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Fu K, Gao C, Li X, Zhang H, Xue B. 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol induces oxidative stress and promotes testicular damage and infertility in rats through CYP2C9. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 128:108633. [PMID: 38944211 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is a newly discovered food process pollutant with nephrotoxicity. And the mechanism by which 3-MCPD affects male spermatogenesis has not been fully studied. Cell viability, blood-testis barrier (BTB) related protein, progesterone content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell apoptosis were determined by a CCK8 assay, western blot, ELISA, flow cytometry, and TUNEL staining, respectively. Wistar rats were divided into three groups: low-dose 3-MCPD, high-dose 3-MCPD, and control. Sperm parameters, hormonal levels, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in the testis and epididymis were detected by ELISA. Multiple molecular experiments including molecular docking and western blot were used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. 3-MCPD affects testicular cell activity, and promotes ROS production and apoptosis. Disrupting the integrity of BTB in the body, downregulating sex hormones and sperm quality, and promoting apoptosis. 3-MCPD may function through CYP2C9. This study preliminarily explores the mechanism by which 3-MCPD affects spermatogenesis. It was found that 3-MCPD destroys the structure and function of BTB and damages the testicular function of male mice, thus affecting the process of spermatogenesis via CYP2C9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Chuchu Gao
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Boxin Xue
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China.
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2
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Hou L, Fu Y, Zhao C, Fan L, Hu H, Yin S. The research progress on the impact of antibiotics on the male reproductive system. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108670. [PMID: 38669720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics are extensively utilized in the livestock and poultry industry and can accumulate in animals and the environment, leading to potential health risks for humans via food and water consumption. Research on antibiotic toxicity, particularly their impact as endocrine disruptors on the male reproductive system, is still in its nascent stages. This review highlights the toxic effect of antibiotics on the male reproductive system, detailing the common routes of exposure and the detrimental impact and mechanisms of various antibiotic classes. Additionally, it discusses the protective role of food-derived active substances against the reproductive toxicity induced by antibiotics. This review aims to raise awareness about the reproductive toxicity of antibiotics in males and to outline the challenges that must be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirui Hou
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuhan Fu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yunamingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shutao Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
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Davydova S, Liu J, Kandul NP, Braswell WE, Akbari OS, Meccariello A. Next-generation genetic sexing strain establishment in the agricultural pest Ceratitis capitata. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19866. [PMID: 37964160 PMCID: PMC10646097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tephritid fruit fly pests pose an increasing threat to the agricultural industry due to their global dispersion and a highly invasive nature. Here we showcase the feasibility of an early-detection SEPARATOR sex sorting approach through using the non-model Tephritid pest, Ceratitis capitata. This system relies on female-only fluorescent marker expression, accomplished through the use of a sex-specific intron of the highly-conserved transformer gene from C. capitata and Anastrepha ludens. The herein characterized strains have 100% desired phenotype outcomes, allowing accurate male-female separation during early development. Overall, we describe an antibiotic and temperature-independent sex-sorting system in C. capitata, which, moving forward, may be implemented in other non-model Tephritid pest species. This strategy can facilitate the establishment of genetic sexing systems with endogenous elements exclusively, which, on a wider scale, can improve pest population control strategies like sterile insect technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafima Davydova
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Junru Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nikolay P Kandul
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - W Evan Braswell
- USDA APHIS PPQ Science and Technology Insect Management and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Road, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
| | - Omar S Akbari
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Angela Meccariello
