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The SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line, a relevant in vitro cell model for investigating neurotoxicology in human: focus on organic pollutants. Neurotoxicology 2022; 92:131-155. [PMID: 35914637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the toxicity triggered by chemicals on the human brain has traditionally relied on approaches using rodent in vivo models and in vitro cell models including primary neuronal cultures and cell lines from rodents. The issues of species differences between humans and rodents, the animal ethical concerns and the time and cost required for neurotoxicity studies on in vivo animal models, do limit the use of animal-based models in neurotoxicology. In this context, human cell models appear relevant in elucidating cellular and molecular impacts of neurotoxicants and facilitating prioritization of in vivo testing. The SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line (ATCC® CRL-2266TM) is one of the most used cell lines in neurosciences, either undifferentiated or differentiated into neuron-like cells. This review presents the characteristics of the SH-SY5Y cell line and proposes the results of a systematic review of literature on the use of this in vitro cell model for neurotoxicity research by focusing on organic environmental pollutants including pesticides, 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), flame retardants, PFASs, parabens, bisphenols, phthalates, and PAHs. Organic environmental pollutants are widely present in the environment and increasingly known to cause clinical neurotoxic effects during fetal & child development and adulthood. Their effects on cultured SH-SY5Y cells include autophagy, cell death (apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, or necrosis), increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, disruption of neurotransmitter homeostasis, and alteration of neuritic length. Finally, the inherent advantages and limitations of the SH-SY5Y cell model are discussed in the context of chemical testing.
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Organophosphorus Pesticides as Modulating Substances of Inflammation through the Cholinergic Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094523. [PMID: 35562914 PMCID: PMC9104626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widespread insecticides used for pest control in agricultural activities and the control of the vectors of human and animal diseases. However, OPs’ neurotoxic mechanism involves cholinergic components, which, beyond being involved in the transmission of neuronal signals, also influence the activity of cytokines and other pro-inflammatory molecules; thus, acute and chronic exposure to OPs may be related to the development of chronic degenerative pathologies and other inflammatory diseases. The present article reviews and discusses the experimental evidence linking inflammatory process with OP-induced cholinergic dysregulation, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms related to the role of cytokines and cellular alterations in humans and other animal models, and possible therapeutic targets to inhibit inflammation.
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Chandra RK, Bhardwaj AK, Tripathi MK. Evaluation of triazophos induced immunotoxicity of spleen and head kidney in fresh water teleost, Channa punctata. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 245:109029. [PMID: 33722765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of pesticides has increased for destroying pests and protecting crops in the agriculture field. Triazophos is a commonly used organophosphorous insecticide that causes alterations in haematological and histological parameters in fish. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of triazophos induced innate and cell mediated immunotoxicity in freshwater teleost, Channa punctata. Fishes were exposed to triazophos at concentrations 5 and 10% of LC50 value for 10 and 20 days. Splenic and head kidney macrophage phagocytosis, nitric oxide production and superoxide production were assayed to evaluate the innate immunity. Cell-mediated immunity was measured through splenic and head kidney lymphocyte proliferation in presence of T and B cell mitogens. Results of the present study revealed that macrophage phagocytosis was significantly reduced after in vivo triazophos treatment. Differential suppressive effect of triazophos was also observed where mitogen induced splenic and head kidney lymphocyte proliferations were reduced after 10 and 20 days treatment. Concentration dependent effect of triazophos was observed in in vivo studies where the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates were suppressed. This study describes the first investigation of the effect of triazophos on immune functions and will help to determine appropriate ecotoxicity and immunotoxicity in freshwater teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Chandra
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Bhardwaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Bhardwaj AK, Chandra RK, Tripathi MK. Analysis of suppressive effects of pesticide triazophos on leucocyte immune responses in a teleost, Channa Punctatus. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:1833-1839. [PMID: 33602036 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1886306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Triazophos is a commonly used organophosphate insecticide, which inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and causes paralysis and death of insects. Impact of the pesticides on immunity has scarcely been investigated, especially in fishes. The present study was designed to analyze the immunotoxic role of in vitro triazophos exposure to the leucocytes in freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus. Triazophos, at in vitro concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 µg ml-1, was used to study leucocyte phagocytosis, superoxide production, nitrite release, and lymphocyte proliferation. Dose-dependent suppression of various immune responses was observed. Nitrite release and superoxide production by leucocytes were reduced in cultures incubated with triazophos. Mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was significantly reduced at 0.5 and 1 µg ml-1 but not at 0.1 µg ml-1 concentration of pesticide. The biphasic suppressive effect was also discovered while evaluating phagocytic response. These investigations describe the effects of pesticide on immune responses in C. punctatus, which are helpful in understanding the immunotoxicity in fish. Substantially more researches are required to help design the measures to combat ecotoxicity in freshwater bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Bhardwaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Studies in Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Chandra
- Department of Zoology, School of Studies in Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, India
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, School of Studies in Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, India
