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Kawabe M, Nishida T, Takahashi R, Inui A, Shiozaki K. Comparative study of the effects of the three kinds of Kampo-hozai: Ninjinyoeito, Hochuekkito, and Juzentaihoto on anxious and low sociability behavior using NPY-knockout zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1168229. [PMID: 37324500 PMCID: PMC10267730 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1168229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ninjinyoeito, Hochuekkito, and Juzentaihoto are the three types of Kampo-hozai used to support the treatment of various diseases by energizing patients through improved mental health. While Kampo-hozais are clinically used to improve mental energy decline, a comparison between their effects on neuropsychiatric symptoms like anxiety and sociability and the strength of their effects has not been conducted. Therefore, this study compared the effects of Ninjinyoeito, Hochuekkito, and Juzentaihoto on psychiatric symptoms using neuropeptide Y knockout (NPY-KO) zebrafish, a suitable animal model for anxiety and low sociability. Neuropeptide Y knockout zebrafish were fed a Ninjinyoeito, Hochuekkito, or Juzentaihoto-supplemented diet for 4 days. Then, sociability was analyzed using a three-Chambers test and anxiety-like behavior was evaluated using the cold stress and novel tank tests. The results showed that Ninjinyoeito treatment improved the low sociability of neuropeptide Y knockout, while Hochuekkito and Juzentaihoto did not. Neuropeptide Y knockout exhibited anxiety-like behaviors, such as freezing and swimming in the wall area under cold stress, but Ninjinyoeito treatment improved these behaviors. However, these anxiety-like behaviors were not improved by Hochuekkito and Juzentaihoto. Ninjinyoeito treatment also improved anxiety-like behaviors of neuropeptide Y knockout in the novel tank test. However, no improvement was shown in the Hochuekkito and Juzentaihoto groups. This trend was also confirmed in the low water stress test using wild-type zebrafish. This study exhibits that among the three types of Kampo-hozai, Ninjinyoeito is the most effective in psychiatric disorders associated with anxiety and low sociability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kawabe
- Course of Biological Science and Technology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishida
- Department of Food Life Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Takahashi
- Kampo Research Laboratories, Kracie Pharma Ltd., Toyama, Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiozaki
- Course of Biological Science and Technology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Food Life Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Zhao X, Wang Q, Li X, Xu H, Ren C, Yang Y, Xu S, Wei G, Duan Y, Tan Z, Fang Y. Norgestrel causes digestive gland injury in the clam Mactra veneriformis: An integrated histological, transcriptomics, and metabolomics study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162110. [PMID: 36764532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The potential adverse effects of progestins on aquatic organisms, especially non-target species, are of increasing concern worldwide. However, the effect and mechanism of progestin toxicity on aquatic invertebrates remain largely unexplored. In the present study, clams Mactra veneriformis were exposed to norgestrel (NGT, 0, 10, and 1000 ng/L), the dominant progestin detected in the aquatic environment, for 21 days. NGT accumulation, histology, transcriptome, and metabolome were assessed in the digestive gland. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) was 386 and 268 in the 10 ng/L NGT group and 1000 ng/L NGT group, respectively, indicating efficient accumulation of NGT in the clams. Histological analysis showed that NGT led to the swelling of epithelial cells and blurring of the basement membrane in the digestive gland. Differentially-expressed genes and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis using a transcriptomic approach suggested that NGT primarily disturbed the detoxification system, antioxidant defense, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and steroid hormone metabolism, which was consistent with the metabolites analyzed using a metabolomic approach. Furthermore, we speculated that the oxidative stress caused by NGT resulted in histological damage to the digestive gland. This study showed that NGT caused adverse effects in the clams and sheds light on the mechanisms of progestin interference in aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Zhao
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Xiangfei Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Hua Xu
- Yantai Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Shandong Province, Yantai 264010, PR China
| | - Chuanbo Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, PR China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, PR China
| | - Shuhao Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Guoxing Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Yujun Duan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Zhitao Tan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China.
