1
|
Mansoure AN, Elshal M, Helal MG. Renoprotective effect of diacetylrhein on diclofenac-induced acute kidney injury in rats via modulating Nrf2/NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 187:114637. [PMID: 38582345 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DF)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by glomerular dysfunction and acute tubular necrosis. Due to limited treatment approaches, effective and safe drug therapy to protect against such AKI is still needed. Diacetylrhein (DAR), an anthraquinone derivative, has different antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the renoprotective effect of DAR on DF-induced AKI while elucidating the potential underlying mechanism. Our results showed that DAR (50 and 100 mg/kg) markedly abrogated DF-induced kidney dysfunction decreasing SCr, BUN, serum NGAL, and serum KIM1 levels. Moreover, DAR treatment remarkably maintained renal redox balance and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in the kidney. Mechanistically, DAR boosted Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response in the kidney while suppressing renal TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, DAR markedly inhibited renal pyroptosis via targeting of GSDMD activation. Collectively, this study confirmed that the interplay between Nrf2/HO-1 and TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathways and pyroptotic cell death mediates DF-induced AKI and reported that DAR has a dose-dependent renoprotective effect on DF-induced AKI in rats. This effect is due to powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyroptotic activities that could provide a promising treatment approach to protect against DF-induced AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Elshal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Manar G Helal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen M, Lv J, Guo N, Ji T, Fang Y, Wang Z, He X. Crtc1 deficiency protects against sepsis-associated acute lung injury through activating akt signaling pathway. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:12. [PMID: 38644501 PMCID: PMC11034098 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interplay between systemic inflammation and programmed cell death contributes to the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). cAMP-regulated transcriptional coactivator 1 (CRTC1) has been involved in the normal function of the pulmonary system, but its role in ALI remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated a Crtc1 knockout (KO; Crtc1-/-) mouse line. Sepsis-induced ALI was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) for 24 h. The data showed that Ctrc1 KO substantially ameliorated CLP-induced ALI phenotypes, including improved lung structure destruction, reduced pulmonary vascular permeability, diminished levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, compared with the wildtype mice. Consistently, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells, Crtc1 knockdown significantly inhibited the expression of inflammatory effectors, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL1, whereas their expressions were significantly enhanced by Crtc1 overexpression. Moreover, both Crtc1 KO in mice and its knockdown in RAW264.7 cells dramatically reduced TUNEL-positive cells and the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins. In contrast, Crtc1 overexpression led to an increase in the pro-apoptotic proteins and LPS-induced TUNEL-positive cells. Mechanically, we found that the phosphorylation of Akt was significantly enhanced by Crtc1 knockout or knockdown, but suppressed by Crtc1 overexpression. Administration of Triciribine, an Akt inhibitor, substantially blocked the protection of Crtc1 knockdown on LPS-induced inflammation and cell death in RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that CRTC1 contribute to the pathological processes of inflammation and apoptosis in sepsis-induced ALI, and provides mechanistic insights into the molecular function of CRTC1 in the lung. Targeting CRTC1 would be a promising strategy to treat sepsis-induced ALI in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, 745 Wuluo Road, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Lv
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 518057, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 518057, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, China
| | - Tuo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 518057, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 518057, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, China.
