1
|
Low-Molecular-Weight Secondary Metabolites from Fungi: Cerrena unicolor as a New Proposal of an Effective Preparation against Rhabditis Nematodes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051660. [PMID: 35268762 PMCID: PMC8911859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and fungi are known as a valuable source of natural medicines used in the treatment of various diseases. Many of them are used to treat human and animal gastrointestinal diseases caused by parasites. The aim of this study was to investigate for the first time the antinematode properties of extracellular low-molecular subfractions (ex-LMS) obtained from the liquid growth medium of idiophasic Cerrena unicolor cultures. The fungal fractions were isolated according to a procedure previously described by Jaszek et al. The in vitro tests were performed using nematodes of the Rhabditis genus. As demonstrated by the results, the total fraction with a molecular weight < 10 kDa (CU-A) and the 0.02−1.5 kDa fraction (CU-B) had nematicidal activity. It was found that the analyzed substances induced movement disturbances caused by the paralysis of the back part of the nematode’s body. The degree of body paralysis was proportional to the increase in the concentration of the tested fractions. Summarizing the obtained results in the context of the available literature data, it seems that C. unicolor may be a good new candidate for research on nematode infections.
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao P, Wei X, Wang G, Chen X, Han J, Li Y. Microbial inoculants and garbage fermentation liquid reduced root-knot nematode disease and As uptake in Panax quinquefolium cultivation by modulating rhizosphere microbiota community. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2021; 14:58-69. [PMID: 36120127 PMCID: PMC9476822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To find a suitable ecological cultivation measure to solve the problem of root-knot nematode disease of Panax quinquefolium (Panacis Quinquefolii Radix) and the heavy metals accumulating in its roots. Methods Three-year-old P. quinquefolium was treated with four different combinations of microbial inoculant (MI) and garbage fermentation liquid (GFL) [the joint application of ‘TuXiu’ MI and Fifty potassium MI (TF), the combination use of ‘No. 1′ MI and Fifty potassium MI (NF), ‘Gulefeng’ poly-γ-glutamic acid MI (PGA), GFL], and the untreated control (CK). Here, high-throughput sequencing, ICP-MS and UPLC were employed to systematically characterize changes of microbial diversity and structure composition, heavy metals (As, Cd and Pb) content and ginsenoside content among different treatments. Results The results revealed that different MIs and GFL could increase the root dry weight of P. quinquefolium, PGA enhanced it by 83.24%, followed by GFL (49.93%), meanwhile, PGA and GFL were able to lessen root-knot nematode disease incidence by 57.25% and 64.35%. The treatment of PGA and GFL can also effectively reduce heavy metals in roots. The As content in GFL and PGA was decreased by 52.17% and 43.48% respectively, while the Cd and Pb contents of GFL and PGA was decreased somewhat. Additionally, the content of total ginsenosides was increased by 42.14% and 42.07%, in response to TF and NF, respectively. Our metagenomic analysis showed that the relative abundance of particular soil microbial community members related to the biocontrol of root-knot nematode disease and plant pathogen (i.e., Chaetomium in NF, Xylari in GFL, and Microascus in PGA), heavy metal bioremediation (Hyphomacrobium in PGA and Xylaria in GFL), and nitrogen fixation (Nordella and Nitrospira in TF) was significantly increased; notably, potential harmful microflora, such as Plectosaphaerella and Rhizobacter, were more abundant in the control group. Conclusion MI and GFL could improve the quality of P. quinquefolium by modifying its rhizosphere microbial community structure and composition, both of them are beneficial to the development of ecological cultivation of P. quinquefolium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Cao
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuemin Wei
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Zhou R, Liu F, Ng TB. Purification and characterization of a novel protein with activity against non-small-cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo from the edible mushroom Boletus edulis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:77-88. [PMID: 33508361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new anti-tumor protein (designated as Boletus edulis or in short BEAP) was isolated from dried fruit bodies of the edible bolete mushroom Boletus edulis. The purification protocol employed comprised fast ion exchange chromatography on a Hitrap Q column and ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-52 cellulose column. Superdex G75 gel filtration and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that BEAP was a protein with a molecular weight of 16.7 KD. The protein exhibited potent anti-cancer activity on A549 cells both in vitro and in vivo. With the use of AO/EB staining, annexin V-FITC/PI, and Western blotting, it was demonstrated in vitro that the cytotoxicity of BEAP was mediated by induction of apoptosis and arrest of A549 cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. BEAP significantly suppressed the growth of A549 solid tumors in vivo. These results prove that BEAP is a new multifunctional protein with anti-tumor and anti-metastasis capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gryzenhout M, Ghosh S, Tchotet Tchoumi JM, Vermeulen M, Kinge TR. Ganoderma: Diversity, Ecological Significances, and Potential Applications in Industry and Allied Sectors. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