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Kar S, Dey S, Chowdhury KB, Ghosh SK, Mukhopadhyay J, Kumar S, Ghosh S, Majumdar S. Phyto-assisted synthesis of CuO/industrial waste derived biochar composite for adsorptive removal of doxycycline hydrochloride and recycling of spent biochar as green energy storage device. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116824. [PMID: 37549783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The highest exposure of Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) into the water bodies as a result of extensive production and application of Covid-19 related drugs is a growing concern now a days. Herein, a novel nanocomposite material was developed by impregnating green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles on the porous surface of fabric waste derived biochar to eliminate the concerned EDCs along with a sustainable disposal strategy for the spent adsorbent. Morphological characterizations by Field emission scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of hierarchical porous structured material. X-ray analysis revealed presence of both amorphous nature of biochar matrix as well as the crystalline nature attributed from monodispersion of copper oxide nanoparticles onto biochar surface. Batch sorption study showed removal of doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX) of >97% after 2 h at pH 7, 30 mg L-1 initial concentration of DOX and 2 g L-1 of adsorbent dose at room temperature after a two-step optimization process. Spectroscopic study and Raman shift suggested that pore filling, strong complexation and electrostatic interactions maximise the adsorption of DOX in the CuO/biochar composite as compared to the pristine biochar. However disposal of spent adsorbent is a crucial aspect for the environment and therefore, a sustainable recycling strategy for DOX loaded adsorbent as electrode material has been proposed for the first time in this study. Maximum specific capacitance value was observed in the range of 221.9-297.3 F g-1 for the DOX loaded nanocomposite at 1 mV s-1 comparable with other reported heteroatom-doped carbonaceous material as electrode. Therefore the excellent adsorption capacity of green synthesized CuO/biochar composite and its recycling after DOX adsorption can be recommended as a sustainable solution for mitigation of pharmaceuticals from wastewater. A detail study on degradation of DOX into eco-friendly products and its cost-effectiveness would be beneficial to suggest appropriate mitigation strategy for such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Kar
- Membrane and Separation Technology Division, CSIR- Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shoroshi Dey
- Energy Materials and Device Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kushal Banik Chowdhury
- Socio-Economic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute (North-East Centre), Tezpur, Assam 784501, India
| | - Sudip Kumar Ghosh
- Energy Materials and Device Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Jayanta Mukhopadhyay
- Energy Materials and Device Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Waste Reprocessing Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Sourja Ghosh
- Membrane and Separation Technology Division, CSIR- Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Swachchha Majumdar
- Membrane and Separation Technology Division, CSIR- Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
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Wang X, Zhu C, Yan X, Cheng S, Zhang Y. The synthesis of N-doped carbon dots for visual differentiating and detection of tetracyclines. LUMINESCENCE 2023; 38:188-195. [PMID: 36630153 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were synthesized from L-glutamine and triethanolamine using a one-step hydrothermal method. The N-CDs emitting blue fluorescence had selective responses to tetracyclines (TCs) and could be used as a fluorescent probe to realize the quantitative detection and qualitative analysis of TCs. A method for the determination of TCs using the N-CDs in actual samples was successfully established. The recovery rate was maintained at 97.50-105.60%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 3%. In addition, TCs can be visually distinguished using filter paper by the different fluorescence colours (light green, dark blue, and yellow-green) of the N-CDs/TCs system under ultraviolet light. This study provides a relatively simple method to detect and identify TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changjian Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuerong Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sijie Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Liang N, Hu X, Li W, Wang Y, Guo Z, Huang X, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhang J, Xiao J, Zou X, Shi J. A dual-signal fluorescent sensor based on MoS 2 and CdTe quantum dots for tetracycline detection in milk. Food Chem 2022; 378:132076. [PMID: 35042115 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A dual-signal fluorescent sensor was developed for tetracycline (TET) detection in milk with excellent reproducibility and stability. In this protocol, molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS2 QDs) with blue fluorescence and cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) with yellow fluorescence were synthesized to establish the MoS2/CdTe-based sensor with two fluorescence emission peaks at 433 nm and 573 nm. With the addition of TET, the fluorescence of MoS2/CdTe were quenched by photoinduced electron transfer (PET), and the fluorescence of CdTe QDs were quenched more obvious than MoS2 QDs. With the strategy, a calibration curve was established between the TET concentration in the range of 0.1-1 μM and the ratio of fluorescence intensity at 573 nm and 433 nm (F573/F433). Furthermore, the dual-signal sensor was applied for TET detection in milk samples with the recovery of 95.53-104.22% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 5%, indicating the strong application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nini Liang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xuetao Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wenting Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ziang Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xinai Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jiukai Zhang
- Agro-Product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing (Jiangsu University), Jiangsu Education Department, China
| | - Jiyong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing (Jiangsu University), Jiangsu Education Department, China.
