asian populations is a class I carcinogen, previously associated with dyslipidemia and aberrant lipid metabolism, and is reported to be used more frequently by females, than males. This study investigates the potential of repurposing the anti-diabetic drug, vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, for alleviating the oncogenic condition in female Swiss Albino mice administered an aqueous extract of betel-nut (AEBN) orally (2 mg ml-1) for 24 weeks. MAIN METHODS Tissues were investigated by histopathological, immunohistochemical and apoptosis assays. Biochemical analyses of oxidative stress markers and lipid profile were performed using different tissues and sera. The expressions of different proteins involved in lipid metabolism and oncogenic pathways were evaluated by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS AEBN induced carcinogenesis primarily in the liver by significantly impairing AMPK signaling, inducing oxidative stress, activating Akt/mTOR signaling, increasing Ki-67 immunoreactivity and cyclin D1 expression, and significantly diminishing apoptosis. Co-administration of AEBN with vildagliptin (10 mg kg-1 body weight) for 8 weeks reduced liver dysplasia, and significantly decreased free palmitic acid, increased free oleic acid, normalized lipid profile, decreased oxidative stress, cyclin D1 expression, Ki-67 immunoreactivity, and Bcl2 expression, and increased the ratio of apoptotic/non-apoptotic cells. Mechanistically, vildagliptin elicited these physiological and molecular alterations by restoring normal AMPK signaling and reducing the cellular expressions of FASN and HMGCR, restoring AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of p53 at Ser-15 and reducing Akt/mTOR signaling. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that vildagliptin may alleviate betel-nut induced carcinogenesis in the liver of female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Nath
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | | | - Yashmin Choudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India.
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Wang YC, Huang JL, Lee KW, Lu HH, Lin YJ, Chen LF, Wang CS, Cheng YC, Zeng ZT, Chu PY, Lin CS. Downregulation of the DNA Repair Gene DDB2 by Arecoline Is through p53's DNA-Binding Domain and Is Correlated with Poor Outcome of Head and Neck Cancer Patients with Betel Quid Consumption. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082053. [PMID: 32722430 PMCID: PMC7465463 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arecoline is the principal alkaloid in the areca nut, a component of betel quids (BQs), which are carcinogenic to humans. Epidemiological studies indicate that BQ-chewing contributes to the occurrence of head and neck cancer (HNC). Previously, we have reported that arecoline (0.3 mM) is able to inhibit DNA repair in a p53-dependent pathway, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we demonstrated that arecoline suppressed the expression of DDB2, which is transcriptionally regulated by p53 and is required for nucleotide excision repair (NER). Ectopic expression of DDB2 restored NER activity in arecoline-treated cells, suggesting that DDB2 downregulation was critical for arecoline-mediated NER inhibition. Mechanistically, arecoline inhibited p53-induced DDB2 promoter activity through the DNA-binding but not the transactivation domain of p53. Both NER and DDB2 promoter activities declined in the chronic arecoline-exposed cells, which were consistent with the downregulated DDB2 mRNA in BQ-associated HNC specimens, but not in those of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort (no BQ exposure). Lower DDB2 mRNA expression was correlated with a poor outcome in HNC patients. These data uncover one of mechanisms underlying arecoline-mediated carcinogenicity through inhibiting p53-regulated DDB2 expression and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (H.-H.L.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-S.W.)
| | - Jau-Ling Huang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan; (J.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (Z.-T.Z.)
| | - Ka-Wo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan;
| | - Hsing-Han Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (H.-H.L.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-S.W.)
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan; (J.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (Z.-T.Z.)
| | - Yuan-Jen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (H.-H.L.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-S.W.)
| | - Long-Fong Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (H.-H.L.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-S.W.)
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Sheng Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (H.-H.L.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-S.W.)
| | - Yun-Chiao Cheng
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan; (J.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (Z.-T.Z.)
| | - Zih-Ting Zeng
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan; (J.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (Z.-T.Z.)
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (H.-H.L.); (Y.-J.L.); (L.-F.C.); (C.-S.W.)
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or
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Betel quid-associated cancer: Prevention strategies and targeted treatment. Cancer Lett 2020; 477:60-69. [PMID: 32112902 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) and areca nut use are at risk of cancer. This review includes the latest evidence of carcinogenesis caused by BQ exposure, suggests possible prevention strategies. We conducted a systematic literature search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases to identify relevant articles published in the past 10 years according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria. Arecoline N-oxide, a metabolite of areca nut, is likely an initiator in carcinogenesis and is detoxified by N-acetylcysteine. Oral potentially malignant disorder and reactive oxygen species involved in carcinogenesis pathways may be treatable using antioxidants. Screening programs conducted by trained physicians are useful for identifying patients with early stages of oral cancer in high-risk groups. Anti-inflammatory medications may be used as chemopreventive agents in the disease-free stage after surgery. The association between survival and tumor somatic mutations in patients who chew BQ should be addressed in cancer studies. Current evidence on the natural course from BQ exposure to cancer occurrence and development provides information for developing primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies against BQ-associated cancer at clinical or translational levels.