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Kawabe M, Nishida T, Horita C, Ikeda A, Takahashi R, Inui A, Shiozaki K. Ninjinyoeito improves social behavior disorder in neuropeptide Y deficient zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:905711. [PMID: 36034826 PMCID: PMC9411948 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.905711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sociability is an essential component of the linkage structure in human and other vertebrate communication. Low sociability is defined as a poor social approach, including social withdrawal and apathy, and is implicated in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Ninjinyoeito (NYT), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, has been used in the medical field. This study aimed to determine the effect of NYT on low sociality in NPY-KO zebrafish. NPY-KO zebrafish were fed a 3% NYT-supplemented diet for 4 days and subjected to behavioral tests. In the mirror test, NPY-KO zebrafish fed a control diet showed avoidance behavior toward their mirror counterparts. In contrast, the treatment of NPY-KO zebrafish with NYT significantly increased their interaction with their counterparts in the mirror. In addition, a 3-chambers test was conducted to confirm the effect of NYT on the low sociality of NPY-KO zebrafish. NPY-KO zebrafish fed the control diet showed less interaction with fish chambers, while NYT treatment increased the interaction. Phosphorylation of ERK, a marker of neuronal activity, was significantly reduced in the whole brain of NYT-fed NPY-KO zebrafish, compared to the control diet. NYT treatment significantly suppressed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-related genes (gr, pomc, and crh) and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary-related genes (th1, th2, and cck) in NPY-KO zebrafish. NYT administration significantly reduced mRNA levels of gad1b compared to the control diet, suggesting the involvement of GABAergic neurons in NYT-induced improvement of low sociability. Furthermore, the expression of CREB was suppressed when NPY-KO zebrafish were fed NYT. Next, we attempted to identify the effective herb responsible for the NYT-induced improvement of low sociability. NPY-KO zebrafish were fed an experimental diet containing the target herb for 4 days, and its effect on sociability was evaluated using the 3-chambers test. Results showed that Cinnamon Bark and Polygala Root treatments significantly increased time spent in the fish tank area compared to the control diet, while the other 10 herbs did not. We confirmed that these two herbs suppressed the activity of HPA-, SAM-, and GABAergic neurons, as well as NYT-treated zebrafish, accompanied by downregulation of CREB signaling. This study suggests the potential use of NYT as a drug for sociability disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kawabe
- Course of Biological Science and Technology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishida
- Department of Food Life Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Chihoko Horita
- Department of Food Life Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Asami Ikeda
- Course of Biological Science and Technology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Takahashi
- Kampo Research Laboratories, Kracie Pharma Ltd., Toyama, Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiozaki
- Course of Biological Science and Technology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Food Life Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kazuhiro Shiozaki,
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Lin HD, Tseng YK, Yuh CH, Chen SC. Low concentrations of 4-ABP promote liver carcinogenesis in human liver cells and a zebrafish model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:126954. [PMID: 34474361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is a human bladder cancer carcinogen found in the manufacture of azo dyes and the composition of cigarette smoke in the environment. To determine whether low concentrations of 4-ABP induced or promote liver carcinogenesis and investigate the underlying mechanism, we have established the liver cell carcinogenesis model in human liver cell lines and zebrafish to evaluate liver cancer development associated with long-term exposure to low concentrations of 4-ABP. Results show that repeated 4-ABP exposure promoted cellular proliferation and migration via the involvement of ROS in Ras/MEK/ERK pathway in vitro. Also, 4-ABP (1, 10, and 100 nM) induces hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation in HBx, Src (p53-/-) transgenic zebrafish at four months of age and in wild-type zebrafish at seven months of age. In addition, we observed a correlation between the Ras-ERK pathway and 4-ABP-induced HCC in vitro and in vivo. Our finding suggests low concentrations of 4-ABP repeated exposure is a potential risk factor for liver cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the promotion of liver carcinogenesis in human liver cells and zebrafish following 4-ABP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Dao Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kuan Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Statistics, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science & Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ssu-Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Taranu I, Hermenean A, Bulgaru C, Pistol GC, Ciceu A, Grosu IA, Marin DE. Diet containing grape seed meal by-product counteracts AFB1 toxicity in liver of pig after weaning. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:110899. [PMID: 32678747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liver is the earliest target for AFB1 toxicity in both human and animals. In the last decade, plant derived by-products have been used in animal feed to reduce AFB1 induced toxicity. In the present study we investigated whether the presence of 8% grape seed meal by-product is able to counteract the hepatotoxic effects produced by AFB1 in liver of pig after weaning exposed to the toxin through the contaminated feed for 28 days. Twenty four weaned cross-bred TOPIGS-40 piglets with an average body weight of 9.13±0.03 were allocated to the following experimentally treatments: control diet without AFB1 (normal compound feed for weaned pigs); contaminated diet with 320 mg kg-1 AFB1; GSM diet (compound feed plus 8% grape seed meal) and AFB1+GSM diet (320 mg kg-1 AFB1 contaminated feed plus 8% grape seed meal). Pigs fed AFB1 diet had altered performance, body weight decreasing with 25.1% (b.w.: 17.17 kg for AFB1 vs 22.92 kg for control). Exposure of piglets to AFB1 contaminated diet caused liver oxidative stress as well as liver histological damage, manly characterized by inflammatory infiltrate, fibrosis and parenchyma cells vacuolation when compared to control and GSM meal group. 94.12% of the total analysed genes (34) related to inflammation and immune response was up-regulated. The addition of GSM into the AFB1 diet diminished the gene overexpression and ameliorate histological liver injuries and oxidative stress. The protective effect of GSM diet in diminishing the AFB1 harmful effect was mediated through the decreasing of gene and protein expression of MAPKs and NF-κB signalling overexpressed by AFB1 diet. The inclusion of grape seed by-products in the diet of pigs after weaning might be used as a novel nutritional intervention to reduce aflatoxin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionelia Taranu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania.