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7
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Tímermans A, Vázquez R, Otero F, Gosálvez J, Johnston S, Fernández JL. Antibiotic toxicity on human spermatozoa assessed using the sperm DNA fragmentation dynamic assay. Andrologia 2021; 54:e14328. [PMID: 34837416 DOI: 10.1111/and.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) dynamic assays were piloted on 4 fresh ejaculates to examine the possible sperm toxicity of three common antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and ampicillin, incubated at a concentration estimated to be reached in semen in vivo, and 100×, for 24 h. SDF was assessed in terms of single-strand DNA breaks (SSBs) and double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). Low and high concentrations of ciprofloxacin and high concentration of doxycycline significantly increased the SDF rate, due to sperm containing SSBs. Ampicillin did not affect SDF dynamics at any dose. Based on these results, the effect of antibiotics on the global-SDF dynamics was further examined in 21 ejaculates assessed at 0, 4 and 6 h. Ciprofloxacin increased the rate of SDF at the low concentration in 17 from 21 subjects; the high concentration resulted in a stronger effect in all individuals. A significant increase in the rate of SDF in 17 ejaculates was also noted when spermatozoa were incubated with the high concentration of doxycycline. The dynamic SDF assay is a rapid and sensitive tool to evidence sperm toxicity. Ciprofloxacin should be avoided when it is necessary to preserve sperm quality for reproductive purposes and as additive in semen diluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tímermans
- Genetics Unit, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Radiobiology, Centro Oncológico de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Fátima Otero
- Genetics Unit, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Radiobiology, Centro Oncológico de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jaime Gosálvez
- Genetics Unit, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen Johnston
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - José Luis Fernández
- Genetics Unit, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Radiobiology, Centro Oncológico de Galicia, A Coruña, Spain
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8
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Drug-Based Gold Nanoparticles Overgrowth for Enhanced SPR Biosensing of Doxycycline. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10110184. [PMID: 33228248 PMCID: PMC7699512 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In clinical chemistry, frequent monitoring of drug levels in patients has gained considerable importance because of the benefits of drug monitoring on human health, such as the avoidance of high risk of over dosage or increased therapeutic efficacy. In this work, we demonstrate that the drug doxycycline can act as an Au nanoparticle (doxy-AuNP) growth and capping agent to enhance the response of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for this drug. SPR analysis revealed the high sensitivity of doxy-AuNPs towards the detection of free doxycycline. More specifically, doxy-AuNPs bound with protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) immobilized on the SPR sensing surface yield the response in SPR, which was enhanced following the addition of free doxy (analyte) to the solution of doxy-AuNPs. This biosensor allowed for doxycycline detection at concentrations as low as 7 pM. The study also examined the role of colloidal stability and growth of doxy-AuNPs in relation to the response-enhancement strategy based on doxy-AuNPs. Thus, the doxy-AuNPs-based SPR biosensor is an excellent platform for the detection of doxycycline and demonstrates a new biosensing scheme where the analyte can provide enhancement.
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9
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Zaitseva NV, Zemlyanova MA, Kol'dibekova YV, Ignatova AM, Mashevskaya IV. Morphometry of Sperm Head in Rats Treated with an Antifungal Medication. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:525-528. [PMID: 31502128 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The parameters of sperm head in Wistar male rats orally treated with antifungal agent for 48 days during spermatogenesis were studied by the method of image analysis. The degree of roundness (roughness) of sperm head was calculated. Significant differences in morphometric parameters of sperm head, such as length, width, head angle, and roundness were revealed between the treatment and control group. The index of deformation of sperm head in the treatment group rats was 4.93 arb. units. These data indicated microcephaly accompanied by the enlargement of the head, transition of an acute angle to a right angle, and acquiring of a round form. Potential gonadotoxicity was confirmed by the analysis of the functional activity of spermatozoids of male rats (increased count of spermatozoa with head pathology), fertilization ability (enhanced fertility index), and genotoxicity (increased number of chromosomal aberrations polychromatophilic erythrocytes of murine bone marrow). These changes can be responsible for reduced fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Zaitseva
- Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, Russia
| | - M A Zemlyanova
- Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, Russia. .,Perm' State National Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia.
| | - Yu V Kol'dibekova
- Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, Russia
| | - A M Ignatova
- Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, Russia
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Weger BD, Rawashdeh O, Gachon F. At the Intersection of Microbiota and Circadian Clock: Are Sexual Dimorphism and Growth Hormones the Missing Link to Pathology? Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900059. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Weger
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne CH‐1015 Switzerland
| | - Oliver Rawashdeh
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandSt. Lucia QLD‐4072 Australia
| | - Frédéric Gachon
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. Lucia QLD‐4072 Australia
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Akinsomisoye OS, Gupta G, Raji Y. Experimental dapsone administration induces infertility in male Wistar rats: Mechanisms and clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:289-303. [PMID: 31387782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dapsone (4, 4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone, DDS) is a potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial compound which has been used in the treatment of leprosy, vasculitis and dermatitis herpetiformis, lupus erythematosus profundus and even as an antimalarial in combination with proguanil. This study investigated the effect of the administration of dapsone on the reproductive activities of male rats using in vivo and in vitro techniques. In the in vivo study, dapsone was administered orally to male Wistar rats for 5 days or 6 weeks after which their body weight, relative reproductive organ weights, sperm parameters and reproductive hormones were determined while testicular and epididymal histology were also assessed. Data were compared using analysis of variance and Students-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test. For the in vitro study, Sertoli cells were cultured and treated with varying doses of dapsone at different durations, thereafter Sertoli cell viability and nuclei integrity were determined. Also, the genetic expressions of Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and transferrin were assessed. The results obtained from the in vivo study showed a duration-dependent significant decrease in body and reproductive organ weights, sperm parameters and serum testosterone concentration. Testicular and epididymal histology also showed duration-dependent degenerative changes. However, all these changes were restored towards control values in the recovery experiment. The viability and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity of the treated Sertoli cells showed dose and duration-dependent adverse effects while GDNF and transferrin showed normal genetic expressions. These results suggest that dapsone could induce male reproductive stress by affecting testicular and epididymal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, 226001 Lucknow, India.
