Simulation of hemo- and biochemical toxicities associated with chronic inhalation exposure to 2,2-Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) in Wistar rat

Near-infrared ratiometric fluorescent strategy for butyrylcholinesterase activity and its application in the detection of pesticide residue in food samples and biological imaging

Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an essential esterase synthesized by the liver, and its level is considered as a vital index for health evaluation. Therefore, it is of great need to develop a highly sensitive and selective tool to monitor BChE activity, which remains a considerable challenge on account of its usage in complex biological systems. A near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe was elaborated in this work, employing cyanine backbone to provide the intrinsic NIR fluorescence and avoid interference from bioluminescence. There presented an intriguing structural transformation upon the sensing event to shrink the conjugation in this protocol, leading to an eye-catching fluorescence change from NIR (816 nm) to red (637 nm) region, which gave rise to the proposed ratiometric assay. After an overall investigation, this receptor was verified to be applicable in a wide bio-area with ratiometric pattern, including the cellular level and slice platform. It was worth mentioning that this receptor was also discovered to be capable of monitoring pesticide dichlorvos (DDVP) residue in food samples with high sensitivity and accuracy, with significant potential to be developed as an alternative candidate for monitoring environmental pollution.

Organophosphate pesticide exposure and biomarkers of liver injury/liver function

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

There is little epidemiological evidence linking the exposure of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) to liver function or liver injury in the general population. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2012 to investigate the relationship of urinary OPs with biomarkers of liver function/liver injury.

METHODS

The exposures were the concentrations of urinary OP metabolites (dimethyl phosphate [DMP], dimethyl thiophosphate [DMTP], diethyl phosphate [DEP] and diethyl thiophosphate [DETP]). The health outcomes were biomarkers of liver function/liver injury. The multivariable linear regression model, restricted cubic splines (RCSs) analysis and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to evaluate the relationship between individual or overall exposure of OPs and outcomes.

RESULTS

Regressions of RCSs suggested linear and positive associations of OP metabolites with aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio (DMP and DEP) and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index (DMP, DEP and DMTP) (all p-non-linear values >.05). However, L-shaped relationships were found between OP metabolites (DMTP and DETP) and blood albumin and total protein (TP) concentrations (both p and non-linear values <.05). The positive associations of urinary DMP, DEP and DMTP with AST/ALT ratio, and with FIB-4 score were more pronounced among non-smokers than smokers, among alcohol drinkers than non-drinkers and among those with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 than participants with a BMI of <25. However, most of the interaction p values were more than .05, indicating no significant interactions between covariates and OPs on outcomes mainly including AST/ALT, FIB-4, ALB and TP levels. Finally, the WQS indices were positively associated with AST/ALT ratio (p = .014) and FIB-4 score (p = .002).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study added novel evidence that exposures to OPs might be adversely associated with the biomarkers of liver function/liver injury. These findings indicated the potential toxic effect of OP exposures on the human liver.