5
|
|
6
|
Bhagat YS, Bhat RS, Kolekar RM, Patil AC, Lingaraju S, Patil RV, Udikeri SS. Remusatia vivipara lectin and Sclerotium rolfsii lectin interfere with the development and gall formation activity of Meloidogyne incognita in transgenic tomato. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:299-315. [PMID: 30868351 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00121-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Root knot nematodes are serious threats to growth and yield of solaneous crops including tomato. In this study, a binary vector carrying Remusatia vivipara (rvl1) and Sclerotium rolfsii (srl1) lectin genes were introduced independently into Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby via Agrobacterium tumefaciens for resistance against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. In total, one hundred and one rvl1 and srl1-transformed plants exhibiting kanamycin resistance were confirmed to carry transgenes as detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with 4.59% transformation efficiency. Genetic analysis of T1 progeny confirmed Mendelian segregation of the introduced genes. Three events each of rvl1 and srl1 transgenic tomato were randomly selected for further confirmation by Southern and TAIL-PCR analyses. All three events of srl1 transgenics showed single copy transgene, whereas two rvl1 transgenic events showed single copy of transgene, while remaining event showed two copies of transgenes. Site of integration obtained for rvl1 and srl1 transgenic events by TAIL-PCR revealed that all the three events of rvl1 and srl1 transgenics differed for their site of integration and insertion sites did not contain any predicted gene. Moreover, expression of the rvl1 and srl1 transgenes was detected by haemagglutination assay in all three events of rvl1 and srl1, but not in non-transgenic tomato plant. Homozygous progenies of these events were grown and inoculated with M. incognita. Development and reproduction of M. incognita was severely affected in transgenic tomato plants expressing RVL1 and SRL1 exhibiting the high levels of resistance compared to non-transgenic plants. Therefore, these transgenic lines demonstrate a promising potential for variety development of tomato lines with enhanced resistance against M. incognita.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh S Bhagat
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Dharwad, 580005, India.
| | - Ramesh S Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Dharwad, 580005, India
| | - Rohini M Kolekar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Dharwad, 580005, India
| | - Ashlesha C Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - S Lingaraju
- Insititute of Organic Farming, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Dharwad, 580005, India
| | - R V Patil
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Bijapur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 586103, India
| | - S S Udikeri
- Agriculture Research Station, Dharwad Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Dharwad, 580005, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Loyd AL, Richter BS, Jusino MA, Truong C, Smith ME, Blanchette RA, Smith JA. Identifying the "Mushroom of Immortality": Assessing the Ganoderma Species Composition in Commercial Reishi Products. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1557. [PMID: 30061872 PMCID: PMC6055023 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Ganoderma, commonly called reishi (in Japan) or lingzhi (in China), have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years, and their use has gained interest from pharmaceutical industries in recent years. Globally, the taxonomy of Ganoderma species is chaotic, and the taxon name Ganoderma lucidum has been used for most laccate (shiny) Ganoderma species. However, it is now known that G. lucidum sensu stricto has a limited native distribution in Europe and some parts of China. It is likely that differences in the quality and quantity of medicinally relevant chemicals occur among Ganoderma species. To determine what species are being sold in commercially available products, twenty manufactured products (e.g., pills, tablets, teas, etc.) and seventeen grow your own (GYO) kits labeled as containing G. lucidum were analyzed. DNA was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1α) were sequenced with specific fungal primers. The majority (93%) of the manufactured reishi products and almost half of the GYO kits were identified as Ganoderma lingzhi. G. lingzhi is native to Asia and is the most widely cultivated and studied taxon for medicinal use. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the ITS1 region was performed to determine if multiple Ganoderma species were present. None of the manufactured products tested contained G. lucidum sensu stricto, and it was detected in only one GYO kit. G. lingzhi was detected in most products, but other Ganoderma species were also present, including G. applanatum, G. australe, G. gibbosum, G. sessile, and G. sinense. Our results indicate that the content of these products vary and that better labeling is needed to inform consumers before these products are ingested or marketed as medicine. Of the 17 GYO kits tested, 11 kits contained Ganoderma taxa that are not native to the United States. If fruiting bodies of exotic Ganoderma taxa are cultivated, these GYO kits will likely end up in the environment. The effects of these exotic species to natural ecosystems needs investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Loyd