| | - Xianghu He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li L, Zhao K, Luo J, Tian J, Zheng F, Lin X, Xie Z, Jiang H, Li Y, Zhao Z, Wu T, Pang J. Piperine Improves Hyperuricemic Nephropathy by Inhibiting URAT1/GLUT9 and the AKT-mTOR Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6565-6574. [PMID: 38498316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Uncontrolled hyperuricemia often leads to the development of hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN), characterized by excessive inflammation and oxidative stress. Piperine, a cinnamic acid alkaloid, possesses various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we intended to investigate the protective effects of piperine on adenine and potassium oxonate-induced HN mice and a uric-acid-induced injury model in renal tubular epithelial cells (mRTECs). We observed that treatment with piperine for 3 weeks significantly reduced serum uric acid levels and reversed kidney function impairment in mice with HN. Piperine (5 μM) alleviated uric acid-induced damage in mRTECs. Moreover, piperine inhibited transporter expression and dose-dependently inhibited the activity of both transporters. The results revealed that piperine regulated the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Overall, piperine inhibits URAT1/GLUT9 and ameliorates HN by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway, making it a promising candidate for patients with HN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kunlu Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jian Luo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jinhong Tian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fengxin Zheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xueman Lin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zijun Xie
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Heyang Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zean Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ting Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianxin Pang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Q, Luo Q, Fan Q, Li Y, Lu A, Guan D. Screening of the key response component groups and mechanism verification of Huangqi-Guizhi-Wuwu-Decoction in treating rheumatoid arthritis based on a novel computational pharmacological model. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:4. [PMID: 38166916 PMCID: PMC10759359 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of synovial tissue and articular cartilage. Huangqi-Guizhi-Wuwu-Decoction (HGWD), a formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has shown promising clinical efficacy in the treatment of RA. However, the synergistic effects of key response components group (KRCG) in the treatment of RA have not been well studied. METHODS The components and potential targets of HGWD were extracted from published databases. A novel node influence calculation model that considers both the node control force and node bridging force was designed to construct the core response space (CRS) and obtain key effector proteins. An increasing coverage coefficient (ICC) model was employed to select the KRCG. The effectiveness and potential mechanism of action of KRCG were confirmed using CCK-8, qPCR, and western blotting. RESULTS A total of 796 key effector proteins were identified in CRS. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses confirmed their effectiveness and reliability. In addition, 59 components were defined as KRCG, which contributed to 85.05% of the target coverage of effective proteins. Of these, 677 targets were considered key reaction proteins, and their enriched KEGG pathways accounted for 84.89% of the pathogenic genes and 87.94% of the target genes. Finally, four components (moupinamide, 6-Paradol, hydrocinnamic acid, and protocatechuic acid) were shown to inhibit the inflammatory response in RA by synergistically targeting the cAMP, PI3K-Akt, and HIF-1α pathways. CONCLUSIONS We have introduced a novel model that aims to optimize and analyze the mechanisms behind herbal formulas. The model revealed the KRCG of HGWD for the treatment of RA and proposed that KRCG inhibits the inflammatory response by synergistically targeting cAMP, PI3K-Akt, and HIF-1α pathways. Overall, the novel model is plausible and reliable, offering a valuable reference for the secondary development of herbal formulas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiling Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Daogang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Balaha MF, Alamer AA, Eisa AA, Aljohani HM. Shikonin Alleviates Gentamicin-Induced Renal Injury in Rats by Targeting Renal Endocytosis, SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1, TLR-4/NF-κB/MAPK, and PI3K/Akt Cascades. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050826. [PMID: 37237729 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gentamicin causes kidney injury due to its accumulation in proximal tubule epithelial cells via the megalin/cubilin/CLC-5 complex. Recently, shikonin has been shown to have potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and chloride channel-inhibiting effects. The current study investigated the alleviation of gentamicin-induced renal injury by shikonin while preserving its bactericidal effect. Nine-week-old Wistar rats were administered 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg/day shikonin orally, one hour after the i.p. injection of 100 mg/kg/day gentamicin for seven days. Shikonin significantly and dose-dependently alleviated gentamicin-induced renal injury, as revealed by restoring normal kidney function and histological architecture. Furthermore, shikonin restored renal endocytic function, as indicated by suppressing the elevated renal megalin, cubilin, and CLC-5 and enhancing the reduced NHE3 levels and mRNA expressions induced by gentamicin. These potentials could be attributed to the modulation of the renal SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1, TLR-4/NF-κB/MAPK, and PI3K/Akt cascades, which enhanced the renal antioxidant system and suppressed renal inflammation and apoptosis, as indicated by enhancements of SIRT1, Nrf2, HO-1, GSH, SOD, TAC, Iκb-α, Bcl-2, PI3K, and Akt levels and mRNA expressions, with reduction of TLR-4, NF-κB, MAPK, IL-1β, TNF-α, MDA, iNOS, NO, cytochrome c, caspase-3, Bax levels, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Therefore, shikonin is a promising therapeutic agent for alleviating gentamicin-induced renal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Balaha