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Laskar J, Sengupta M, Choudhury Y. Treatment with the anti-diabetic drug metformin ameliorates betel-nut induced carcinogenesis in a murine model. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1115-1124. [PMID: 31645006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin, a widely used anti-diabetic drug has gained enormous attention as an anticancer agent. This study seeks to investigate the efficacy of metformin in ameliorating aqueous extract of betel-nut (AEBN) and arecoline induced carcinogenesis in a murine model. METHODS Swiss albino mice were exposed to AEBN (2 mg ml-1) and arecoline (10 μg ml-1) in drinking water for 16 weeks followed by co-administration of metformin (75 mg kg-1 or 150 mg kg-1) for 4 or 8 weeks. Histological changes and oxidative stress were assessed by haematoxylin and eosin staining, TBARS assay and protein carbonylation assay respectively. Lipid profile was determined using an automated analyzer. Expression of total and phosphorylated AMPK, ACC and p53 were determined by immunoblotting. RESULTS AEBN and arecoline induced dyslipidemia by downregulating AMPK (Thr-172) and activating ACC (Ser-79); they also downregulated tumor suppressor p53 (Ser-15). Metformin treatment induced AMPK-dependent alleviation of dyslipidemia in a dose and time dependent manner, upregulated p53 (Ser-15), restored tissue architecture and reduced oxidative stress in tissues of AEBN and arecoline treated mice. CONCLUSION This study establishes that betel nut induces dyslipidemia through its alkaloid, arecoline by inhibition of AMPK (Thr-172) and activation of ACC (Ser-79) and highlights the therapeutic potential of metformin for treatment of betel-nut induced carcinogenesis, indicating the repurposing of the old drug in a new avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeny Laskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Mahuya Sengupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, India
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Baruah TJ, Sharan RN, Kma L. Vicenin-2: a potential radiosensitizer of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1219-1225. [PMID: 30099686 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major form of cancer and is resistant to chemo- and radio-therapy. Vicenin-2 (VCN-2) is a flavonoid obtained from Ocimum sanctum L. and it has been reported to have radioprotective and anti-cancer properties. This study was conducted to check for the radiosensitizing potential of VCN-2 in the NSCLC cell line, NCI-H23. NCI-H23 cells were exposed to VCN-2 singularly, and to X-rays with and without prior VCN-2 treatment. Cytotoxicity assay, cell proliferation assay, caspase-3 activity assay, DNA fragmentation assay and Western blotting for Rad50, MMP-2 and p21 were performed to investigate the radiosensitizing properties of VCN-2. Fibroblast survival assay was performed using HEK293T cells to check for any adverse effects of VCN-2 on normal fibroblast cell line. VCN-2 singularly and in combination with radiation reduced the surviving cancer cells, increased caspase-3 activity, increased DNA fragmentation, increased the levels of Rad50 and lowered levels of MMP-2 and p21 proteins while being non-toxic and radioprotective to the fibroblast cells. VCN-2 showed a potent radiosensitizing property while also showing a chemotherapeutic property against NSCLC cell line NCI-H23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranga Jyoti Baruah
- Cancer and Radiation Countermeasures Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - R N Sharan
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Lakhan Kma
- Cancer and Radiation Countermeasures Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India.
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Bhowmik A, Das S, Bhattacharjee A, Choudhury B, Naiding M, Ghosh SK, Choudhury Y. BRCA1 and MDM2 as independent blood-based biomarkers of head and neck cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5359-5. [PMID: 27714671 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of BRCA1, MDM2, and p53 in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer (HNC) and evaluated their potential utility as blood-based predictive biomarkers of HNC. Immunostaining of tissue biopsies and whole blood lymphocytes (WBL) of 36 HNC patients were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry (ICC), respectively. The staining intensities of BRCA1 and MDM2 in matched tissue and blood samples were significantly associated with cancer stage. Furthermore, the cellular levels of BRCA1, MDM2, and p53 were evaluated in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 134 HNC patients and 126 controls by slot blotting. Expression levels of all three proteins in PBL of HNC patients varied significantly with respect to those of controls (p < 0.0001) with BRCA1 downregulated to 75 % of control and MDM2 and p53 upregulated to 1.7- and 1.4-fold the control level, respectively. Moreover, positive correlation was observed between expression levels of BRCA1, MDM2, and p53 in matched tissue biopsies-WBL (r s = 0.840, 0.754, and 0.806, respectively), tissue biopsies-PBL (r s = 0.745, 0.736, and 0.776, respectively), and PBL-WBL (r s = 0.709, 0.758, and 0.740, respectively), validating the hypothesis that these proteins may serve as blood-based biomarkers of HNC. Bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) bootstrap cross-validation estimation of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis established BRCA1 (AUC = 0.726, sensitivity = 89 %, NPV = 82 %) and MDM2 (AUC = 0.827, sensitivity = 85 %, NPV = 81 %) as predictive biomarkers for HNC. In conclusion, this study suggests that BRCA1 and MDM2 play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of HNC and could be used independently as predictive biomarkers for HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhowmik
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Sambuddha Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | | | - Biswadeep Choudhury
- Department of Biochemistry, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, 788014, India
| | - Momota Naiding
- Department of Pathology, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, -788014, India
| | | | - Yashmin Choudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