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Cha BS, Lee ES, Kim S, Kim JM, Hwang SH, Oh SS, Park KS. Simple colorimetric detection of organophosphorus pesticides using naturally occurring extracellular vesicles. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhao Y, Fan C, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Wang F, Weng Q, Xu M. Walnut Polyphenol Extract Protects against Malathion- and Chlorpyrifos-Induced Immunotoxicity by Modulating TLRx-NOX-ROS. Nutrients 2020; 12:E616. [PMID: 32120800 PMCID: PMC7146534 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malathion (MT) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are immunotoxic organophosphate pesticides that are used extensively in agriculture worldwide. Dietary polyphenols protect against a variety of toxins. In this study, walnut polyphenol extract (WPE) prevents MT- or CPF-induced toxicity to splenic lymphocytes in vitro. WPE promotes the proliferation of MT-exposed splenocytes, as indicated by increases in the proportions of splenic T-lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells) and levels of T-cell-related cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ, IL-4, and granzyme B, and decreases the apoptosis-associated proteins Bax and p53. WPE also significantly enhances the proliferation of CPF-exposed splenic B lymphocytes (CD19+ B cells) and levels of the B-cell-related cytokine IL-6, leading to decreases of the apoptosis-associated proteins Bax and p53. These effects are related to reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as evidenced by normalized hydroxyl radical (•OH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels, which are associated with decreased expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1). WPE inhibits the production of ROS and expression of NOX by regulating toll-like receptors 4 and 7 in MT- and CPF-exposed splenic lymphocytes. In conclusion, WPE protects against MT- or CPF-mediated immunotoxicity and inhibits oxidative damage by modulating toll-like receptor (TLR)x-NOX-ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Z.); (C.F.); (A.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.); (Q.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chang Fan
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Z.); (C.F.); (A.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.); (Q.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Z.); (C.F.); (A.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.); (Q.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Z.); (C.F.); (A.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.); (Q.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fengjun Wang
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Z.); (C.F.); (A.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.); (Q.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiang Weng
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Z.); (C.F.); (A.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Meiyu Xu
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.Z.); (C.F.); (A.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.W.); (Q.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Covantes-Rosales CE, Trujillo-Lepe AM, Díaz-Reséndiz KJG, Toledo-Ibarra GA, Ventura-Ramón GH, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Girón-Pérez MI. Phagocytosis and ROS production as biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) leukocytes by exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:189-195. [PMID: 30291982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are broad-spectrum insecticides. One of the commonly used OPs is diazinon (DZN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunotoxic effect of DZN on phagocytic parameters of blood leukocytes using the teleost fish Oreochromis niloticus as a study model. For this purpose, fish were exposed in vivo to 0.97, 1.95 and 3.97 mg/L of DZN for 6 and 24 h. Our results indicated that phagocytic active cells decreased in fish exposed in vivo to 0.97 and 1.95 mg/L of DZN for 6 and 24 h. Regarding ROS production, H2O2 and O2- levels were higher on fish exposed to 1.95 mg/L for 6 and 24 h, while H2O2 production increased at 0.97 mg/L for 24 h. From this we can conclude that phagocytic parameters are sensitive to assess the effect of acute intoxication with organophosphorus pesticides on Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Covantes-Rosales
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - A M Trujillo-Lepe
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - K J G Díaz-Reséndiz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - G A Toledo-Ibarra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - G H Ventura-Ramón
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - P C Ortiz-Lazareno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M I Girón-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Mitra A, Sarkar M, Chatterjee C. Modulation of Immune Response by Organophosphate Pesticides: Mammals as Potential Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12595-017-0256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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9
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Behavioral effects and neuroanatomical targets of acute atrazine exposure in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. Neurotoxicology 2017; 58:161-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Toledo-Ibarra GA, Díaz-Resendiz KJG, Pavón-Romero L, Rojas-García AE, Medina-Díaz IM, Girón-Pérez MI. Effects of diazinon on the lymphocytic cholinergic system of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 176:58-63. [PMID: 27260186 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fish rearing under intensive farming conditions can be easily disturbed by pesticides, substances that have immunotoxic properties and may predispose to infections. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely used in agricultural activities; however, the mechanism of immunotoxicity of these substances is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diazinon pesticides (OPs) on the cholinergic system of immune cells as a possible target of OP immunotoxicity. We evaluated ACh levels and cholinergic (nicotinic and muscarinic) receptor concentration. Additionally, AChE activity was evaluated in mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a freshwater fish mostly cultivated in tropical regions around the world. The obtained results indicate that acute exposure to diazinon induces an increase in ACh concentration and a decrease in nAChR and mAChR concentrations and AChE activity in fish immune cells, This suggests that the non-neuronal lymphocytic cholinergic system may be the main target in the mechanism of OP immunotoxicity. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of immunotoxicity of pollutants and may help to take actions for animal health improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Toledo-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63190, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - K J G Díaz-Resendiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63190, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - L Pavón-Romero
- Departmento de Psicoimmunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - A E Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cu ltura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63190, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - I M Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cu ltura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63190, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - M I Girón-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63190, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico.
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Modulation of immune response by organophosphorus pesticides: fishes as a potential model in immunotoxicology. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:213836. [PMID: 25973431 PMCID: PMC4417994 DOI: 10.1155/2015/213836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune response is modulated by different substances that are present in the environment. Nevertheless, some of these may cause an immunotoxic effect. In this paper, the effect of organophosphorus pesticides (frequent substances spilled in aquatic ecosystems) on the immune system of fishes and in immunotoxicology is reviewed. Furthermore, some cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be involved in immunoregulation mechanisms of organophosphorus pesticides are discussed.
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Basic and modern concepts on cholinergic receptor: A review. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vakonaki E, Androutsopoulos VP, Liesivuori J, Tsatsakis AM, Spandidos DA. Pesticides and oncogenic modulation. Toxicology 2013; 307:42-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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RamaRao G, Bhattacharya B, Kumar S, Waghmare C. Gene expression and phosphoprotein profile of certain key neuronal signaling proteins following soman intoxication. Toxicology 2011; 290:195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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