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brantlee S Richter
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michelle A Jusino
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Camille Truong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert A Blanchette
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jason A Smith
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim TY, Jang JY, Yu NH, Chi WJ, Bae CH, Yeo JH, Park AR, Hur JS, Park HW, Park JY, Park JH, Lee SK, Kim JC. Nematicidal activity of grammicin produced by Xylaria grammica KCTC 13121BP against Meloidogyne incognita. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:384-391. [PMID: 28851010 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endolichenic fungus Xylaria grammica KCTC 13121BP showed strong nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita. This study aimed to identify the nematicidal metabolites and to evaluate the efficacy of the strain as a biocontrol agent under pot and field conditions. RESULTS Bioassay-guided fractionation and instrumental analyses led to grammicin being identified as the nematicidal metabolite. Because patulin is a mycotoxic isomer of grammicin and is known to have strong antibacterial and cytotoxic activities, several biological activities of the two compounds were compared. Grammicin showed strong second-stage juvenile killing and egg-hatching inhibitory effects, with a 50% effective concentration at 72 h (EC50/72 h ) of 15.9 µg/mL and a 50% effective concentration at 14 days (EC50/14 days ) of 5.87 µg/mL, respectively, whereas patulin was virtually inactive in both respects. Patulin was strongly active toward various phytopathogenic bacteria in vitro, whereas grammicin was weakly so. Patulin at the concentration range of 0.1-10 µg/mL also showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity toward the human first-trimester trophoblast cell line SW.71, whereas grammicin was not toxic toward this cell line. In pot and field experiments, a wettable powder-type formulation and fermentation broth filtrate of X. grammica KCTC 13121BP effectively suppressed the development of root-knot nematode disease on tomato and melon plants. CONCLUSION The results suggest that X. grammica and grammicin may have potential applications for control of root-knot nematode disease of various crops. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yoon Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Yeong Jang
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Hee Yu
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jae Chi
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Bae
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hong Yeo
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Ran Park
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Suncheon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Woong Park
- R&D Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Park
- Laboratory of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ki Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Basnet BB, Liu L, Bao L, Liu H. Current and future perspective on antimicrobial and anti-parasitic activities of Ganoderma sp.: an update. Mycology 2017; 8:111-124. [PMID: 30123634 PMCID: PMC6059132 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1324529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma sp. is considered to be a key source for the production of therapeutic agents. Our current review indicates that a limited number (<19%; 79 out of >430) of isolated compounds have been tested and known to be active against several microorganisms and parasites. In this review, we aim to summarise all the antimicrobial and anti-parasitic works on Ganoderma sp. displayed on web of science, google scholar and endnote X7 from 1932 to August 2016. We further present and discuss the structure of active compounds against microorganisms and parasites. In addition, we also discuss the possible further research to identify lead compounds from Ganoderma sp. as a novel strategy to combat the potential global emergence of bad bugs and parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buddha Bahadur Basnet