| | - Yinusa Raji
- Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, 900001 Ibadan, Nigeria.
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12
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Hou X, Zhu L, Zhang X, Zhang L, Bao H, Tang M, Wei R, Wang R. Testosterone disruptor effect and gut microbiome perturbation in mice: Early life exposure to doxycycline. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:722-731. [PMID: 30738315 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary tetracyclines drugs are emerging organic pollutants detected at high concentrations in the urine of school children and a potential public health risk. However, the implications of early-life exposure to tetracyclines on testosterone production, being new endocrine disruptors, remain unknown. We investigated whether the early-life exposure to low-doxycycline, a widely used tetracycline, on mitochondria dysfunction and testosterone disruption in Leydig cells in vitro and in vivo. Next, we determined the mRNA levels of testis cells markers for early-life exposure to low-doxycycline outcomes of testis health in later-life. Finally, we compared the weight gain performance exposed to low- and therapeutic-doses through 15 weeks and examined the role of the microbiota during development. Our results showed doxycycline disturbed steroidogenesis process by mitochondrial dysfunction in mouse Leydig tumor cell line (MLTC-1) cells in vitro. Leydig cells mitochondrial function was disrupted by early-life exposure to low-doxycycline from birth to 49 days, causing testosterone deficiency and decreased quality of the sperm in mice. Early-life exposure to low-doxycycline significantly altered the mRNA levels of key genes in Leydig cells (Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1 and 17β-HSD) and spermatogenic cells (Grfal, Plzf, and Stra8) in later-life in mice. Subchronic low- and therapeutic-doses doxycycline changed gut microbiota differences in diversity reduction and compositional alteration. Moreover, the weight gain effects of doxycycline were only observed in low-dose in male mice. Overall, these results provide insight into the effects of doxycycline on both testis and gut microbiota health. The results provide insight that environmental antibiotics are needed additional research to classify as ECDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hou
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Risk Assessment Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Quality and Safety (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongduo Bao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minmin Tang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Risk Assessment Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Quality and Safety (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruicheng Wei
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Risk Assessment Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Quality and Safety (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Anti-apoptotic effects of minocycline on ram epididymal spermatozoa exposed to oxidative stress. Theriogenology 2018; 114:266-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Rosenfeld CS, Javurek AB, Johnson SA, Lei Z, Sumner LW, Hess RA. Seminal fluid metabolome and epididymal changes after antibiotic treatment in mice. Reproduction 2018; 156:1-10. [PMID: 29692359 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Paternal environment can induce detrimental developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) effects in resulting offspring and even future descendants. Such paternal-induced DOHaD effects might originate from alterations in a possible seminal fluid microbiome (SFM) and composite metabolome. Seminal vesicles secrete a slightly basic product enriched with fructose and other carbohydrates, providing an ideal habitat for microorganisms. Past studies confirm the existence of a SFM that is influenced by genetic and nutritional status. Herein, we sought to determine whether treatment of male mice with a combination of antibiotics designed to target SFM induces metabolic alterations in seminal vesicle gland secretions (seminal fluid) and histopathological changes in testes and epididymides. Adult (10- to 12-week-old) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Swiss males (n = 10 per group) were treated with Clindamycin 0.06 mg/kg day, Unasyn (ampicillin/sulbactam) 40 mg/kg day and Baytril (enrofloxacin) 50 mg/kg day designed to target the primary bacteria within the SFM or saline vehicle alone. Fourteen-day antibiotic treatment of males induced metabolomic changes in seminal vesicles with inosine, xanthine and l-glutamic acid decreased but d-fructose increased in glandular secretions. While spermatogenesis was not affected in treated males, increased number of epididymal tubules showed cribriform growth in this group (7 antibiotic-treated males: 3 saline control males; P = 0.01). Antibiotic-treated males showed more severe cribriform cysts. Current findings suggest antibiotic treatment of male mice results in seminal fluid metabolome and epididymal histopathological alterations. It remains to be determined whether such changes compromise male reproductive function or lead to DOHaD effects in resulting offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA .,Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral DisordersUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Genetics Area Program Faculty MemberUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Angela B Javurek
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health SciencesWest Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah A Johnson
- Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of GastroenterologySchool of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Zhentian Lei
- Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,MU Metabolomics CenterUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,MU Metabolomics CenterUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rex A Hess