| | - Anca Hermenean
- Aurel Ardelean Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Cristina Bulgaru
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Gina Cecilia Pistol
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Alina Ciceu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulian Alexandru Grosu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Daniela Eliza Marin
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
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Abstract
To investigate combined effect of the anticancer drug cisplatin (CP) and the opiate analgesic morphine (MOR) on liver, rats were administered MOR (10 mg/kg/day i.p. for 10 days), with or without CP (7.5 mg/kg i.p. once at day 5 of the study). MOR or CP alone caused deterioration of liver function tests and induced damage to histological architecture of liver. In addition, each drug alone caused hepatic oxidative stress, as evident by significant increase of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, as well as the significant decrease in GSH, catalase and SOD compared to control. Administration of either MOR or CP also caused liver inflammation, evident by the increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines; TNF-α and IL-6. In addition, either MOR or CP induced liver apoptosis, as shown by significant increase in expression of the pro-apoptotic marker; caspase 3 compared to control. Either MOR or CP also caused up-regulation of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Combining MOR with CP caused deterioration in all parameters tested compared to CP alone. Thus, treatment with MOR worsened CP-induced hepatotoxicity through oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis mechanisms. In addition, both drugs contributed to the up-regulation of P-gp, which might be a new mechanism for their hepatotoxic effects.
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7
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Kim SS, Im SH, Yang JY, Lee YR, Kim GR, Chae JS, Shin DS, Song JS, Ahn S, Lee BH, Woo JC, Ahn JH, Yun CS, Kim P, Kim HR, Lee KR, Bae MA. Zebrafish as a Screening Model for Testing the Permeability of Blood-Brain Barrier to Small Molecules. Zebrafish 2017; 14:322-330. [PMID: 28488933 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the permeability of small molecules into the brain via the blood-brain barrier in zebrafish and to investigate the possibility of using this animal model as a screening tool during the early stages of drug discovery. Fifteen compounds were used to understand the permeation into the brain in zebrafish and mice. The ratio of brain-to-plasma concentration was compared between the two animal models. The partition coefficient (Kp,brain), estimated using the concentration ratio at designated times (0.167, 0.25, 0.5, or 2 h) after oral administrations (per os, p.o), ranged from 0.099 to 5.68 in zebrafish and from 0.080 to 11.8 in mice. A correlation was observed between the Kp,brain values obtained from the zebrafish and mice, suggesting that zebrafish can be used to estimate Kp,brain to predict drug penetration in humans. Furthermore, in vivo transport experiments to understand the permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter-mediated behavior of loperamide (LPM) in zebrafish were performed. The zebrafish, Kp,brain,30min of LPM was determined to be 0.099 ± 0.069 after dosing with LPM alone, which increased to 0.180 ± 0.115 after dosing with LPM and tariquidar (TRQ, an inhibitor of P-gp). In mouse, the Kp,brain,30min of LPM was determined to be 0.080 ± 0.004 after dosing with LPM alone and 0.237 ± 0.013 after dosing with LPM and TRQ. These findings indicate that the zebrafish could be used as an effective screening tool during the discovery stages of new drugs to estimate their distribution in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Soon Kim
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - So Hee Im
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea.,2 Life Science Institute , Daewoong Pharmaceutical, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Yang
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Lee
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Geum Ran Kim
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Sil Chae
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae-Seop Shin
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Sook Song
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea.,3 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sunjoo Ahn
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea.,3 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byung Hoi Lee
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae Chun Woo
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Ahn
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang Soo Yun
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Phiho Kim
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyoung Rae Kim
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryoon Lee
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea.,2 Life Science Institute , Daewoong Pharmaceutical, Yongin, Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- 1 Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon, Korea.,3 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Korea
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Cunha V, Burkhardt-Medicke K, Wellner P, Santos MM, Moradas-Ferreira P, Luckenbach T, Ferreira M. Effects of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) on multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) related efflux transporter activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 136:14-23. [PMID: 27810576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins, such as zebrafish Abcb4, are efflux pumps acting as a cellular defence against a wide range of different, potentially toxic chemical compounds thus mediating so called multixenobiotic resistance (MXR). Certain chemicals target MXR proteins and, as so called chemosensitisers, inhibit the activity of these proteins thus increasing the toxicity of other chemicals that would normally be effluxed. In this study 14 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) that are being increasingly detected in aquatic systems, were assessed for interference with the MXR system of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Concentration dependent effects of test compounds were recorded with