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yan S, Bleuler-Martinez S, Plaza DF, Künzler M, Aebi M, Joachim A, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Jantsch V, Geyer R, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Galactosylated fucose epitopes in nematodes: increased expression in a Caenorhabditis mutant associated with altered lectin sensitivity and occurrence in parasitic species. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28276-90. [PMID: 22733825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.353128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of α1,6-linked fucose residues attached to the proximal (reducing-terminal) core N-acetylglucosamine residue of N-glycans by β1,4-linked galactose ("GalFuc" epitope) is a feature of a number of invertebrate species including the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A pre-requisite for both core α1,6-fucosylation and β1,4-galactosylation is the presence of a nonreducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine; however, this residue is normally absent from the final glycan structure in invertebrates due to the action of specific hexosaminidases. Previously, we have identified two hexosaminidases (HEX-2 and HEX-3) in C. elegans, which process N-glycans. In the present study, we have prepared a hex-2;hex-3 double mutant, which possesses a radically altered N-glycomic profile. Whereas in the double mutant core α1,3-fucosylation of the proximal N-acetylglucosamine was abolished, the degree of galactosylation of core α1,6-fucose increased, and a novel Galα1,2Fucα1,3 moiety attached to the distal core N-acetylglucosamine residue was detected. Both galactosylated fucose moieties were also found in two parasitic nematodes, Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum. As core modifications of N-glycans are known targets for fungal nematotoxic lectins, the sensitivity of the C. elegans double hexosaminidase mutant was assessed. Although this mutant displayed hypersensitivity to the GalFuc-binding lectin CGL2 and the N-acetylglucosamine-binding lectin XCL, the mutant was resistant to CCL2, which binds core α1,3-fucose. Thus, the use of C. elegans mutants aids the identification of novel N-glycan modifications and the definition of in vivo specificities of nematotoxic lectins with potential as anthelmintic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Erjavec J, Kos J, Ravnikar M, Dreo T, Sabotič J. Proteins of higher fungi – from forest to application. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:259-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
12
|
Bleuler-Martínez S, Butschi A, Garbani M, Wälti MA, Wohlschlager T, Potthoff E, Sabotiĉ J, Pohleven J, Lüthy P, Hengartner MO, Aebi M, Künzler M. A lectin-mediated resistance of higher fungi against predators and parasites. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:3056-70. [PMID: 21486374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fruiting body lectins are ubiquitous in higher fungi and characterized by being synthesized in the cytoplasm and up-regulated during sexual development. The function of these lectins is unclear. A lack of phenotype in sexual development upon inactivation of the respective genes argues against a function in this process. We tested a series of characterized fruiting body lectins from different fungi for toxicity towards the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the mosquito Aedes aegypti and the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. Most of the fungal lectins were found to be toxic towards at least one of the three target organisms. By altering either the fungal lectin or the glycans of the target organisms, or by including soluble carbohydrate ligands as competitors, we demonstrate that the observed toxicity is dependent on the interaction between the fungal lectins and specific glycans in the target organisms. The toxicity was found to be dose-dependent such that low levels of lectin were no longer toxic but still led to food avoidance by C. elegans. Finally, we show, in an ecologically more relevant scenario, that challenging the vegetative mycelium of Coprinopsis cinerea with the fungal-feeding nematode Aphelenchus avenae induces the expression of the nematotoxic fruiting body lectins CGL1 and CGL2. Based on these findings, we propose that filamentous fungi possess an inducible resistance against predators and parasites mediated by lectins that are specific for glycans of these antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bleuler-Martínez
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singh RS, Bhari R, Kaur HP. Mushroom lectins: current status and future perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 30:99-126. [PMID: 20105049 DOI: 10.3109/07388550903365048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are nonimmune proteins or glycoproteins that bind specifically to cell surface carbohydrates, culminating in cell agglutination. These are known to play key roles in host defense system and also in metastasis. Many new sources have been explored for the occurrence of lectins during the last few years. Numerous novel lectins with unique specificities and exploitable properties have been discovered. Mushrooms have attracted a number of researchers in food and pharmaceuticals. Many species have long been used in traditional Chinese medicines or functional foods in Japan and other Asian countries. A number of bioactive constituents have been isolated from mushrooms including polysaccharides, polysaccharopeptides, polysaccharide-protein complexes, proteases, ribonucleases, ribosome inactivating proteins, antifungal proteins, immunomodulatory proteins, enzymes, lectins, etc. Mushroom lectins are endowed with mitogenic, antiproliferative, antitumor, antiviral, and immune stimulating potential. In this review, an attempt has been made to collate the information on mushroom lectins, their blood group and sugar specificities, with an emphasis on their biomedical potential and future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Sarup Singh
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|