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
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15
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Fang Q, Xing M, Guo C, Liu Y. Probing the interaction of doxycycline to trypsin and bovine hemoglobin by using multi-spectral techniques and molecular docking. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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16
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Oyewopo AO, Olaniyi SK, Oyewopo CI, Jimoh AT. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from cell phone causes defective testicular function in male Wistar rats. Andrologia 2017; 49. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. O. Oyewopo
- Department of Anatomy; College of Health Sciences; University of Ilorin; Ilorin Nigeria
| | - S. K. Olaniyi
- Department of Physiology; University of Ilorin; Ilorin Nigeria
| | - C. I. Oyewopo
- Department of Anesthesia; University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital; University of Ilorin; Ilorin Nigeria
| | - A. T. Jimoh
- Department of Anatomy; College of Health Sciences; University of Ilorin; Ilorin Nigeria
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17
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Rotgers E, Cisneros-Montalvo S, Jahnukainen K, Sandholm J, Toppari J, Nurmio M. A detailed protocol for a rapid analysis of testicular cell populations using flow cytometry. Andrology 2015; 3:947-55. [PMID: 26256546 PMCID: PMC5042039 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accurate analysis and quantification of different testicular cell populations are of central importance in studies of male reproductive biology. The traditional histomorphometric and immunohistochemical methods remain the gold standard in studying the complex dynamics of the testicular tissue. Through past years advances have been made in the application of flow cytometry for the rapid analysis of testicular cell populations. Detection of DNA content and of surface antigens and fluorescent reporters have been widely used to analyze and sort cells. Detection of intracellular antigens can broaden the possibilities of applying flow cytometry in studies of male reproduction. Here, we report a detailed protocol for the preparation of rat testicular tissue for detection of intracellular antigens by flow cytometry, and a pipeline for subsequent data analysis and troubleshooting. Rat testicular ontogenesis was chosen as the experimental model to validate the performance of the assay using vimentin and γH2AX as intracellular markers for the somatic and spermatogenic cells, respectively. The results show that the assay is reproducible and recapitulates the rat testis ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rotgers
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - S Cisneros-Montalvo
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - K Jahnukainen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Departments of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Sandholm
- Cell Imaging Core, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - J Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Nurmio
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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18
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O'Shea KL, Singh ND. Tetracycline-exposed Drosophila melanogaster males produce fewer offspring but a relative excess of sons. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3130-9. [PMID: 26357541 PMCID: PMC4559055 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A large diversity of species possesses endosymbionts; these endosymbionts can exhibit mutualistic, parasitic, and commensal relationships with their hosts. Previous work has consistently revealed that depleting endosymbiont titer with antibiotic treatment can significantly alter host fitness and function, particularly with respect to reproductive phenotypes. Although these findings are often interpreted as resulting from the breakdown of highly coevolved symbioses, it is possible that antibiotic treatment itself rather than endosymbiont removal contributes to the observed perturbations in reproductive phenotypes. Here, we investigate the effect of tetracycline treatment on sex ratio and male reproductive fitness using Drosophila melanogaster as a model system. Our results indicate that tetracycline-treated males produce a relative excess of sons. We also find that tetracycline treatment reduces the number of progeny produced by treated males but not treated females. These findings are independent of the effects of tetracycline on Wolbachia titer and implicate the antibiotic itself as mediating these changes. It is yet unclear whether the sex ratio shift and reduction in male reproductive fitness are direct or indirect consequences of tetracycline exposure, and more work is needed to determine the molecular mechanisms by which these disturbances in reproductive phenotypes arise. Our data highlight the importance of considering the potentially confounding effects of antibiotic treatment when investigating the effects of endosymbiont depletion on host phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn L O'Shea
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Nadia D Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina
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19