the dye accumulation assay using zebrafish embryos and in ATPase assays with recombinant zebrafish Abcb4. In the dye accumulation assay embryos at 24h post fertilisation (hpf) were exposed to 8µm rhodamine 123 along with test compounds for 2h. The rhodamine 123 tissue levels upon the exposure served as a measure for MXR transporter efflux activity of the embryo (low rhodamine levels - high activity; high levels - low activity). The known ABC protein inhibitors MK571, vinblastine and verapamil served as positive controls. All tested PPCPs affected rhodamine 123 accumulation in embryos. For seven compounds rhodamine tissue levels were either both decreased and increased depending on the compound concentration indicating both stimulation and inhibition of rhodamine 123 efflux by those compounds, only increased (inhibition, six compounds) or only decreased (stimulation, one compound). Recombinant zebrafish Abcb4 was obtained with the baculovirus expression system and PPCPs were tested for stimulation/inhibition of basal transporter ATPase activity and for inhibition of the transporter ATPase activity stimulated with verapamil. Eight of the tested PPCPs showed effects on Abcb4 ATPase activity indicating that their effects in the dye accumulation assay may have indeed resulted from interference with Abcb4-mediated rhodamine 123 efflux. Slight stimulatory effects were found for musk xylene, nerol, isoeugenol, α-amylcinnamaldehyde, α-hexylcinnamaldehyde and simvastatin indicating Abcb4 substrate/competitive inhibitor properties of those compounds. Likewise, decreases of the verapamil-stimulated Abcb4 ATPase activity by diclofenac and fluoxetine may indicate competitive transporter inhibition. Sertraline inhibited the basal and verapamil-stimulated Abcb4 ATPase activities suggesting its property as non-competitive Abcb4 inhibitor. Taken together, our finding that chemically diverse PPCPs interfere with MXR efflux activity of zebrafish indicates that (1) efflux transporters may influence bioaccumulation of many PPCPs in fish and that (2) many PPCPs may act as chemosensitisers. Furthermore, it appears that interference of PPCPs with efflux activity in zebrafish embryos is not only from effects on Abcb4 but also on other efflux transporter subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cunha
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Coastal and Marine Environmental Toxicology Lab, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS/UP-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal.
| | - K Burkhardt-Medicke
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Technische Universitaet Dresden, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - P Wellner
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M M Santos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Coastal and Marine Environmental Toxicology Lab, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; FCUP-Dept of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; 5IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - P Moradas-Ferreira
- ICBAS/UP-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal; I3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Porto, Portugal
| | - T Luckenbach
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Ferreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Coastal and Marine Environmental Toxicology Lab, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; School of Marine Studies, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, The University of South Pacific, Laucala Bay Road, Suva, Fiji Islands
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9
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Cunha V, Santos MM, Moradas-Ferreira P, Ferreira M. Simvastatin effects on detoxification mechanisms in Danio rerio embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10615-10629. [PMID: 27040680 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The transcription and protein activity of defence mechanisms such as ABC transporters, phase I and II of cellular detoxification and antioxidant enzymes can be altered in the presence of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals impacting the overall detoxification mechanism. The present work aimed to characterise the effects of simvastatin on the detoxification mechanisms of embryonic stages of Danio rerio. In a first approach, constitutive transcription of key genes involved in detoxification was determined. Embryos were collected at different developmental stages, and transcription patterns of genes coding for ABC transporters, phase I and II and oxidative stress were analysed. With exception of abcc2, all genes seem to be from maternal transfer (0-2 hpf). Embryos were then exposed to different concentrations of simvastatin (5 and 50 μg/L), verapamil and MK571 (10 μM; ABC protein inhibitors) and a combination of simvastatin and ABC inhibitors. mRNA expression levels of abcb4, abcc1, abcc2, abcg2, cyp1a, cyp3a65, gst, sod, cat was evaluated. Accumulation assays to measure ABC proteins activity and activity of EROD, GST, CAT and Cu/ZnSOD, were also undertaken. Simvastatin acted as a weak inhibitor of ABC proteins and increased EROD and GST activity, whereas Cu/ZnSOD and CAT activity were decreased. Simvastatin up-regulated abcb4 and cyp3a65 transcription (both concentrations), as well as abcc1 and abcc2 at 50 μg/L, and down-regulated gst, sod, cat at 5 μg/L. In conclusion, our data revealed the interaction of simvastatin with detoxification mechanisms highlighting the importance of monitoring the presence of this emerging contaminant in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cunha
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Coastal and Marine Environmental Toxicology Lab, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
- ICBAS/UP-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - M M Santos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Coastal and Marine Environmental Toxicology Lab, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Moradas-Ferreira
- ICBAS/UP-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Ferreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Coastal and Marine Environmental Toxicology Lab, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- School of Marine Studies, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, The University of South Pacific, Laucala Bay Road, Suva, Fiji Islands
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