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, El-Gish Street, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Alamer
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa A Eisa
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 41477, Saudi Arabia
- Animal House Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashim M Aljohani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madina 41477, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Varışlı B, Caglayan C, Kandemir FM, Gür C, Ayna A, Genç A, Taysı S. Chrysin mitigates diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:433-442. [PMID: 36344803 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diclofenac (DF) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) generally prescribed for the treatment of pain. In spite of the widespread use of DF, hepatotoxicity has been reported after its administration. The current study discloses new evidence as regards of the curative effects of chrysin (CHR) on DF-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. METHODS The animals were separated into five different groups. Group-I was in control. Group-II received CHR-only (50 mg/kg bw, p.o.) on all 5 days. Group-III received DF-only (50 mg/kg bw, i.p.) on 4th and 5th day. Group-IV received DF (50 mg/kg bw) + CHR (25 mg/kg, bw) and group-V received DF (50 mg/kg, bw) + CHR (50 mg/kg, bw) for 5 days. RESULTS DF injection was associated with increased MDA while reduced GSH level, activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase and mRNA levels of HO-1 and Nrf2 in the liver. DF injection caused apoptosis and autophagy in the liver by up-regulating caspase-3, Bax, LC3A, and LC3B levels and down-regulating Bcl-2. DF also caused ER stress by increasing mRNA transcript levels of ATF-6, IRE1, PERK, and GRP78. Additionally, it was observed that DF administration up-regulated MMP2 and MMP9. However, treatment with CHR at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg considerably ameliorated oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and ER stress in liver tissue. CONCLUSION Overall, the data of this study indicate that liver damage associated with DF toxicity could be ameliorated by CHR administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behçet Varışlı
- Vocational School of Health Sevices, Final International University, Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Caglayan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Mehmet Kandemir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Cihan Gür
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Adnan Ayna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Literature, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Aydın Genç
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Seyithan Taysı
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Binmahfouz LS, Almukadi H, Alamoudi AJ, El-Halawany AM, Abdallah HM, Algandaby MM, Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SRM, Alghamdi FA, Al-Shaeri M, Abdel-Naim AB. 6-Paradol Alleviates Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats by Inhibiting AKT/mTOR Axis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2602. [PMID: 36235468 PMCID: PMC9571361 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease among elderly men. Its pharmacological treatment is still unsatisfactory. 6-Paradol (6-PD) is an active metabolite found in many members of the Zingiberaceae family. It was reported to possess anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study aimed at exploring the potential of 6-PD to inhibit testosterone-induced BPH in rats as well as the probable underlying mechanism. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups and treated as follows: Group 1 (control group) received vehicles only, Group 2 testosterone only, Groups 3 and 4 received 6-PD (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg; respectively) and testosterone, and Group 6 received finasteride and testosterone. RESULTS Daily treatment of animals with 6-PD at the two dose levels of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg significantly ameliorated a testosterone-induced rise in prostate index and weight. This was confirmed by histological examinations of prostatic tissues that indicated a reduction in the pathological changes as well as inhibition of the rise in glandular epithelial height in 6-PD treated rats. Immunohistochemical investigations showed that 6-PD prevented the up-regulation of cyclin D1 induced by testosterone injections. Further, 6-PD significantly modulated mRNA expression of both Bcl2 and Bax in prostate tissues of testosterone-treated rats in favor of anti-proliferation. It also showed antioxidant activities as evidenced by inhibition of accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and exhaustion of catalase (CAT) activity. In addition, 6-PD displayed significant anti-inflammatory activities as it prevented up-regulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Immunoblotting analysis revealed that 6-PD significantly inhibited testosterone-induced activation of AKT and mTOR in prostate tissues. CONCLUSIONS 6-PD protects against testosterone-induced BPH in rats. This can be attributed, at least partly, to its antiproliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties as well as its ability to inhibit activation of the AKT/mTOR axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenah S. Binmahfouz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa Almukadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsin J. Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M. El-Halawany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Hossam M. Abdallah
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mardi M. Algandaby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A. Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim
- Preparatory Year Program, Department of Chemistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Faraj A. Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Al-Shaeri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf B. Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|