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Margaryan H, Dorosh A, Capkova J, Manaskova-Postlerova P, Philimonenko A, Hozak P, Peknicova J. Characterization and possible function of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-spermatogenic protein GAPDHS in mammalian sperm. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:15. [PMID: 25888749 PMCID: PMC4369841 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sperm proteins are important for the sperm cell function in fertilization. Some of them are involved in the binding of sperm to the egg. We characterized the acrosomal sperm protein detected by a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) (Hs-8) that was prepared in our laboratory by immunization of BALB/c mice with human ejaculated sperms and we tested the possible role of this protein in the binding assay. METHODS Indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling, gel electrophoresis, Western blotting and protein sequencing were used for Hs-8 antigen characterization. Functional analysis of GAPDHS from the sperm acrosome was performed in the boar model using sperm/zona pellucida binding assay. RESULTS Monoclonal antibody Hs-8 is an anti-human sperm antibody that cross-reacts with the Hs-8-related protein in spermatozoa of other mammalian species (boar, mouse). In the immunofluorescence test, Hs-8 antibody recognized the protein localized in the acrosomal part of the sperm head and in the principal piece of the sperm flagellum. In immunoblotting test, MoAb Hs-8 labelled a protein of 45 kDa in the extract of human sperm. Sequence analysis identified protein Hs-8 as GAPDHS (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrohenase-spermatogenic). For this reason, commercial mouse anti-GAPDHS MoAb was applied in control tests. Both antibodies showed similar staining patterns in immunofluorescence tests, in electron microscopy and in immunoblot analysis. Moreover, both Hs-8 and anti-GAPDHS antibodies blocked sperm/zona pellucida binding. CONCLUSION GAPDHS is a sperm-specific glycolytic enzyme involved in energy production during spermatogenesis and sperm motility; its role in the sperm head is unknown. In this study, we identified the antigen with Hs8 antibody and confirmed its localization in the apical part of the sperm head in addition to the principal piece of the flagellum. In an indirect binding assay, we confirmed the potential role of GAPDHS as a binding protein that is involved in the secondary sperm/oocyte binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasmik Margaryan
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology AS CR, v. v. i, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Andriy Dorosh
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology AS CR, v. v. i, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Capkova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology AS CR, v. v. i, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Manaskova-Postlerova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology AS CR, v. v. i, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Anatoly Philimonenko
- Laboratory of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v. v. i, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Hozak
- Laboratory of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v. v. i, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Peknicova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology AS CR, v. v. i, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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20
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Zhang T, Xu J, Li D, Chen J, Shen X, Xu F, Teng F, Deng Y, Ma H, Zhang L, Zhang G, Zhang Z, Wu W, Liu X, Yang M, Jiang B, Guo D. Salvianolic acid A, a matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitor of Salvia miltiorrhiza, attenuates aortic aneurysm formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:1137-1145. [PMID: 24916705 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm (AA) is a life-threatening vascular disease in defect of effective pharmaceutical therapy. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is implicated in the development of chronic vascular diseases including aneurysm, but the effective MMP-9 inhibitors are far from development. To develop new candidate for AA therapy, we evaluated the efficiency of salvianolic acid A (SalA), a novel MMP-9 inhibitor, on AA progression in a mouse model and characterized the mechanism of action. SalA is a water soluble compound of the herbal drug Rhizoma Salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen) which in China is widely used for the treatment of hypertension, coronary artery diseases and myocardial infarction. MMPs activity was evaluated by enzyme kinetic analysis in vitro and in-gel gelatin zymography in vivo. SalA showed selectivity on gelatinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) than on collagenase (MMP-8 and MMP-13) in vitro, and specificity on MMP-9 than MMP-2 in vivo. Aortic aneurysm was induced by angiotension II (AngII) in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Aortic structure was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, picrosirius red, orein stain. Macrophage infiltration was detected by immunohistochemistry in vivo and transwell in vitro. Comparing with doxycycline (Dox), a well-known MMPs inhibitor, SalA showed similar efficiency against AA progression. SalA significantly decreased aortic diameter and aneurysm severity, ameliorated integrity of vascular structure, inhibited elastin fragmentation and macrophage infiltration. Furthermore, SalA showed greater safety than Dox based on hepatotoxicity evaluation. Our results demonstrated that SalA held great potential for AA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road #103, Shenyang 110016, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinghua Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road #103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Defang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road #103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fukang Teng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road #103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yanping Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongmei Ma
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road #103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baohong Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Den Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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