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Sharan RN, Mehrotra R, Choudhury Y, Asotra K. Association of betel nut with carcinogenesis: revisit with a clinical perspective. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42759. [PMID: 22912735 PMCID: PMC3418282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Betel nut (BN), betel quid (BQ) and products derived from them are widely used as a socially endorsed masticatory product. The addictive nature of BN/BQ has resulted in its widespread usage making it the fourth most abused substance by humans. Progressively, several additives, including chewing tobacco, got added to simple BN preparations. This addictive practice has been shown to have strong etiological correlation with human susceptibility to cancer, particularly oral and oropharyngeal cancers. The PUBMED database was searched to retrieve all relevant published studies in English on BN and BQ, and its association with oral and oropharyngeal cancers. Only complete studies directly dealing with BN/BQ induced carcinogenesis using statistically valid and acceptable sample size were analyzed. Additional relevant information available from other sources was also considered. This systematic review attempts to put in perspective the consequences of this widespread habit of BN/BQ mastication, practiced by approximately 10% of the world population, on oral cancer with a clinical perspective. BN/BQ mastication seems to be significantly associated with susceptibility to oral and oropharyngeal cancers. Addition of tobacco to BN has been found to only marginally increase the cancer risk. Despite the widespread usage of BN/BQ and its strong association with human susceptibility to cancer, no serious strategy seems to exist to control this habit. The review, therefore, also looks at various preventive efforts being made by governments and highlights the multifaceted intervention strategies required to mitigate and/or control the habit of BN/BQ mastication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar N Sharan
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
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Choudhury Y, Sharan RN. Altered BRCA1 and BRCA2 responses and mutation of BRCA1 gene in mice exposed chronically and transgenerationally to aqueous extract of betel nut (AEBN). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:57-69. [PMID: 21787670 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Brca1 and Brca2 tumor suppressor genes are involved in the maintenance of genomic integrity as they facilitate error free DNA repair. This study was designed to understand the role of Brca1 and Brca2 in betel nut (BN) induced chronic and transgenerational carcinogenesis in mice. Young male and female Swiss Albino mice were chronically as well as transgenerationally exposed to aqueous extract of betel nut (AEBN) in drinking water (2 mg ml(-1)) for up to 24 weeks. In chronically exposed mice, the levels of Brca1 and Brca2 proteins were elevated to approximately 1.4-fold over the age matched controls after 2 weeks of exposure to AEBN, followed by a decline below the controls. In transgenerationally exposed mice, both Brca1 and Brca2 proteins remained below the controls from the onset of AEBN exposure and rapidly declined further, indicating a loss of tumor suppressor protection. Nucleotide sequencing of exon 11 of Brca1 and exon 27 of Brca2 did not reveal mutation in liver nodules of chronically exposed mice, while a G → C mutation Brca1 was observed in liver nodules as well as in solid tumors developing in transgenerationally exposed mice. Thus, the genomic instability arising due to the lowering in the levels of Brca1 and Brca2 proteins and mutation in exon 11 of Brca1 gene contributed to the increased risk of cancer in mice exposed transgenerationally to AEBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashmin Choudhury
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793 022, India
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Choudhury Y, Sharan RN. Ultrastructural alterations in liver of mice exposed chronically and transgenerationally to aqueous extract of betel nut: Implications in betel nut-induced carcinogenesis. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:530-9. [PMID: 19839060 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous extract of betel nut (AEBN) induces the formation of preneoplastic nodules in the liver of Swiss Albino mice and leads to increased predisposition to cancer when administered transgenerationally. The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the alterations in ultrastructure of subcellular organelles in the liver nodules using transmission electron microscopy and to determine whether these alterations have implications in AEBN-induced carcinogenesis. Male and female Swiss Albino mice were exposed to AEBN chronically and transgenerationally at a dose of 2 mg/mL in drinking water for 24 weeks. Extensive polymorphism was noted in nuclear shape and heterochromatin organization. Heterochromatin aggregation and marginalization were observed in the nuclei of chronically exposed mice, whereas transgenerationally exposed mice exhibited dispersion or loss of heterochromatin. The nuclear envelope was disrupted, and the nucleoli were enlarged in chronically exposed mice, whereas in transgenerationally exposed mice the nucleoli were reduced in size or totally absent. The cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum were dilated and disrupted, and a large number of autophagic vesicles were observed in both chronically and transgenerationally exposed mice. Atypical mitochondria that underwent extensive cristolysis and progressively declined in size and number from the chronically exposed mice to the different generations of transgenerationally exposed mice were also observed. Thus, exposure to AEBN resulted in severe loss of ultrastructural integrity of cells in the liver nodules, and the progressive loss of mitochondrial function appeared to play a significant role in increasing the predisposition to cancer of mice exposed transgenerationally to AEBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashmin Choudhury
- Department of Biochemistry, Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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